SECOND WAVE AND PANDEMIC SITUATION OF COVID-(2020-2021) IN BANGLADESH

Background: In Bangladesh, the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) reported the first COVID-19 positive patients in the country on March 8, 2020. The world health organization (WHO) declared a COVID-19 epidemic on March 11, 2020. The aim of this study was related to the situation and relation of tests, infested, recovered and death of people against COVID-19 of Bangladesh. The study was carried out from 8 March 2020 to 30 April 2021 (N=419 days) to observe the status of Bangladesh towards rampant COVID-19. Methods: The data of this research was collected from IEDCR, Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), and cross-checked with different newspapers and online news portals. Correlations were made using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Results: The total tests, infection, recovered and died were 5357294, 747761, 669995 and 11250; respectively in Bangladesh. The tests of COVID-19 were 1482, 69252, 244064, 460528, 409503, 362113, 397452, 389452, 436862, 454892, 424034, 392403 and 722848 in March to December, 2020 to January to April 2021; respectively in Bangladesh. The infestation of COVID-19 was 49, 7616, 39486, 98330, 92125, 73070, 50457, 44205, 57248, 58948, 21629, 11077 and 128555 in March to December, 2020 to January to April 2021; respectively in Bangladesh. The recovered of COVID-19 was 25, 135, 7904, 34845, 76517, 69452, 71600, 48658, 56099, 70367, 22285, 17140 and 150816 in March to December, 2020 to January to April 2021; respectively in Bangladesh. The death of COVID-19 was 6, 163, 472, 1198, 1264, 1125, 970, 666, 718, 938, 568, 277 and 2237 in March to December, 2020 to January to April 2021; respectively in Bangladesh. The maximum number of people infested and death in April, 2021. The positive correlation found between infested with tests and recovered with tests of April, 2021 by people where (R2= 0.5289, p<0.012 and 0.0000006 p<0.05) and the negative correlation found between tests with date and death with tests (R2= 0.2567, p<0.01 and 0.3614, p<0.01). All the Spearman correlation positive with moderate to strong relation between the variables at the 0.01 level in two-tailed and the total number was n=419. The mean Spearman correlation for tests was 0.31 (range 0.553 to 0.634), for infested was 0.35 (range 0.611 to 0.880), for recovered was 0.796 (range 0.634 to 0.799), for death was 0.808 (range 0.553 to 0.880). March to December 2020 and January to February 2021, not much less than April 2021. Conclusions: More people infested and died in April, 2021 than previous year. This study also indicated that there is moderate to strong relation among tests, infested, recovered and death with COVID-(2020-2021).

Download Full-text

Second Wave and Pandemic Situation of COVID-(2020-2021) In Bangladesh

10.21203/rs.3.rs-668459/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ahasan Ullah Khan

Keyword(s):

