scholarly journals Taalabstractie in communicatie over producten: wanneer beschrijven we een ervaring met een product concreet en wanneer abstract?

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaby Schellekens ◽  
Peeter Verlegh ◽  
Ale Smidts
Keyword(s):  
Main Property ◽  
Interpersonal Behavior ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Communication Signal ◽  
Systematic Pattern ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
Language Abstraction

When do we describe an experience with a product concretely, and when abstractly?Language abstraction in communication about products When do we describe an experience with a product concretely, and when abstractly?Language abstraction in communication about products A main property of language is its abstractness, and language abstraction is a valuable and useful communication signal which can be used by communicators to optimize their interactions. Research on language abstraction has primarily been focused on the language that is used to describe (interpersonal) behavior, while limited attention has been given to communication about inanimate objects. This paper found a systematic pattern in the use of language abstraction in descriptions of objects: experiences with products that are congruent with the attitude of the sender towards a product are communicated more abstractly than attitude incongruent experiences. More specifically, negative experiences with products are communicated more abstractly by people with an unfavorable (vs. favorable) product attitude, while positive experiences are communicated more concretely by consumers with an unfavorable (vs. favorable) product attitude.

The Euphoric Sensations of Cigarettes: Exploring How Operant Conditioning May Be the Missing Link in the Theoretical Understanding of Antidrug Policies

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-502
Author(s):  
Elizabeth L. Borkowski ◽  
Wanda E. Leal
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Operant Conditioning ◽  
Smoking Behavior ◽  
Add Health ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
Theoretical Understanding ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Drug Policies ◽  
Positive Experiences

This study aims to examine how positive and negative reinforcers during an individual’s first few cigarettes (cigarette initiation experiences) are associated with adulthood smoking behavior. Respondents from the Add Health were asked about subjective feelings during their first few cigarettes. Using ordinary least squares (OLS) and logistic regression, we examine the differential effects of positive and negative cigarette initiation experiences on 30-day cigarette use in adulthood and lifetime nicotine dependence. The results indicate that all measures of positive cigarette initiation experiences are positively associated with both cigarette measures; however, the opposite is not true of negative cigarette initiation experiences. The results highlight the misconceptions of antidrug policies aimed at punishment of users, by indicating that positive experiences influence later cigarette use more than negative experiences. These findings suggest that drug policies and initiatives aimed at punishment may be misguided and could benefit from adopting operant conditioning concepts that emphasize reinforcements.

scholarly journals Biased evaluations emerge from inferring hidden causes

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeon Soon Shin ◽  
Yael Niv
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Positive Influence ◽  
Negativity Bias ◽  
Inference Process ◽  
Inference Model ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Environmental Statistics ◽  
Model Average ◽  
Positive Experiences

How do we evaluate a group of people after having positive experiences with some members and negative experiences with others? In particular, how do rare experiences with members who stand out (e.g., negative experiences when most are positive) influence the overall impression we have of the group? Here, we show that such rare events may be overweighted due to normative inference of the hidden, or latent, causes that are believed to generate the observed events. We propose a Bayesian latent-cause inference model that learns environmental statistics by combining highly similar events together and separating rare or highly variable observations. The model predicts that group evaluations that rely on averaging inferred latent causes will overweight variable events. We empirically tested these model-derived predictions in four decision-making experiments, where subjects observed a sequence of social (Exp 1 to 3) or non-social (Exp 4) behaviors and were subsequently asked to estimate the average of observed values. As predicted by our latent-cause model, average estimation was biased toward rare and highly variable events when observing social behaviors. We then showed that tracking of a single summary value, instead of parsing events into distinct latent causes, eliminates the bias. These results suggest that biases in evaluations of social groups, such as negativity bias, may arise from the causal inference process of the group.

