Soil Compaction Affects the Growth and Establishment of Street Trees in Urban Australia

2019 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Moore ◽  
Alicia Fitzgerald ◽  
Peter May
Keyword(s):  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Street Trees ◽  
Compacted Soil ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Street Tree ◽  
Significant Difference

Growing conditions for street tree roots are generally harsh with restricted space and soils compacted from streetscape infrastructure. Allocasuarina littoralis, Corymbia maculata, Cupressus sempervirens var. stricta, Eucalyptus polyanthemos, Lophostemon confertus, Olea europaea, Quercus palustris, and Waterhousea floribunda were grown in compacted and uncompacted soils for 20 months in experimental blocks. The bulk density and penetrative resistance of the soils and height, canopy spread, trunk diameter, leaf area, and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured regularly. Root and shoot biomass were determined after harvesting. Since the bulk density of compacted compared to uncompacted soil was root growth limiting, it was hypothesised that species would have reduced growth in compacted soils. However, C. maculata and E. polyanthemos grew better, C. sempervirens, Q. palustris, and W. floribunda grew well, and A. littoralis, L. confertus, and O. europaea were the worst performing in compacted soil. E. polyanthemos, L. confertus, and Q. palustris had higher canopy:root ratios in compacted soil. Q. palustris had greater mass below ground than above, which has implications for its use in confined sites. In a field study, C. maculata, E. polyanthemos, L. confertus, O. europaea, and Q. palustris growing as street trees were surveyed to determine their rates of establishment and growth under urban conditions. In addition to the soil and tree parameters mentioned above, a Visual Tree Assessment (VTA) was undertaken. E. polyanthemos had the largest trunk diameter, height and canopy spread, indicating its potential for rapid establishment in streets. It was the only species with a larger mean leaf area in compacted soil. E. polyanthemos and O. europaea were the only species classed as healthy from chlorophyll fluorescence but there was no significant difference in fluorescence between compacted and uncompacted soils. VTA showed that C. maculata and O. europaea performed best and that E. polyanthemos, L. confertus, and Q. palustris had reduced but acceptable growth in compacted soil. Soils ranged from non-saline to moderately saline and were slightly to strongly acidic. All soils were compacted to some degree and penetrative resistance was at root limiting levels. The results suggest that careful species selection and soil amelioration for species prone to the effects of compaction would facilitate street tree establishment.

scholarly journals The Variation of Air Purification Benefit Provided by Street Tree Assemblages in Shenyang, China

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Yao ◽  
Miao Liu ◽  
Nina Chen ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Xiaobo Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ecosystem Services ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Vegetation Management ◽  
Air Purification ◽  
Street Trees ◽  
Street Tree ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Tree Assemblages

Abstract Street tree assemblages are a widespread natural component in cities and provide a range of ecosystem services. The spatial distribution of street tree assemblages within cities, however, is not uniform. We assessed the air purification benefits provided by street trees in Shenyang, China, to examine how urban form, urban geography and drivers of vegetation management affect this ecosystem service. The i-Tree Street Model was utilized to evaluate air purification benefits provided by street trees. We analyzed the results using two indices, with values expressed in US dollars (USD, $): the per kilometer benefit (PKB) and average tree benefit (ATB). Neither index displayed a consistent trend across the human population density gradient or along the urban-suburban continuum. The district with the highest PKB and ATB is neither the oldest nor the newest one to develop, but rather the one that began to develop around 2002. We conclude that public policy is a main driver of vegetation management, especially for street trees, because street tree abundance is closely related to road construction, which, in turn, is closely tied to economic development in a region. We also discovered no significant difference in the benefit of street tree assemblages along the urban-suburban continuum. That's probably because all areas within the different beltways contain mature street trees, the time-lag effect for growth is inconsequential. We recommend that the dynamic variations of street tree assemblages over a certain time span be taken into consideration when examining the effects of urban sprawl on ecosystem services provided by street tree assemblages.

scholarly journals WINTER WHEAT GROWTH IN ARTIFICIALLY COMPACTED SOIL

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 527-535 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. WILHELM ◽  
L. N. MIELKE
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
Normal Density ◽  
Compacted Soil

