The impact of short-term acute heat stress on the rumen microbiome of
                    Hanwoo steers

The study objective was to evaluate the effects of feed removal during acute heat stress (HS) on the cytokine response and its short-term effect on growth performance in finishing pigs. Thirty-two pigs (93.29 ± 3.14 kg initial body weight; 50% barrows and 50% gilts) were subjected to thermoneutral (TN; 23.47 ± 0.10 °C; n = 16 pigs) or HS (cycling of 25 to 36 °C; n = 16 pigs) conditions for 24 h. Within each temperature treatment, 50% of the pigs were provided with feed (AF; n = 8 pigs/temperature treatment) and 50% of the pigs had no feed access (NF; n = 8 pigs/temperature treatment). Following the 24 h temperature and feeding treatment (TF) period, all pigs had ad libitum access to feed and water and were maintained under TN conditions for 6 d. During the first 12 h of the TF period, gastrointestinal (TGI) and skin (Tsk) temperatures were recorded every 30 min. Serum cytokines were determined at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h during the TF period and on Days 3 and 6 of the post-TF period. Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake were measured on Days 1, 3, and 6 of the post-TF period. Behavioral data were collected from Days 1 to 6 of the post-TF period. Heat stress increased (p < 0.02) the TGI and Tsk. During the post-TF period, interleukin-1α was greater (p < 0.01) in HS + NF compared to HS + AF and TN + NF pigs. From Days 1 to 2 of the post-TF period, the ADG was reduced (p < 0.01) in TN + AF compared to HS + AF, HS + NF, and TN + NF pigs. In conclusion, feed removal during an acute HS challenge did not reduce the cytokine response or improve short-term growth performance in finishing pigs.

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Physiological Response to Short-Term Heat Stress in the Leaves of Traditional and Modern Plum (Prunus domestica L.) Cultivars

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae8010072 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 72

Author(s):

Marija Viljevac Vuletić ◽

Ines Mihaljević ◽

Vesna Tomaš ◽

Daniela Horvat ◽

Zvonimir Zdunić ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Elevated Temperature ◽

High Temperature Stress ◽

Guaiacol Peroxidase ◽

Inadequate Response ◽

Short Term ◽

Modern Cultivar ◽

Performance Indexes ◽

Chlorophyll A Fluorescence Transients ◽

The Impact

The aim of this study was to evaluate physiological responses to short-term heat stress in the leaves of traditional (Bistrica) and modern (Toptaste) plum cultivars. In this study, detached plum leaves were incubated at 25 °C (control) and 40 °C (stress). After 1 h of exposure to heat (40 °C), chlorophyll a fluorescence transients were measured, and several biochemical parameters were analyzed. Elevated temperature caused heat stress in both plum cultivars, seen as a decrease in water content (WT), but in the leaves of the cultivar Bistrica, an accumulation of proline and phenols, as well as an accumulation of photosynthetic pigments, suggest the activation of a significant response to unfavorable conditions. Conversely, in the leaves of Toptaste, a significant accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and an activation of guaiacol peroxidase (GPOD), all together with a decreased soluble proteins content, indicate an inadequate response to maintaining homeostasis in the leaf metabolism. The impact of an elevated temperature on photosynthesis was significant in both plum cultivars as reflected in the decrease in performance indexes (PIABS and PItotal) and the maximum quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), with significantly pronounced changes found in Toptaste. Unlike the traditional plum cultivar, Bistrica, in the modern cultivar, Toptaste, short-term heat stress increased the minimal fluorescence (F0) and absorption (ABS/RC), as well as Chl b in total chlorophylls. Additionally, the inactivation of RCs (RC/ABS) suggests that excitation energy was not trapped efficiently in the electron chain transport, which resulted in stronger dissipation (DI0/RC) and the formation of ROSs. Considering all presented results, it can be presumed that the traditional cultivar Bistrica has better tolerance to heat stress than the modern cultivar Toptaste. The cultivar, Bistrica, can be used as a basis in further plum breeding programs, as a source of tolerance for high temperature stress.

