PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A PALM KERNE NUT CRACKING MACHINE

Palm kernel, which is one of the by- products of palm tree is of great importance to the human race and highly sought for, because it contains oil which could be consumed directly or used as raw materials for other products. The plant is mostly found in the rain forest of Nigeria where the production ofª¤? palm kernel is not the major challenge, but the production ofª¤? clean and unbrokenª¤? kernel (high grade) to be sold to the palm kernel merchants who buy and supply to companies. The development of mobile palm kernel nut cracking machine was made to reduce drudgery, to enhance processing capacity and to determine processing loss. Palm kernel nut cracking occurs when nuts are loaded to rupture without crushing the embedded kernel. The aim of this research work was to assess the performance of the developed mobile palm kernel nut cracking machine. Total sample of four thousand (4,000) palm kernel nuts were divided into five groups of eight hundred palm kernel nuts and each group was further divided into four sub-groups of two hundred (200) palm kernel nuts.ª¤? Each group of five was fed into the hopper and cracked at different shaft speeds in revolutions per minute (rpm). The shaft speeds were determined with a tachometer and it was varied on the engine by adjusting the throttle lever. In a group of five, it was replicated for four different times at the same speed. The cracking efficiency and throughput capacity were calculated. The research work showed that the cracking efficiencies at speeds of 1200, 1800, 2200 and 2400 rpm were 98ª¤¡Þ0.3, 98.5ª¤¡Þ0.08, 98.5ª¤¡Þ0.01 and 99ª¤¡Þ0.04% respectively. The throughput of the machine increased from 10.91 to 38.00 g/s as the speed of the machine increased from 800 to 2400 rpm. Also the performance efficiencies of the developed machine were 93, 94, 95, 94.5 and 94% while the overall efficiencies were 90.86, 92.12, 93.58, 93.08 and 93.06% for the set speeds. It was concluded that the overall performance of this developed palm nut kernel cracking machine were effective because it fell within the range of betweenª¤? 90 to 98% overall efficiency.ª¤?

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Oilseed Cakes in the Food Industry: A Review on Applications, Challenges, and Future Perspectives

Current Nutrition & Food Science ◽

10.2174/1573401317666211209150147 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Amirhossein Abedini ◽

Adel Mirza Alizadeh ◽

Aida Mahdavi ◽

S. Amirhossein Golzan ◽

Mahla Salimi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Industry ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Low Cost ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Poultry Feed ◽

Food Sector ◽

Novel Foods ◽

Current Review ◽

Wide Range ◽

By Products

: By-products from the food sector now have a wide range of applications. Low-cost raw materials, followed by low-cost goods, are regarded as one of the sectors’ top goals. Because of its economic relevance, reduced price, and nutrients such as protein, fiber, carbs, and antioxidants, oilseed cakes (OCs) have found a desirable place in livestock and poultry feed. Furthermore, because the cake has the same desirable nutrients, its usage in the food business is unavoidable. However, its use in this sector is not simply for nutritious purposes and has it has different impacts on flavor, texture, color, and antioxidant qualities. Therefore, as a result of its desirable qualities, the cake can be more useful in extensive applications in the food business, as well as in the manufacture of supplements and novel foods. The current review looks at the reapplications of byproducts obtained from oilseeds (soybean, sunflower, sesame, canola, palm kernel, peanut, mustard, and almond) in the food sector in the future. Furthermore, allergenicity, toxicity, antinutritional compounds, and techniques of extracting cakes from oilseeds have been discussed.

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Wine By-Products as Raw Materials for the Production of Biopolymers and of Natural Reinforcing Fillers: A Critical Review

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13030381 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 381

Author(s):

Alessandro Nanni ◽

Mariafederica Parisi ◽

Martino Colonna

Keyword(s):

Critical Review ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Green Revolution ◽

Building Blocks ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Butylene Succinate ◽

Reinforcing Fillers ◽

Plastic Industry ◽

Review Reports ◽

By Products

The plastic industry is today facing a green revolution; however, biopolymers, produced in low amounts, expensive, and food competitive do not represent an efficient solution. The use of wine waste as second-generation feedstock for the synthesis of polymer building blocks or as reinforcing fillers could represent a solution to reduce biopolymer costs and to boost the biopolymer presence in the market. The present critical review reports the state of the art of the scientific studies concerning the use of wine by-products as substrate for the synthesis of polymer building blocks and as reinforcing fillers for polymers. The review has been mainly focused on the most used bio-based and biodegradable polymers present in the market (i.e., poly(lactic acid), poly(butylene succinate), and poly(hydroxyalkanoates)). The results present in the literature have been reviewed and elaborated in order to suggest new possibilities of development based on the chemical and physical characteristics of wine by-products.