Dense soil tillage pans can develop from the improper use of tillage tools. The influence of compacted layers or pans on plant growth and development, although much studied, is not clearly understood. This greenhouse experiment evaluated the influence of uniformly compacted soil and thin layers of compacted soil placed at various depths on early growth of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Artificially compacted soil [Alliance silt loam, Aridic Argiustoll (Eluviated Brown Chernozem); A horizon] profiles were constructed in polyvinyl chloride tubes of 150-mm diameter by 350 mm long. Treatments were: (1) uniformly noncompacted (bulk density 1.30 Mg m−3) soil; (2) uniformly compacted (bulk density 1.80 Mg m−3) soil; (3) a compacted (bulk density 1.80 Mg m−3) soil layer at 100- to 120-mm depth with the remaining soil noncompacted (bulk density 1.30 Mg m−3); or (4) a compacted (bulk density 1.80 Mg m−3) soil layer at 180- to 200-mm depth with the remaining soil noncompacted (bulk density 1.30 Mg m−3). Generally, winter wheat grown in cores that were uniformly compacted or compacted in the upper layer responded similarly. Plant height, at the end of the experiment (32 d after planting), for the uniformly compacted and upper compacted layer treatments was 280 mm, compared to 323 mm for the control (uniformly noncompacted). Leaf area development was similar to the response indicated for plant height throughout the growth period. Root mass and length tended to be less in layered or compacted soil than in noncompacted soil. Roots accumulated within or immediately above compacted soil layers. Higher bulk density or a shallow compacted layer produced winter wheat with reduced height, leaf area, and dry matter compared with soil of normal density or with a deeper compacted layer. Key words: Bulk density, Triticum aestivum L., tillage pan, wheat (winter)

scholarly journals FACTORS INFLUENCING STREET TREE HAZARD CONDITION IN RAFAELA, ARGENTINA

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Damián César Castro ◽  
Carlos Agustín Alesso ◽  
Ariana Iaconis ◽  
María Carolina Cerino ◽  
Marcela Buyatti
Keyword(s):  
Populus Deltoides ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Single Tree ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Single Defect ◽  
Morus Nigra ◽  
Street Tree ◽  
Hazard Rating ◽  
Root Collar

ABSTRACT Understanding the factors that affect tree hazard condition is important to mitigate it. To quantify these factors for Fraxinus americana L., Morus nigra L., and Populus deltoides Marshall trees we have conducted a survey recording their hazard rating according to the TRAQ methodology. The following covariates were registered for each tree: the number of single tree defects in root collar, trunk and scaffold branches, trunk diameter at breast height (DBH), crown class, crown asymmetry, and the size of the tree pit. A multi-category logistic regression model was fitted to the data using the backward step-wise procedure. Among the factors considered, only the species, crown class, number of single defects in root collar and scaffold branches significantly affected the tree hazard condition. P. deltoids trees had higher values of hazard compared to F. Americana and M. nigra trees. Trees with co-dominant crowns presented a higher probability of being classified as medium and high hazardous than trees with suppressed and dominant crowns. Finally, every single defect observed on root collar and scaffold branches increased the probability of a tree being of medium or high hazardous, by about 3.00 and 1.44 times, respectively. Other factors like crown asymmetry, DBH, and the tree pit size did not have a significant effect on the score of tree hazard. Our results demonstrate that the species selection is an important tool to manage urban tree hazard under the study conditions. At the species level, efforts should be directed towards minimizing defects in root collar, trunk and scaffold branches.

scholarly journals Comparative Evaluation of Functional Properties of Some Commonly Used Cereal and Legume Flours and Their Blends

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Haq Nawaz ◽  
Muhammad Aslam Shad ◽  
Rabia Mehmood ◽  
Tanzila Rehman ◽  
Hira Munir
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Functional Properties ◽  
Protein Solubility ◽  
High Water ◽  
Water Holding Capacity ◽  
Functional Score ◽  
Chickpea Flour ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Swelling Capacity ◽  
Water Holding

<p>Functional properties such as protein solubility, swelling capacity, water holding capacity, gelling ability, bulk density and foaming capacity of flours of some commonly used cereals and legume (wheat, refined wheat, maize and chickpea) and their blends were studied. Blends of flours were prepared by mixing equal proportions of selected floors. Statistically significant difference  in studied functional properties except bulk density was observed among cereal flours and their blends. Chickpea flour was found to possess comparatively high water holding capacity, protein solubility index and swelling capacity. The functional properties of maize and wheat flours were found to be improved when blended with chickpea. Chickpea flour and its blends with cereal flours were found to possess good functional score and suggested as favorable candidates for use in the preparation of viscous foods and bakery products. The data provide guidelines regarding the improvement in functional properties of economically favorable cereal flours.<strong></strong></p>

scholarly journals Whole-plant Response of Six Poinsettia Cultivars to Three Fertilizer and Two Irrigation Regimes