OPERATION TOKHANG ENFORCEMENT: SENTIMENTS AND DILEMMAS AMONG DRUG-USER SURRENDEREES IN BRGY SINAWILAN, DIGOS CITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-180
Author(s):  
Jonel Mark Daligdig Sarno ◽  
Jories F. Baluran ◽  
Alsan Lorie P. Santillan ◽  
Roweno B. Gamban
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Drug User ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Sport Activity ◽  
Coping Mechanisms ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Motivation To Change ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Positive Experiences

The researchers conducted this study to unveil the experiences, the motivation to change their lives and the coping mechanisms of the drug-user surrenderees. A qualitative research method employed in the conduct of the study. The researchers personally made an inter-view questionnaire to 10 participants but only 8 participants came, which are the drug-user surrenderees in Brgy. Sinawilan, Digos City. The results are summarized according to the themes that were drawn from the participants’ responses and these are followed: Positive Experiences, Negative Experiences, Acceptance, Faith and Hope and Advantages of OPLAN Tokhang. Based on the findings of the study, the researchers recommended by giving spiritual practices and rehabilitation to discover the life beyond delinquency and to enlighten them. Giving livelihood program can help them survive in their daily living and it gives benefits to their family. Lastly, giving them a sport activity so that the attention of the surrenderees be redirected and be comforted. The drug-user surrenderees should be active in participating such activities for them to have more knowledge and able to apply in their daily activities in life.

“The secret to happiness may be unhappiness”

Propelled ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Andreas Elpidorou
Keyword(s):  
Social Psychology ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Good Life ◽  
Well Being ◽  
The Good Life ◽  
Philosophical Literature ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Emotional Adaptation ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
Conception Of The Good

The chapter explores the nature of the good life, articulates the role that happiness, pleasure, and positive emotions play in such a life, and considers the effects of emotional adaptation and emotional diversity on our well-being. By drawing upon both philosophical literature and research in social psychology and cognitive neuroscience, it argues for a broad conception of the good life, one that does not identify the good life simply with the presence of positive experiences and the absence of negative ones. The chapter shows not only that negative experiences aren’t detrimental to our well-being, but that they are often necessary to achieve it.

scholarly journals Citizens’ and Farmers’ Framing of ‘Positive Animal Welfare’ and the Implications for Framing Positive Welfare in Communication

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Belinda Vigors
Keyword(s):  
Animal Welfare ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Qualitative Interview Study ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
Existing Frames ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Positive Animal

Human perception can depend on how an individual frames information in thought and how information is framed in communication. For example, framing something positively, instead of negatively, can change an individual’s response. This is of relevance to ‘positive animal welfare’, which places greater emphasis on farm animals being provided with opportunities for positive experiences. However, little is known about how this framing of animal welfare may influence the perception of key animal welfare stakeholders. Through a qualitative interview study with farmers and citizens, undertaken in Scotland, UK, this paper explores what positive animal welfare evokes to these key welfare stakeholders and highlights the implications of such internal frames for effectively communicating positive welfare in society. Results indicate that citizens make sense of positive welfare by contrasting positive and negative aspects of welfare, and thus frame it as animals having ‘positive experiences’ or being ‘free from negative experiences’. Farmers draw from their existing frames of animal welfare to frame positive welfare as ‘good husbandry’, ‘proactive welfare improvement’ or the ‘animal’s point of view’. Implications of such internal frames (e.g., the triggering of ‘negative welfare’ associations by the word ‘positive’) for the effective communication of positive welfare are also presented.

Walk the Doc Talk

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Tristan Kiraly ◽  
Shelagh Quinn ◽  
Janice Fyfe ◽  
Edith Kernerman
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Interdisciplinary Communication ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Lactation Consultant ◽  
Breastfeeding Knowledge ◽  
Contact Information ◽  
Lactation Consultants ◽  
Positive Experiences

There is limited research on interdisciplinary communication between lactation consultants (International Board Certified Lactation Consultant [IBCLC]) and other healthcare professionals. An online survey assessed how healthcare professionals (physicians, surgeons, and alternative practitioners) perceive lactation consultants and what language, forms of communication, and practices are helpful. Participants (N = 75) indicated mostly positive experiences. Negative experiences included lack of communication or dissatisfaction with experience or outcome. Breastfeeding terms were, on average, “somewhat clear,” and several were correlated with perceived adequacy of breastfeeding knowledge. Participants indicated that communications from lactation consultants should include a plan for follow-up, an outline of the safety and rationale for use of potentially unfamiliar treatments, and contact information. The preferred form of communication varied. Improving interdisciplinary communication and collaboration will likely result in better support for breastfeeding dyads.