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Facile Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots from Palm Kernel Shell Precursor

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11041630 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 1630

Author(s):

Yakubu Newman Monday ◽

Jaafar Abdullah ◽

Nor Azah Yusof ◽

Suraya Abdul Rashid ◽

Rafidah Hanim Shueb

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dots ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Average Particle Size ◽

Research Work ◽

Palm Kernel ◽

Average Particle ◽

One Pot ◽

Palm Kernel Shell ◽

Doped Carbon Dots ◽

Nitrogen Doped Carbon

Carbon dots (CDs), a nanomaterial synthesized from organic precursors rich in carbon content with excellent fluorescent property, are in high demand for many purposes, including sensing and biosensing applications. This research focused on preparing CDs from natural and abundant waste, palm kernel shells (PKS) obtained from palm oil biomass, aiming for sensing and biosensing applications. Ethylenediamine and L-phenylalanine doped CDs were produced via the hydrothermal and solvothermal methods using one-pot synthesis techniques in an autoclave batch reactor. The as-prepared N-CDs shows excellent photoluminescence (PL) property and a quantum yield (QY) of 13.7% for ethylenediamine (EDA) doped N-CDs (CDs-EDA) and 8.6% for L-phenylalanine (L-Ph) doped N-CDs (CDs-LPh) with an excitation/emission wavelength of 360 nm/450 nm. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show the N-CDs have an average particle size of 2 nm for both CDs. UV-Visible spectrophotometric results showed C=C and C=O transition. FTIR results show and confirm the presence of functional groups, such as -OH, -C=O, -NH2 on the N-CDs, and the X-ray diffraction pattern showed that the N-CDs were crystalline, depicted with sharp peaks. This research work demonstrated that palm kernel shell biomass often thrown away as waste can produce CDs with excellent physicochemical properties.

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Modified Nanoclays/Straw Fillers as Functional Additives of Natural Rubber Biocomposites

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13050799 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 799

Author(s):

Justyna Miedzianowska ◽

Marcin Masłowski ◽

Przemysław Rybiński ◽

Krzysztof Strzelec

Keyword(s):

Natural Rubber ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Research Work ◽

Damping Properties ◽

Main Research ◽

Functional Additives ◽

Different Types ◽

Elastomeric Materials ◽

Research Goal ◽

The Impact

Increasingly, raw materials of natural origin are used as fillers in polymer composites. Such biocomposites have satisfactory properties. To ensure above-average functional properties, modifications of biofillers with other materials are also used. The presented research work aimed to produce and characterize elastomeric materials with a straw-based filler and four different types of montmorillonite. The main research goal was to obtain improved functional parameters of vulcanizates based on natural rubber. A series of composites filled with straw and certain types of modified and unmodified nano-clays in various ratios and amounts were prepared. Then, they were subjected to a series of tests to assess the impact of the hybrids used on the final product. It has been shown that the addition of optimal amounts of biofillers can, inter alia, increase the tensile strength of the composite, improve damping properties, extend the burning time of the material and affect the course of vulcanization or cross-linking density.

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Anti-Fatigue Effect of a Dietary Supplement from the Fermented By-Products of Taiwan Tilapia Aquatic Waste and Monostroma nitidum Oligosaccharide Complex

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13051688 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1688

Author(s):

Ying-Ju Chen ◽

Chun-Yen Kuo ◽

Zwe-Ling Kong ◽

Chin-Ying Lai ◽

Guan-Wen Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Supplement ◽

Exercise Performance ◽

Physical Training ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Weight Bearing ◽