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursula Schuch ◽  
Richard A. Redak ◽  
James Bethke
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Shoot Dry Weight ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Leaf N

Six cultivars of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Wind.), `Angelika White', `Celebrate 2', `Freedom Red', `Lilo Red', `Red Sails', and `Supjibi Red' were grown for 9 weeks during vegetative development under three constant-feed fertilizer treatments, 80,160, or 240 mg N/liter and two irrigation regimes, well-watered (high irrigation) or water deficient (low irrigation). Plants fertilized with 80 or 240 mg N/liter were 10% to 18% shorter, while those fertilized with 160 mg N/liter were 25 % shorter with low versus high irrigation. Leaf area and leaf dry weight increased linearly in response to increasing fertilizer concentrations. Low irrigation reduced leaf area, leaf, stem, and shoot dry weight 3670 to 41%. Cultivars responded similarly to irrigation and fertilizer treatments in all components of shoot biomass production and no interactions between the main effects and cultivars occurred. Stomatal conductance and transpiration decreased with increasing fertilizer rates or sometimes with low irrigation. Highest chlorophyll contents occurred in leaves of `Lilo Red' and `Freedom Red'. Leaves of plants fertilized with 80 mg N/liter were deficient in leaf N and had 40 % to 49 % lower leaf chlorophyll content compared to plants fertilized with 160 or 240 mg N/liter. Irrigation had no effect on leaf N or chlorophyll content. At the end of the experiment leaves of `Supjibi Red' and `Angelika White' contained higher concentrations of soluble proteins than the other four cultivars.

scholarly journals Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal Inoculation on Growth and Yield of Two Sweet Potato Varieties

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ajanja Sakha ◽  
Joyce Jefwa ◽  
Joseph P. Gweyi-Onyango
Keyword(s):  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Storage Roots ◽  
Sweet Potatoes ◽  
Potato Varieties ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Amf Inoculation ◽  
Number Of Branches

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) represent a functionally important component of soil microbial community, being of particular significance for plant mineral nutrition in tropical agro ecosystems. The effects of AMF inoculation on growth and yield of two sweet potato varieties was studied during the short rains season of 2017/2018 in the Teaching and Research Farm of Agricultural Science and Technology Department, Kenyatta University. The experiment was laid down as 2x2 factorial design in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The experimental factors were two sweet potato varieties (Kemb-10 and Bungoma) and AMF inoculum (With and without inoculation). Data on growth parameters was collected on vine length and number of branches, while data on yield was collected on marketable storage roots and shoot biomass. Data was analyzed using Genstat 15th edition and the results showed that there was significantly difference at P≤0.05 among the treatments. AMF inoculation increased growth and yield of sweet potatoes by vine length 29.74%, Number of branches 22.36%, marketable storage roots 18.32%, and shoot biomass 28.68% in week 20. Also, variety interacting with AMF inoculation enhanced growth and yield parameters. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that the application of commercial AMF inoculum solely or when interacting with varieties enhanced growth and yield of sweet potatoes, though there was no significant difference between the two varieties.

scholarly journals DESENVOLVIMENTO DE MUDAS DE CAFEEIRO PRODUZIDAS EM TUBETES SOB MALHAS TERMO-REFLETORAS E MALHA NEGRA

Irriga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinícios Maia Costa ◽  
Marcos Vinícios Folegatti ◽  
Roberto Terumi Atarassi ◽  
Sérgio Nascimento Duarte ◽  
Nildo Da Silva Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Coffea Arabica ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Stalk Diameter ◽  
E Mail ◽  
Coffea Arabica L