scholarly journals Man Thou Art Dust: Rites of Passage in Austere Times

Sociology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 1050-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deirdre M O’Loughlin ◽  
Isabelle Szmigin ◽  
Morven G McEachern ◽  
Belem Barbosa ◽  
Kalipso Karantinou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Rites Of Passage ◽  
Qualitative Investigation ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
The Impact

In response to recent calls for further cross-disciplinary research on austerity and a deeper sociological understanding of the impact and aftermath of the economic crisis on individuals and societies, this article builds on extant austerity literature through an exploration of its effects on European men. Informed by theories of liminality and rites of passage, this qualitative investigation examines the experience of austerity from the perspective of 11 men through the three liminal stages of separation, transition and reaggregation and investigates its impact on their identity, responsibilities and expectations. Our findings reveal the negative experiences of alienation and outsiderhood alongside positive experiences of communitas, solidarity and comradeship. The study provides a nuanced understanding of modern male Europeans and their ‘rites of passage’ through austere times.

Experiencing the Presence of the Dead: Discrepancies in “The Sensing Experience” and Their Psychological Concomitants

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torill Christine Lindstrõm
Keyword(s):  
Trait Anxiety ◽  
Life Style ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Questionnaire ◽  
Psychological Outcome ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Self Evaluation ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
The Dead ◽  
Adaptational Outcomes

Relationships between experiencing “the presence of the dead” and psychological outcome parameters were studied in thirty-nine widows, early in bereavement and twelve months later. Self-evaluation of coping, expectancies about future coping, and scores on psychological standard questionnaires (“Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Scale” (STAI), “Goldberg Health Questionnaire” (GHQ), “General Well-Being Schedule” (GWB), “Sjõberg Measurement of Mood” (SJO) and “Life Style Index” (LSI) were used as indicators of outcome. A majority of the widows reported “sensing experiences” at both occasions. The sensing experiences were categorized as being “neutral to slightly positive,” “extremely positive,” and “extremely negative.” “Extremely positive,” and “extremely negative” experiences were found to be associated with poor adaptational outcomes, whereas “neutral to slightly positive experiences” and no sensing experiences were associated with good outcomes. The nature of the sensing experience, therefore, seems to predict adaptation after bereavement.

Living Through Some Positive Experiences of Psychotherapy

2005 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amedeo Giorgi ◽  
Nico Gallegos
Keyword(s):  
Symptom Relief ◽  
Outcome Evaluation ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Good Criterion ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn this article three clients were asked to describe some alleviation of symptoms that they may have experienced in psychotherapy. The descriptions were broad enough so that they were able to be characterized as positive experiences. Positive experiences were easy to come by but they took place within a context of ongoing therapy that included as well negative experiences and lack of progress. Instrumental for the existence of the positive experiences was a high quality relationship with the therapist that was safe, trusting, caring and non-judgmental. Phenomenological reflections on the empirical findings indicated 1) that focused symptom relief was not necessarily the best strategy for outcome evaluation of therapy, 2) threw doubt on termination of therapy as a good criterion for the experience of therapy and 3) concluded that the relationship between therapist and client is complex but unified in a way that needs further clarification.

scholarly journals Experiences Influencing Walking Football Initiation in 55- to 75-Year-Old Adults: A Qualitative Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Cholerton ◽  
Jeff Breckon ◽  
Joanne Butt ◽  
Helen Quirk
Keyword(s):  
Higher Order ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Psychological Benefits ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Old Adults ◽  
Sport Policy ◽  
Semistructured Interviews ◽  
Positive Experiences ◽  
Adapted Sports

Adults aged 55 and older are least likely to play sport. Despite research suggesting this population experiences physical and psychological benefits when doing so, limited research focuses on older adult sport initiation, especially in “adapted sports” such as walking football. The aim of this study was to explore initiation experiences of walking football players between 55 and 75 years old. Semistructured interviews took place with 17 older adults playing walking football for 6 months minimum (Mage = 64). Inductive analysis revealed six higher order themes representing preinitiation influences. Eight further higher order themes were found, relating to positive and negative experiences during initiation. Fundamental influences preinitiation included previous sporting experiences and values and perceptions. Emergent positive experiences during initiation included mental development and social connections. Findings highlight important individual and social influences when initiating walking football, which should be considered when encouraging 55- to 75-year-old adults to play adapted sport. Policy and practice recommendations are discussed.

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