Rank Correlation ◽

Online News ◽

World Health ◽

Family Welfare ◽

Spearman Correlation ◽

Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽

Spearman’S Rank Correlation Coefficient ◽

The Status ◽

Strong Relation ◽

Health Organization

Abstract In Bangladesh, the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research (IEDCR) reported the first COVID-19 positive patients in the country on March 8, 2020. The world health organization (WHO) declared a COVID-19 epidemic on March 11, 2020. The aim of this study was related to the situation and relation of tests, infested, recovered and death of people against COVID-19 of Bangladesh. The study was carried out from 8 March 2020 to 30 April 2021 (N=419 days) to observe the status of Bangladesh towards rampant COVID-19. The data of this research was collected from IEDCR, Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), and cross-checked with different newspapers and online news portals. Correlations were made using Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. The total tests, infection, recovered and died were 5357294, 747761, 669995 and 11250; respectively in Bangladesh. The tests of COVID-19 were 1482, 69252, 244064, 460528, 409503, 362113, 397452, 389452, 436862, 454892, 424034, 392403 and 722848 in March to December, 2020 to January to April 2021; respectively in Bangladesh. The infestation of COVID-19 was 49, 7616, 39486, 98330, 92125, 73070, 50457, 44205, 57248, 58948, 21629, 11077 and 128555 in March to December, 2020 to January to April 2021; respectively in Bangladesh. The recovered of COVID-19 was 25, 135, 7904, 34845, 76517, 69452, 71600, 48658, 56099, 70367, 22285, 17140 and 150816 in March to December, 2020 to January to April 2021; respectively in Bangladesh. The death of COVID-19 was 6, 163, 472, 1198, 1264, 1125, 970, 666, 718, 938, 568, 277 and 2237 in March to December, 2020 to January to April 2021; respectively in Bangladesh. The maximum number of people infested and death in April, 2021. The positive correlation found between infested with tests and recovered with tests of April, 2021 by people where (R2= 0.5289, p<0.012 and 0.0000006 p<0.05) and the negative correlation found between tests with date and death with tests (R2= 0.2567, p<0.01 and 0.3614, p<0.01). All the Spearman correlation positive with moderate to strong relation between the variables at the 0.01 level in two-tailed and the total number was n=419. The mean Spearman correlation for tests was 0.31 (range 0.553 to 0.634), for infested was 0.35 (range 0.611 to 0.880), for recovered was 0.796 (range 0.634 to 0.799), for death was 0.808 (range 0.553 to 0.880). March to December 2020 and January to February 2021, not much less than April 2021. More people infested and died in April, 2021 than previous year. This study also indicated that there is moderate to strong relation among tests, infested, recovered and death with COVID-(2020-2021).

Download Full-text

Evaluation Method for Green Ecological Airports in China Based on Combination Weighting

PROMET - Traffic&Transportation ◽

10.7307/ptt.v30i4.2531 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 419-428

Author(s):

Danwen Bao ◽

Xiaoling Zhang ◽

Jiayu Gu

Keyword(s):

Evaluation Method ◽

Rank Correlation ◽

Resource Conservation ◽

Evaluation Index System ◽

Weighting Method ◽

Environmental Friendliness ◽

International Airport ◽

Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽

Spearman’S Rank Correlation Coefficient ◽

The Status

To scientifically and accurately evaluate the status of the development of green airports in China, evaluation methods of green, ecological airports are established in this paper. To address the shortcomings in subjective and objective weighting methods, we propose a combination weighting method based on Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and evaluation grades based on interval approximation. At the same time, by taking into account resource conservation, environmental friendliness, operation efficiency, and people-oriented service, we propose an evaluation index system and an interval number for each index. Lastly, the theory is applied to five large airports in different regions of China. Analysis of the evaluation results shows that Shanghai Pudong International Airport (PVG) and Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport (CAN) have the highest scores for the resource conservation and environmental friendliness indexes, thus indicating that the development of a green ecological airport is closely related to its passenger transportation scale and economic strength. All considered airports showed the need for upgrading public service facilities and constructing intelligent equipment. The method proposed in this paper is reasonable and reliable; therefore, it can provide guidance for the evaluation and construction of green, ecological airports.

Download Full-text

Favorable Lip and Oral Cancer Mortality-To-Incidence Ratios in Countries With High Human Development Index and Expenditures On Health

10.21203/rs.3.rs-145593/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wen-Wei Sung ◽

Yong-Chen Hsu ◽

Ying-Ching Chen ◽

Yu-Chi Chao ◽

Chih-Jung Chen

Keyword(s):

Oral Cancer ◽

Human Development ◽

Human Development Index ◽

Economic Status ◽

Rank Correlation ◽

Cancer Prognosis ◽

World Health ◽

Development Index ◽

Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽

Spearman’S Rank Correlation Coefficient

Abstract Background: The incidence rate of lip and oral cancer is increasing in recent years, the prognosis of which is associated with a country’s socioeconomic status. The mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) is a reasonable indicator of disparities in cancer screening and treatment. We aim to understand the association between economic status and cancer prognosis.Methods: Data were obtained from the Global Cancer Observatory (GLOBOCAN) and the World Health Organization (WHO). The MIR was applied to evaluate the correlation to healthcare expenditures and the human development index (HDI) disparities via Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.Results: The results showed that Asia has the most cases and deaths. The association of the HDI, current health expenditure (CHE), and ratio of CHE to the percentage of gross domestic product (CHE/GDP) to the crude rate (CR) of incidence show significant results (p<0.001, p=0.005, and p<0.001, respectively). However, their association with the mortality rate (p=0.303, p=0.997, and p=0.101) is not significant. In the correlation of the MIRs, the results revealed a significant association with the HDI, CHE, and CHE/GDP with the MIR (p<0.001, p<0.001, and p<0.001, respectively).Conclusion: Countries with a higher HDI, more CHE per capita, and higher CHE/GDP tend to have a lower MIR, which indicates a favorable clinical outcome.

