scholarly journals KONSEP PERTAHANAN SEBAGAI PUBLIC GOOD ATAU MONOPOLI ALAMIAH MENURUT SISTEM EKONOMI KERAKYATAN

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-110
Author(s):  
Endro Tri Susdarwono
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Natural Monopoly ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Private Company ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Economic Concept ◽  
The People ◽  
Market Economy System ◽  
The Government

The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the debate about the economic concept which states that defense is a public good and which states that defense is not a public good but a natural monopoly based on understanding according to the market economy system and the populist economic system. This research is a qualitative research, the type of research uses a comprehensive analytical study and analytical normative approach. The approach in this study uses a descriptive approach. Is national defense public goods purely (public good)? We can divide this question into three parts. (1) Is the national defense of goods? (2) Does national defense have the characteristics of jointness? (3) And whether national defense has characteristics without exception (non-exclusion). Association in the sense of controlling the lives of many people is all branches of production of goods and services whose results are used by everyone, or almost everyone. So defense as a product can be interpreted as a branch of production that controls the lives of many people because it can be said that defense is the same concept as the concept of "basic needs". All people in the country of Indonesia need defense and this is also reinforced with the aim of having a state in paragraph IV of the Preamble of the 1945 Constitution "Then to form an Indonesian government that protects all the people of Indonesia and all of Indonesia's blood." The results of this study state that the reason why the government supplies national defense is not because national defense is public goods. (1) that national defense is a natural monopoly and (2) citizens will fear that if a private company controls a monopoly, the owner of the company can use his power to overthrow the government.

GST - Sway On Small Scale Industries

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (10) ◽  
pp. 365-372
Author(s):  
Jayanti.G ◽  
Dr. V.Selvam
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Single Tax ◽  
The People ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
The Government

India being a democratic and republic country, has witnessed the biggest indirect tax reform after much exploration, GST bill roll out on 1 April 2017.  The concept of this reform is for a unified country-wide tax reform system.  Enterprises particularly SMEs are caught in a state of instability.  Several taxes such s excise, service tax etc., have been subsumed with a single tax structure. it is the responsibilities of both centre and state government to shoulder the important responsibility to cater the needs of the people and the nation as a whole.  The main basis of income to the government is through levy of taxes.  To meet the so called socio-economic needs and economic growth, taxes are considered as a main source of revenue for the government.  As per Wikipedia “A tax is a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed upon tax payer by the government in order to fund various public expenditure”   it is said that tax payment is mandatory, failure to pay such taxes will be punishable under the law.   The Indian tax system is classified as direct and indirect tax.   The indirect taxes are levied on purchase, sale, and manufacture of goods and provision of service.  The indirect tax on goods and services increases its price, this can lead to inflationary trend.  Contribution of indirect taxes to total tax revenue is more than 50% in India, therefore, indirect tax is considered as a major source of tax revenue for the government, which in turn is one of source for GDP growth.  Though indirect tax is a major source of revenue, it had lot of hassles.  To overcome the major issues of indirect tax system the government of India subsumed most of the indirect tax which in turn gave birth to the concept called Goods and Service Tax.

scholarly journals Legal Protection for Consumers on Unlabelled Processed Food from Seaweed in Brebes Regency

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 06010
Author(s):  
Dwi Edi Wibowo ◽  
Benny Diah Madusari
Keyword(s):  
Legal Protection ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The People ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
Approach Method ◽  
The Government ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Set Up

Some certain types of seaweed, such as Euchema, Cottoni, Gracelaria, are also cultivated by people who live at coastal areas in Java. They make seaweed as a processed food like candies and solid porridge (dodol) because seaweed contains many nutrient substances, such as water (27,8%), protein (5,4%), carbohydrate (33,3%), fat (8,6%), coarse fiber (3%) and ashes (22,25%). Government should convince or guarantee with legal certainties, that people who consume goods and services, especially food products are safe, so that the existing of Rules as well as the regulations and other law for products set up and launched by the government, for giving protection to the people who use or consume the goods and products, will possibly bring a sense of security and improve welfare. The question is how is the legal protection for consumers on unlabelled processed food from seaweed? The Approach method used is empirical-juridical method which is used to solve problems by conducting research on primary data in the field. Juridical itself is a kind of research method referring to the law, the currently in force laws and regulations, and the theory of law.The regulations used in this research are Regulation No 8 / 1999 concerning Customers’ protection that is Regulation No.18 / 2012 concerning food.

scholarly journals Goods and Services Tax and Sales and Services Tax in Malaysia: A Review of Literature

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 208
Author(s):  
Morni Hayati Jaafar Sidik ◽  
Nur Jannah Muhaidin ◽  
Masniza Supar
Keyword(s):  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Scholarly Journals ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The People ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
The Government ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Analyse Data ◽  
Malaysian Government