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE MUDAS DE CAFEEIRO PRODUZIDAS EM TUBETES SOB MALHAS TERMO-REFLETORAS E MALHA NEGRA VINÍCIUS MAIA COSTA1; MARCOS VINÍCIUS FOLEGATTI2; ROBERTO TERUMI ATARASSI3; SÉRGIO NASCIMENTO DUARTE4; NILDO DA SILVA DIAS5 E CLAUDIO RICARDO DA SILVA6.  [1] Mestre em Agronomia, Depto. de Engenharia de Biossistemas, ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba – SP. E-mail: [email protected]. Titular, Depto. de Engenharia de Biossistemas, ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba – SP. E-mail: [email protected] de Ciências Agrárias, UFU, Av. Amazonas, s/n, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902, Uberlândia-MG. E-mail: [email protected]. Associado, Depto. de Engenharia de Biossistemas, ESALQ-USP, Piracicaba – SP. E-mail: [email protected] Associado 2, Departamento de Ciências Ambientais e Tecnológicas, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Mossoró, RN. E-mail: [email protected] de Ciências Agrárias, UFU, Av. Amazonas, s/n, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, 38400-902, Uberlândia-MG. E-mail: [email protected].  1 RESUMO Este experimento avaliou, em casa de vegetação, o desenvolvimento de mudas de cafeeiro produzidas em tubetes, sob o efeito de malhas utilizadas para sombreamento. Os tratamentos foram a tradicional malha negra 50% e as malhas termo-refletoras com atenuação da radiação solar de 40, 50, 60 e 70%. O delineamento experimental adotado foi em blocos casualizados contendo os 5 tratamentos, com 4 repetições, totalizando-se assim 20 parcelas. Os resultados mostram que temperatura do ar pouco variou no microclima protegido das parcelas, assim como a umidade relativa do ar e a transmissividade global (TRG) e fotossinteticamente ativa (TRFA). Verificou-se que malhas com menor atenuação da radiação solar apresentaram em geral maior transmissividade. A área foliar não apresentou diferença significativa entre os tratamentos; já para altura da planta e diâmetro do caule, verificou-se que as mudas produzidas sob as malhas termo-refletoras 40 e 50% foram superiores àquelas produzidas sob malha negra 50% e malhas termo-refletoras 60 e 70%, respectivamente. Nas avaliações de matéria seca, verificou-se que as mudas produzidas sob as malhas termo-refletoras 40% e 50% e malha negra 50% acumularam mais matéria seca comparativamente àquelas produzidas sob malhas termo-refletoras 60 e 70%. Assim, concluiu-se que as malhas termo-refletoras 40 e 50% e negra 50% apresentaram melhores resultados que as malhas termo-refletoras 60 e 70%. Palavras-chave: Coffea arábica L., sombreamento, ambiente protegido.  COSTA, V.M.; FOLEGATTI, M.V.; ATARASSI, R.T.; DUARTE, S.N.; DIAS, N.S.; SILVA, C.R. DEVELOPMENT OF COFFEE SEEDLINGS PRODUCED IN PLASTIC TUBESUNDER TERMO-REFLECTIVE AND BLACK SCREENS   2 ABSTRACT This experiment evaluated, in greenhouse conditions, the development of coffee seedlings produced in plastic tubes, under the effect of screens used for shading. The treatments were the traditional black screen 50% and the thermo reflective screens with attenuation of the solar radiation of 40, 50, 60 and 70%. The adopted experimental delineation was randomized blocks with 5 treatments and 4 replicates, making up 20 parcels. The result showed that the temperature of air gently varied in the parcels, as well as the air relative humidity.  Relating to global transmissivity (TRG) and photosynthetically active transmissivity (TRFA), it was verified that screens with less attenuation of the solar radiation presented higher transmissivity in general. The leaf area did not present significant difference among the treatments and seedlings height and stalk diameter, the seedlings produced under thermo-reflective screens 40% and 50% were superior to those produced under black screen 50% and thermo-reflective screen 60% and 70%. In the evaluations of dry matter, the seedlings produced under thermo-reflective screens 40% and 50%, and black screen 50% comparatively accumulated more dry matter than those produced under thermo-reflective screens 60% and 70%. Thus, it can be concluded that the thermo-reflective screens 40% and 50% and black screen 50% presented better results than the thermo-reflective screens 60% and 70%. Keywords: Coffea arábica L., shading, greenhouse.

scholarly journals Economical Method for the Production of Flour from Green Plantains

1969 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Abdul R. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Economical Method ◽  
Acceptable Quality ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The One

An economical method was developed for producing a flour of acceptable quality from green plantains. Five lots weighing 20 pounds each were prepared for dehydration as follows: Peeled by hand and sliced, unpeeled and sliced, unpeeled sliced and treated with 2-percent potassium metabisulfite, and unpeeled sliced and treated with 2-percent citric acid. The results follow: 1. The yield of the flour produced from the plantains which were unpeeled and treated with potassium metabisulfite, 31 to 32 percent, was higher than that produced from the peeled ones, which was 25 to 28 percent. It also showed a trend towards increase in yield compared with the rest of the flours. 2. This flour also possessed better color than the one produced from the unpeeled and untreated plantains, or the flour from plantains treated with citric acid. 3. The flours produced from the treated plantains showed a relatively higher moisture and a trend towards lower total sugars and proteins than the untreated ones. 4. The calories per gram produced from all the flours were almost the same, whereas the bulk density was higher in the flour produced from the steam-peeled plantains than in the rest of the flours which were all about the same. 5. The organoleptic tests established no significant difference between the flavor of soups and "buñuelos" (crullers) prepared from the following flours: Unpeeled not treated, unpeeled but treated with potassium metabisulfite, unpeeled and treated with citric acid, and hand-peeled. However, a significant difference was established in favor of the color of the flour prepared from the unpeeled plantains treated with potassium metabisulfite as compared with flours made from untreated, unpeeled plantains, and from those treated with citric acid.