Download Full-text

Does multimorbitdity interfere with the fundtionality of the physically active elderly?

Fisioterapia em Movimento ◽

10.1590/1980-5918.033.ao52 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 33 ◽

Author(s):

Daniel Vicentini de Oliveira ◽

Caio Rosas Moreira ◽

Gabriel Lucas Morais Freire ◽

Rogério Soares de Melo ◽

Maura Fernandes Franco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Interpersonal Relationships ◽

Rank Correlation ◽

The Elderly ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

World Health ◽

Functional Domain ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Physically Active ◽

Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽

Health Organization

Abstract Introduction: Multimorbidity is currently considered as a relevant clinical condition due to its severity and the high prevalence among the elderly. Objective: Assessing whether multimorbidity is an intervening factor in the functionality of the physically active elderly. Method: This is a cross-sectional study carried out with 70 older people of both sexes who practice exercises at the Fitness zones (FZ) in the municipality of Maringá, state of Paraná. A sociodemographic questionnaire, and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale (WHO-DAS 2.0) were used as instruments. Data analysis was performed by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test and Spearman’s rank correlation, in addition to the Path Analysis (p <0.05). Results: the elderly who have more than two diseases showed worse functionality than the ones with none or from 1 to 2 diseases (p <0.05). The number of diseases showed a significant association (p <0.05) with a reduction in functional domain scores, which explains from 15% to 31% of the variable’s variability. Specifically, the number of diseases was positively associated with the strong effect on the domains referred to as self-care (β = 0.56) and cognition (β = 0.55), besides a moderate effect on interpersonal relationships (β = 0.39) and social participation domains (β = 0.39). Conclusion: it was concluded that multimorbidity can be considered as an intervening factor in the functionality of elderly people who practice physical activity.

Download Full-text

Favorable Trends of Lung Cancer Mortality-to-Incidence Ratios in Countries With High Computed Tomography Density

10.21203/rs.3.rs-480649/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yao-Tung Wang ◽

Han-Ru Wu ◽

Ya-Chuan Chang ◽

Chia-Ying Yu ◽

Yao-Chen Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Computed Tomography ◽

Lung Cancer ◽

Rank Correlation ◽

Lung Cancer Mortality ◽

World Health ◽

Early Screening ◽

Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽

The Difference ◽

Health Organization ◽

Ct Density

Abstract Background: Prognoses for lung cancer deteriorate dramatically with the progression of cancer stages. Therefore, early screening by techniques such as low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) is critical. However, the epidemiology regarding the association between the popularization of CT and the prognosis for lung cancer is not known.Methods: Data were obtained from GLOBOCAN and the health data and statistics of World Health Organization. MIRs and the changes in MIR over time (𝛿MIR), which were calculated as the difference between MIRs in 2018 and 2012, were used to evaluate the correlation to CT density disparities via Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.Results: Countries with zero CT density presented a relatively low incidence crude rate and a relatively high MIR in 2018 and a negative 𝛿MIR. Conversely, countries with CT density over 30 had a positive 𝛿MIR. The CT density was significantly associated with human development index (HDI) score and MIR in 2018 but demonstrated no association with MIR in 2012. The linear correlation between CT density and 𝛿MIR also shows a significant association.Conclusion: CT density was significantly associated with MIR in 2018 and with 𝛿MIR, indicating favorable clinical outcomes in countries with popularization of CT.