Introduction: Tax is the main source of revenue for the Malaysian government. Thus, to increase the government revenue, Goods Services Tax (GST) was implemented in Malaysia starting from April 2015 to replace the Sales and Services Tax (SST). However, starting from September 2018, the GST has been replaced back by the SST.Methodology: The study will review the prior literature on the tax reforms. It will analyse data from scholarly journals, newspapers, review articles and other related documents. The focus will be on the implementation of GST and new SST in Malaysia from different stakeholders’ perspective.Results: The results indicate that SST is much better to match with the Malaysian environment. This is because SST is tax friendly for both the business entities and the people of Malaysia.Conclusion and Recommendations: The findings would contribute to the literature and explains whether the move made by the Malaysian government to revert to SST is justifiable.

making a peoples defense and safety System

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 350-363
Author(s):  
Novi Herianto ◽  
M. Nakir
Keyword(s):  
Security System ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Security Sector ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
National Police ◽  
Supporting Force ◽  
The Universe

Article 30 of the 1945 Constitution is the basis for the formulation and drafting of Law No.3 / 2002 on national defense. In article 30, it is stipulated that national defense and security efforts are carried out through the system of defense and security of the total people by the Indonesian National Army and the Indonesian National Police, as the main force, and the people, as the supporting force. This system of defense and security for the people of the universe is then manifested in Law No.20 / 1982 concerning the main provisions of national defense. However, when the TAP MPR Number VI and Number VII was issued regarding the Separation of the Police from ABRI. The government is drafting a new Defense Law that is aligned to separate Defense and security that is adaptive to these changes. The defense is compiled and formulated and then translated into Law no. 3/2002, however, the Law on Security was not immediately realized, instead Law No.2 / 2002 concerning the Indonesian National Police. Until now, the Law on Security does not exist and has not been materialized. As a result, there is a gap between legislation in the defense sector and legislation in the security sector. Some of the mandates of Law No.3 / 2002 can then be translated into Laws, Government Regulations, Presidential decrees instead other legislation products to support national defense.  The lack of this security aspect of course affects the defense and security system which was previously manifested as a comprehensive unit which is of course adjusted to the history of the nation itself. In addition to defense duties which are military in nature, there are tasks in the field of military Nir which all fall into the category of security aspects. As long as there are no regulations governing Security, the Defense and Security System mandated in the 1945 constitution will never materialize.    

scholarly journals REMITANSI TENAGA KERJA INDONESIA: DAMPAKNYA TERHADAP INFLASI DAN KONTRIBUSINYA TERHADAP PENINGKATAN KUALITAS HIDUP MASYARAKAT

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 388
Author(s):  
Eny Haryati
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Governmental Policy ◽  
Exact Number ◽  
Expected Inflation ◽  
The People ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government

Indonesian manpower (IM) is a term used to refer to the Indonesian migrants who work overseas. Although the exact number of the IM is not well recorded by the government of the Republic of Indonesia, the amount of the remittance the IM send home to their family is found to be quite significant. In 2005, the Minister of Manpower and Transmigration of the Republic of Indonesia declared that the amount of the IM’s remittance reached US$ 2.9 billion, which was much higher than the government’s expected amount (US$ 1.9 billion). This study found out that (1) the IM’s remittance affected the amount of the money spreading in the home district where the IM came from so that it enhanced the purchasing power of the people in the district towards the consumptive goods and services which, in turn, triggered the elevation of the prices of goods and services; (2) the IM’s remittance stimulated the traders or merchants to determine the goods and services pricing which was commonly called the expected inflation; (3) most of the remittance was spent for consumptive goods and services and only a little amount of it was spent for investment; and (4) the IM’s remittance was a factor that positively affected the increase of the human development index (HDI) in the IM’s home district. To effectively increase the effect of the remittance towards the HDI in the IW’s home district, a governmental policy that was oriented towards the development of the IM’s family potentials and attempted to change people’s behavior

Beneficiary Pays

T oung Pao ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 98 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 385-438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cho-ying Li
Keyword(s):  
Public Good ◽  
New Order ◽  
General Application ◽  
The Public ◽  
Mise En Œuvre ◽  
The People ◽  
Policy Deliberation ◽  
Beneficiary Pays ◽  
The Government ◽  
A Charge

This article focuses on the “beneficiary-pays principle” in hydraulic discourse and the process through which it was put into practice from the 1520s to the 1640s in the Lower Yangzi Delta. It investigates the roles of the hydraulic reformist elite and like-minded officials in the formation of the new hydraulic order. It also demonstrates that the implementation of the beneficiary-pays principle was instrumental in redefining the division of responsibility between the government and the people and in building a reciprocal connection between the pursuit of private gain and the fulfillment of the public good. Furthermore, it shows that after the general application of this principle became a shared view, the government and the people used it to solve disputes and defend their rights. The article concludes that the new order was not achieved solely by coercion – policy deliberation and persuasion were also significant in the realization of the beneficiary-pays principle.