Roosting habits and habitats of the Indian Flying Fox Pteropus medius Temminck, 1825 in the northern districts of Tamil Nadu, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 19675-19688
Author(s):  
M. Pandian ◽  
S. Suresh
Keyword(s):  
Colony Size ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Species Selection ◽  
Milvus Migrans ◽  
Black Kite ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Flying Fox

This paper pertains to the study on roosting habits and habitats of the Indian Flying Fox Pteropus medius Temminck, 1825 in 12 villages of four northern districts—Vellore, Krishnagiri, Tiruvannamalai, and Viluppuram—of Tamil Nadu. Studies targeted roosting tree species, population status, diurnal-roosting behaviour, interactions with other animals, and probable threats to the species. A total of 22,365 individuals of the species were observed in 72 roosting colonies in 72 trees belonging to nine families, 11 genera, and 13 species. The tree species that harbored the greatest population of P. medius (n= 12,465) were those of Tamarindus indica L. (Fabaceae) (n= 39), followed by Ficus religiosa L. (Moraceae) (n= 3,960), Madhuca latifolia J.F. Macbr. (Sapotaceae) (n= 2,760), and Ficus benghalensis L. (Moraceae) (n= 1,620). One-Way ANOVA revealed that a significant relationship exists between  colony size and tree diameter at breast height (dbh), and their canopy size (p <0.05). However, no significant difference occurred between the colony size and tree height. The time taken for emergence of individuals of the colony from the canopy for foraging varied between 20 and 40 min after 1750 h in the evening. The species mostly roosted on trees proximal to human settlements, electrical power lines, and water bodies. Individuals of P. medius used various tree species in different areas in different geographical regions and did not maintain any consistency in roosting tree species selection. A majority of individuals (88.7 %; n= 887) were found roosting using both legs and a minority of P. medius (11.3 %; n= 113) were clinging to tree branches using one. Individuals of P. medius flew to nearby water bodies to quench thirst and cool their bodies. Mating was observed during day roost in 146 pairs including male-female fellatio in seven pairs. Smoke from shrines in sacred groves, pruning of branches for various cultural reasons, populations of House Crow Corvus splendens (Vieillot, 1817) (Corvidae), Black-winged Kite Elanus caeruleus (Desfontaines, 1789) and Black Kite Milvus migrans (Boddaert, 1783) (both Accipitridae) were key disturbances to roosting populations of P. medius.

scholarly journals Response of Soil Temperature, Moisture, and Spring Maize (Zea mays L.) Root/Shoot Growth to Different Mulching Materials in Semi-Arid Areas of Northwest China

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 453
Author(s):  
Haidong Lu ◽  
Zhenqing Xia ◽  
Yafang Fu ◽  
Qi Wang ◽  
Jiquan Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Soil Water Storage ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Plastic Film ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Spring Maize

Adaptive highly efficient mulching technologies for use on dryland agricultural ecosystems are crucial to improving crop productivity and water-use efficiency (WUE) under climate change. Little information is available on the effect of using different types of mulch on soil water thermal conditions, or on root/shoot trait, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), yield, and WUE of spring maize. Hence, in this study, white transparent plastic film (WF), black plastic film (BF), and maize straw (MS) was used, and the results were compared with a non-mulched control (CK). The results showed that the mean soil temperature throughout the whole growth period of maize at the 5–15 cm depth under WF and BF was higher than under MS and CK, but under BF, it was 0.6 °C lower than WF. Compared with CK, the average soil water storage (0–200 cm) over the whole growth period of maize was significantly increased under WF, BF, and MS. WF and BF increased the soil water and temperature during the early growth stages of maize and significantly increased root/shoot biomass, root volume, LAI, LAD, and yield compared with MS. Higher soil temperatures under WF obviously reduced the duration of maize reproductive growth and accelerated root and leaf senescence, leading to small root/shoot biomass accumulation post-tasseling and to losses in yield compared with BF

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