Download Full-text

Outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its manifestation

Coronaviruses ◽

10.2174/2666796701999201204121813 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 01 ◽

Author(s):

Bikash Debnath ◽

Waikhom Somraj Singh ◽

Kuntal Manna

Keyword(s):

Antiviral Drug ◽

World Health ◽

Family Welfare ◽

Pregnant Mother ◽

Vaccine Candidates ◽

The World ◽

Mode Of Transmission ◽

Health Organization ◽

Effective Drugs ◽

Respiratory Droplets

: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) first outbreak in Wuhan, China, and the infection is intense worldwide. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for COVID-19. The World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed total deaths had noted 4.20% globally (March 21, 2020). Between the intervals of four months (July 21, 2020), confirmed total deaths had recorded 4.17%, globally. In India, 909 confirmed cases and 19 deaths were reported by Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, March 28, 2020. Between the intervals of 123 days In India, 1638870 confirmed cases and 35684 deaths. COVID-19 can potentially spread from person to person through direct contact or respiratory droplets from coughing and sneezing. The most common symptoms are fever, dry cough, difficulty in breathing, and fatigue. A pregnant mother with COVID-19 has fewer chances to transfer this infection of her newborn babies. Children have less affected than an adult. A specific antiviral drug or vaccine has not been developed to cure the disease. Chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, ritonavir, nafamostat, nitazoxanide, and remdesivir have effective drugs to treat COVID-19. Many vaccine candidates are under pre-clinical and clinical studies. In this review, we highlight the epidemiology, sign-symptoms, pathogenesis, mode of transmission, and effects of a pregnant mother with newborns, children, prevention, and drugs affective to COVID-19.

Download Full-text

ARIMA model for forecasting COVID-19 Death cases in India (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.24107 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Jeya Sutha M

Keyword(s):

Arima Model ◽

Public Health Emergency ◽

World Health ◽

The People ◽

The World ◽

The Status ◽

The Government ◽

Health Organization ◽

Spread Of Infection ◽

Death Cases

UNSTRUCTURED COVID-19, the disease caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a highly contagious disease. On January 30, 2020 the World Health Organization declared the outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. As of July 25, 2020; 15,947,292 laboratory-confirmed and 642,814 deaths have been reported globally. India has reported 1,338,928 confirmed cases and 31,412 deaths till date. This paper presents different aspects of COVID-19, visualization of the spread of infection and presents the ARIMA model for forecasting the status of COVID-19 death cases in the next 50 days in order to take necessary precaution by the Government to save the people.

Download Full-text

Deregulation of lncRNA HIST1H2AG-6 and AIM1-3 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells is associated with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes

BMC Medical Genomics ◽

10.1186/s12920-021-00994-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hui Jiang ◽

Peian Lou ◽

Xiaoluo Chen ◽

Chenguang Wu ◽

Shihe Shao

Keyword(s):

Roc Curve ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Rank Correlation ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Healthy Controls ◽

Biological Functions ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽

Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽

Spearman’S Rank Correlation Coefficient

Abstract Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is mainly affected by genetic and environmental factors; however, the correlation of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) with T2DM remains largely unknown. Methods Microarray analysis was performed to identify the differentially expressed lncRNAs and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in patients with T2DM and healthy controls, and the expression of two candidate lncRNAs (lnc-HIST1H2AG-6 and lnc-AIM1-3) were further validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient was used to measure the degree of association between the two candidate lncRNAs and differentially expressed mRNAs. Furthermore, the KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway and GO (Gene Ontology) enrichment analysis were used to reveal the biological functions of the two candidate lncRNAs. Additionally, multivariate logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis were performed. Results The microarray analysis revealed that there were 55 lncRNAs and 36 mRNAs differentially expressed in patients with T2DM compared with healthy controls. Notably, lnc-HIST1H2AG-6 was significantly upregulated and lnc-AIM1-3 was significantly downregulated in patients with T2DM, which was validated in a large-scale qRT-PCR examination (90 controls and 100 patients with T2DM). Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient revealed that both lncRNAs were correlated with 36 differentially expressed mRNAs. Furthermore, functional enrichment (KEGG and GO) analysis demonstrated that the two lncRNA-related mRNAs might be involved in multiple biological functions, including cell programmed death, negative regulation of insulin receptor signal, and starch and sucrose metabolism. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that lnc-HIST1H2AG-6 and lnc-AIM1-3 were significantly correlated with T2DM (OR = 5.791 and 0.071, respectively, both P = 0.000). Furthermore, the ROC curve showed that the expression of lnc-HIST1H2AG-6 and lnc-AIM1-3 might be used to differentiate patients with T2DM from healthy controls (area under the ROC curve = 0.664 and 0.769, respectively). Conclusion The profiles of lncRNA and mRNA were significantly changed in patients with T2DM. The expression levels of lnc-HIST1H2AG-6 and lnc-AIM1-3 genes were significantly correlated with some features of T2DM, which may be used to distinguish patients with T2DM from healthy controls and may serve as potential novel biomarkers for diagnosis in the future.