Cet article s’intéresse au principe suivant lequel les travaux doivent être “à charge du bénéficiaire” dans le discours hydraulique et à la manière dont il a été mis en pratique dans le bas Yangzi des années 1520 aux années 1640. Le rôle de l’élite réformiste et des fonctionnaires partageant les mêmes idées dans le domaine de l’hydraulique est exa­miné. L’article démontre que la mise en œuvre du principe en question a été ­importante pour la redéfinition du partage des responsabilités entre le gouvernement et la population et pour la mise en place d’une relation de réciprocité entre la poursuite des intérêts privés et celle du bien public. Il montre aussi qu’une fois acceptée par tous, l’application généralisée du principe a servi au gouvernement et aux particuliers à résoudre leurs conflits et à défendre leurs droits. En conclusion, l’ordre nouveau ainsi mis en place n’a pas été le résultat de la seule contrainte: le débat et la persuasion ont tenu une place significative dans la réalisation du principe “à charge du bénéficiaire”.

scholarly journals HOW SHOULD THE GOVERNMENT ALLOCATE ITS TAX REVENUES BETWEEN PRODUCTIVITY-ENHANCING AND UTILITY-ENHANCING PUBLIC GOODS?

2010 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 336-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Economides ◽  
Hyun Park ◽  
Apostolis Philippopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Public Goods ◽  
Optimal Policy ◽  
Public Expenditures ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Second Best ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Tax Revenues ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Government ◽  
Macroeconomic Implications

We present a fairly standard general equilibrium model of endogenous growth with productive and nonproductive public goods and services. The former enhance private productivity and the latter private utility. We study Ramsey second-best optimal policy, where the latter is summarized by the paths of the income tax rate and the allocation of collected tax revenues between productivity-enhancing and utility-enhancing public expenditures. We show that the properties and macroeconomic implications of the second-best optimal policy (a) are different from the benchmark case of the social planner's first-best allocation and (b) depend crucially on whether public goods and services are subject to congestion.

scholarly journals A Coastal Road as an Alternate Route for the Decongestion of Traffic from Toril to Downtown of Davao City

10.17158/480 ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben M. Ruiz ◽  
Renan P. Limjuco
Keyword(s):  
Travel Time ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Alternative Route ◽  
Alternate Route ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The People ◽  
Wear And Tear ◽  
Sea Ports ◽  
The Government

<p>The speed of movements of the goods and services in a locality is a vital determinant of progress. Many of these goods and services moved through the roads aside from airports and sea ports. It is therefore, of utmost importance that the government provides right services for the benefit of all. The populace’ access to farm products is very important to our daily lives. When these goods are made cheap to the buying public thru improved farm-to-market roads it will be a great help to the people. The provision of an alternate route that will shorten this travel time is therefore welcomed. The proposed coastal road from Toril to downtown Davao is one of the very much possible routes. Studying the feasibility of this project is of utmost importance. Along with the reduced travel time is the savings in fuel and the reduction of wear and tear on many of the moving parts of vehicles. Aside from the beauty that can be contributed by the aesthetics of the proposed project, it can be a pride to Davao City.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Alternative route, coastal road, decongestion of traffic, descriptive study, Davao City, Philippines.</p>

scholarly journals EMPOWERMENT OF INDONESIAN MILITARY RESERVE COMPONENT IN FACING THE PANDEMIC THREAT OF COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 320
Author(s):  
Akhiyar Meideri ◽  
Syaiful Anwar
Keyword(s):  
Health Sector ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
National Defense ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
The People ◽  
Pandemic Threat ◽  
Military Reserve ◽  
Reserve Component ◽  
The Government ◽  
Main Components

<div><p class="Els-history-head">Reserve Components are National Resources that have been prepared to be mobilized to enlarge and strengthen the capabilities of the Main Components and Supporting Components. The theory used in this research is the theory of national defense, threat theory, and empowerment. The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health crisis problem that not only affecting the population health sector but also security. The decline in living conditions and people's welfare then also affects the security sector where there is an increase in the number of criminal acts that can threaten public security and order in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to find out how the government will empower the reserve components to help protect the country's sovereignty, maintain state security when the COVID-19 pandemic occurs and what steps have been taken by the Indonesian government. The result shows that the Indonesian Military Reserve Component including empowering Indonesian citizens that are implemented by participating and complying with various policies made by the government to reduce the spread of the virus, by implementing health protocols, online learning, enforcing lockdowns, and conducting social distancing. Meanwhile, the government also empowers the national facilities and infrastructure in controlling the COVID-19 virus, one of which is by improving the function of hospital services, cooperate with the mass media to spread information for the people. The government also use information technology to give health service for Indonesian to provide accurate information about COVID-19.</p></div>

Religiosity as a public good

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 2-12
Author(s):  
Richard Sherlock
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Public Goods ◽  
Public Good ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Political Order ◽  
National Defense ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
Police Protection ◽  
Over Time

Public Goods can be seen as one important way in which societies sustain themselves over time. These are part of the puzzle of the development of political order. Public goods like the rule of law are non-substractable and non-excludable. For economists the classic textbook examples are national defense and police protection. In this paper I argue that religiosity can function like police protection, a means of sustaining order through fear of punishment from a transcendent source. As a means of reducing defection from social norms it has a role to play as a public good. But religion cannot at the same time be seen as the source of such norms or dissention will undermine the very order that punishment seems to reinforce.

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