Nitrogen Concentration ◽

Lactate Concentration ◽

Fatigue Effect ◽

Monostroma Nitidum ◽

By Products

The Taiwan Tilapia is an important aquaculture product in Taiwan. The aquatic by-products generated during Tilapia processing, such as fish bones and skin, are rich in minerals and protein. We aimed to explore the effect of a dietary supplement, comprising a mixture of fermented Tilapia by-products and Monostroma nitidum oligosaccharides as the raw materials, combined with physical training on exercise performance and fatigue. We used a mouse model that displays a phenotype of accelerated aging. Male senescence-accelerated mouse prone-8 (SAMP8) mice were divided into two control groups—with or without physical training—and supplemented with different doses (0.5 times: 412 mg/kg body weight (BW)/day; 1 time: 824 mg/kg BW/day; 2 times: 1648 mg/kg BW/day) of fermented Tilapia by-products and Monostroma nitidum oligosaccharide-containing mixture and combined with exercise training groups. Exercise performance was determined by testing forelimb grip strength and with a weight-bearing exhaustive swimming test. Animals were sacrificed to collect physical fatigue-related biomarkers. Mice dosed at 824 or 1648 mg/kg BW/day showed improvement in their exercise performance (p < 0.05). In terms of biochemical fatigue indicators, supplementation of 824 or 1648 mg/kg BW/day doses of test substances could effectively reduce blood urea nitrogen concentration and lactate concentration and increase the lactate ratio (p < 0.05) and liver glycogen content post-exercise (p < 0.05). Based on the above results, the combination of physical training and consumption of a dietary supplementation mixture of fermented Tilapia by-products and Monostroma nitidum oligosaccharides could improve the exercise performance of mice and help achieve an anti-fatigue effect.

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Optimization of Inexpensive Agricultural By-Products as Raw Materials for Bacitracin Production in Bacillus licheniformis DW2

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology ◽

10.1007/s12010-017-2489-1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 183 (4) ◽

pp. 1146-1157 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Qin Wang ◽

Hui Zheng ◽

Xia Wan ◽

Hongfeng Huang ◽

Junhui Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Licheniformis ◽

Raw Materials ◽

By Products

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Utilization of Porcelain Tile Polishing Residue

Defect and Diffusion Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.410.699 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 410 ◽

pp. 699-703

Author(s):

Valeriya È. Shvarczkopf ◽

Irina A. Pavlova ◽

Elena P. Farafontova

Keyword(s):

Glassy Phase ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Foam Glass ◽

Mixture Preparation ◽

Cleaning Equipment ◽

Oil Paints ◽

Roofing Materials ◽

Sodium Feldspar ◽

By Products ◽

Porcelain Tile

The research focuses on the properties of by-products formed in the production of porcelain stoneware: polishing residue and residue of the mixture-preparation shop. The polishing residue consists of glassy phase (80%), quartz (14%), mullite (5%). Residue of the mixture-preparation shop consists of quartz (~ 18%), muscovite (~ 6.9%), kaolinite (~ 20.5%), calcium-sodium feldspar (~ 51.4%), diopside (~ 2.98%). Polishing residue occurs when polishing porcelain stoneware to create a glossy surface and when polishing the side faces of porcelain stoneware to obtain accurate tile geometry. The particle size of the polishing residue is less than 0.2 mm, and the residue of the mixture-preparation shop is less than 40 microns. Residue of the mixture-preparation shop is formed when cleaning equipment: mills, mixers, slipways, etc. The ways of utilization of by-product are follows: as a filler for the silicate production; for polymer-cement, water-dispersion and oil paints; as a filler for the production of roofing materials, bituminous roofing mastics based on organic binders; raw materials for the production of foam glass materials and products.

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STUDY OF OIL AND GAS PROSPECTIVE STRUCTURES OF THE ARAL SEA REGION WITH THE FORECAST OF THEIR RESERVES

10.34708/gstou.conf..2021.40.74.011 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

С.К. Курбаниязов

Keyword(s):