Download Full-text

The study of Iranian children and adolescents’ physical activity: a systematic review and meta-analysis

International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health ◽

10.1515/ijamh-2020-0302 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Adel Alizadeh ◽

Reza Negarandeh ◽

Fahimehe Bagheri Amiri ◽

Zahra Yazdani

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

World Health ◽

Chi Square ◽

The Status ◽

Newcastle Ottawa Scale ◽

Health Organization ◽

Iranian Children

Abstract Objectives This systematic and meta-analysis review was conducted to determine the status of Iranian children and adolescents’ physical activity. Content All the related articles which were published in the major databases, including Pubmed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, Magiran, SID from the beginning of 2010 to the end of 2019, were reviewed by researchers. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was also used to evaluate the quality of articles. Moreover, I 2 index and chi-square were used to assess the heterogeneity between the results. Summary 490 articles were found as a result of the search in the selected international and local databases, where finally, 10 articles were included into the meta-analysis after the elimination of the duplicated articles and applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results indicated that 29.5% of the girls were considered active according to WHO criteria (16.1–42.8: 95% CI) and also 20.5% of the boys (7.3–33.7: 95% CI). Outlook Overall, this study’s findings showed that a large percentage of Iranian children and adolescents do not achieve the level of physical activity recommended by the World Health Organization. This can lead to undesirable consequences for this group of population that is considered as the human capital of any country; consequently, it seems necessary to take basic measures at the micro and macro levels in order to reduce such problems in the society.

Download Full-text

Association between Endoscopic Milk-White Mucosa, Epithelial Intracellular Lipid Droplets, and Histological Grade of Superficial Non-Ampullary Duodenal Epithelial Tumors

Diagnostics ◽

10.3390/diagnostics11050769 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 769

Author(s):

Yuko Hara ◽

Kenichi Goda ◽

Shinichi Hirooka ◽

Takehiro Mitsuishi ◽

Masahiro Ikegami ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lipid Droplets ◽

Histological Grade ◽

Rank Correlation ◽

Intraepithelial Neoplasia ◽

Low Grade ◽

Intracellular Lipid ◽

En Bloc ◽

Spearman’S Rank Correlation ◽

Spearman’S Rank Correlation Coefficient ◽

Positive Rate

We previously reported that superficial non-ampullary duodenal tumors (SNADETs) commonly had a whitish mucosal surface, named milk-white mucosa (MWM). The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of MWM with epithelial intracellular lipid droplets (immunohistochemically stained by adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP)) and histological tumor grades. We reviewed endoscopic images and the histopathology of SNADETs resected en bloc endoscopically. We analyzed the correlation between the positive rates of endoscopic MWM in preoperative endoscopy and resected specimens, and ADRP-positive rates in the resected specimens. Associations between the MWM-positive rates and tumor grades, high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIN)/intramucosal carcinoma (IC), and low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN) were analyzed. All the 92 SNADETs analyzed were <20 mm and histologically classified into 39 HGIN/IC and 53 LGIN. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient showed a significant correlation between MWM-positive and ADRP-positive rates (p < 0.001). MWM-positive rates were significantly lower in the HGIN/IC than in the LGIN in preoperative endoscopy (p < 0.001) and resected specimens (p = 0.02). Our results suggest that endoscopic MWM is closely associated with epithelial intracellular lipid droplets and that the MWM-positive rate may be a predictor of histological grade in small SNADETs.

Download Full-text