Oil And Gas ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Research Work ◽

Aral Sea ◽

Short Term ◽

Alluvial Deposits ◽

Hydrocarbon Traps ◽

Coastal Sea ◽

Detailed Search ◽

Gas Potential

В начале барремского времени море отступило и до начала позднего альба территория представляла собой низменную аккумулятивную равнину, в пределах которой происходило накопление аллювиальных и озерно-аллювиальных отложений: красно-коричневых глин, алевролитов с прослоями коричневых песчаников и песков и линзами темно-серого лигнита. В основании толщи отмечаются гравелиты и конгломераты. В раннемальбе произошла кратковременная трансгрессия моря, однако территория современного Восточного Приаралья не была затоплена и представляла собой прибрежно-морскую равнину, где накапливались глины, алевролиты и песчаники. К концу позднего альба море регрессировало, и территория вновь стала представлять собой низменную аллювиально-озерную равнину. По всей территории происходило накопление пестроцветных глин, зеленовато-серых алевролитов, песков и песчаников, а также углей. При проведении иследовательских работ были обоснованы наиболее перспективные типы ловушек углеводородного сырья по стратиграфическим уровням и выявлена зональность их распространения. Дана оценка перспектив района на выявление залежей нефти и газа. Выделены информативные и качественные признаки (критерии) нефтегазоносности. Обоснованы площади и конкретные структуры для постановки детальных поисковых работ на выявление залежей нефти и газа. Рассчитана оценка потенциальных ресурсов углеводородного сырья. At the beginning of the Barremian time, the sea receded and until the beginning of the late Alb, the territory was a low-lying accumulative plain, within which the accumulation of alluvial and lacustrine-alluvial deposits occurred: red-brown clays, siltstones with layers of brown sandstones and sands and lenses of dark gray lignite. Gravelites and conglomerates are noted at the base of the strata.In the Rannemalba, there was a short-term transgression of the sea, but the territory of the modern Eastern Aral Sea region was not flooded and was a coastal-sea plain, where clays, siltstones and sandstones accumulated. By the end of the Late Alb, the sea regressed and the area again became a low-lying alluvial-lacustrine plain. There was an accumulation of variegated clays, greenish-gray siltstones, sands and sandstones, as well as coals throughout the territory. During the research work, the most promising types of hydrocarbon traps were justified by stratigraphic levels and the zoning of their distribution was revealed. The assessment of the prospects of the area for the identification of oil and gas deposits is given. Informative and qualitative signs (criteria) of oil and gas potential are identified. The areas and specific structures for setting up detailed search operations to identify oil and gas deposits are justified. The estimation of potential resources of hydrocarbon raw materials is calculated.

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Natural Polymers for Biodegradable Dressings to Save the Environment

International Journal of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine ◽

10.33140/ijnn.06.02.01 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Keyword(s):

Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽

Greenhouse Gas ◽

Renewable Resources ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Current System ◽

Future Generations ◽

Natural Polymers ◽

Surgical Masks ◽

By Products ◽

Global Water

The current fashion system uses high volumes of non-renewable resources to produce clothes, being responsible for 10% of the global greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere every year and 20%of the global water wasted. At the same time people are buying 60%more clothing than 15 Years ago, which going in the landfills, causes 92 million tons of waste each year. This waste has been further increased by the surgical masks used for COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, a new way of designing and producing clothing needs to be incorporated into the current system to facilitate its recycling making it more circular. New tissues, therefore, are proposed made by natural polysaccharides, embedded by micro- Nano capsules of chitin Nano fibrils and Nano lignin all obtained as by- products from food and forestry waste respectively. Thus, pollution and waste will be reduced and the natural raw materials will be maintained for the future generations.

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Effects of Dietary Level of Rice Distiller’s Dried Grains on Performance and Meat Quality of Chickens

Indian Journal of Animal Research ◽

10.18805/ijar.b-1392 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

P.K. Dang ◽

N.T.P. Giang ◽

T.T. Nguyen ◽

S. Chu-Ky ◽

N.C. Oanh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Meat Quality ◽

Broiler Chickens ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Control Diet ◽

Broiler Chicks ◽

Meat Yield ◽

Broiler Performance ◽

National University ◽

By Products

Background: In Vietnam, animal feed mainly depends on imported raw materials, while available agro-industrial by-products are often released into the environment and only a its unsubstantial portion used as an animal feed. Therefore, efficient use of these by-products as animal feed is essential. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary levels of rice distiller’s dried grain (Rice DDG) on broiler performance, meat yield and meat quality. Methods: The research was conducted at the experimental station, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Vietnam, from May to September 2020. A total of 240 a day-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned into 4 groups with 3 replications to receive 4 diets with different levels of RDDG at 0, 5, 8 and 10% for 14 weeks. Growth, meat yield and meat quality were estimated. Result: ADG was higher in broiler chickens fed diets with rice DDG compared to that in control diet at 12 and 14 weeks (P less than 0.05) while ADFI and FCR were not affected by the diets. There were significantly no differences in meat yield and quality among the diets. In conclusion, rice DDG could be used to partially replace main ingredients in chicken diets.

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