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Effects of Short-term Acute Heat Stress on Physiological Responses and Heat Shock Proteins of Hanwoo Steer (Korean Cattle)

Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology ◽

10.12750/jarb.34.3.173 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 173-182

Author(s):

Youl-Chang Baek ◽

Minseok Kim ◽

Jin-Young Jeong ◽

Young-Kyoon Oh ◽

Sung-Dae Lee ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Heat Shock ◽

Heat Shock Proteins ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Short Term ◽

Korean Cattle ◽

Acute Heat Stress ◽

Shock Proteins

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Heat Stress and Rumen Microbial Ecology: Novel Insights Into Goat Adaptation

10.21203/rs.3.rs-602501/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sejian Veerasamy ◽

Silpa MV ◽

Shraddha Trivedi ◽

Reshma Nair MR ◽

Bagath Madiajagan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Microbial Diversity ◽

Threshold Level ◽

Climate Resilience ◽

Rumen Microbiome ◽

Crucial Information ◽

Indigenous Goat ◽

Adaptive Ability ◽

The Impact ◽

Factor Governing

Abstract Establishing the functional significance of rumen microbiome during heat stress may provide crucial information for elucidating climate resilience in goat. The current study was thus designed with an aim to assess the impact of heat stress on the rumen microbiome across three indigenous goat breeds. To prove this hypothesis, six experimental groups were chosen as follows: Osmanabadi Control (n=6), Osmanabadi Heat (n=6), Malabari Control (n=6), Malabari Heat (n=6), Salem Black Control (n=6) and Salem Black Heat (n=6). The study, being first of its kind, provides novel insights into influence of both genetic and environmental interaction on rumen microbial diversity in goats. An evident variation in the rumen microbial abundance was established during heat stress across all three goat breeds. The decreased Firmicutes and higher Bacteroides abundance in Salem Black goats could indicate the better protein and polysaccharide degrading ability of Salem Black breed. Further, the number of unique OTUs in the Salem Black heat group was higher as compared to both Osmanabadi and Malabari heat groups. In addition, the lower abundance of both KEGG as well as COG pathways indicated the sub-threshold level of heat stress experienced by this breed. Moreover, the histomorphometric changes in the rumen also pointed towards the better adaptive ability of Salem Black breed. This result point towards the genetic factor governing the rumen microbial diversity in goats during heat stress exposure. The findings provide substantial evidence on the genetic superiority of Salem Black breed in altering the rumen microbial population which could impart them the potential to thrive well in harsh environmental conditions.

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Impact of vitamin C on concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroid hormones in lambs under short-term acute heat stress

Veterinary Science Development ◽

10.4081/vsd.2015.5965 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Arash Omidi ◽

Masoumeh Kheirie ◽

Hadi Sarir

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Thyroid Hormones ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽

Free Thyroxine ◽

Control Group ◽

Short Term ◽

Acute Heat Stress ◽

Humidity Index

The present study evaluated the effect of vitamin C on alteration in thyroid hormones induced by short-term acute heat stress. Eight male lambs were divided into two groups of 4 animals each. Both groups were placed in an environment with hyper-acute heat stress based on the temperature – humidity index (THI). Groups I and II were injected intramuscularly normal saline and vitamin C (20 mg/kg), respectively, for the first five consecutive days of the experiment. All lambs were fed ad libitum. Blood samples were collected from both groups on days one, two, four, six and eight. Thyroxine and free thyroxine numerically increased (91.03 vs. 70.78 nmol L-1, P=0.080 and 29.8 vs. 24.8 pmol L-1, P=0.080; respectively) in heat stressed lambs supplemented with vitamin C compared to control group. Respiration rates and heart rates were elevated until day five of the experiment and then decreased. Mechanism for increasing the levels of thyroxine and free thyroxine by vitamin C is not well known. However, it may occur in part because of vitamin C antioxidant properties. The present study revealed that vitamin C might ameliorate the adverse effect of heat stress in lambs.

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High Temperature Alters Secondary Metabolites and Photosynthetic Efficiency in Heracleum sosnowskyi

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22094756 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (9) ◽

pp. 4756

Author(s):

Anna Rysiak ◽

Sławomir Dresler ◽

Agnieszka Hanaka ◽

Barbara Hawrylak-Nowak ◽

Maciej Strzemski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Invasive Species ◽

Heat Stress ◽

High Temperature ◽

Secondary Metabolites ◽

The European Union ◽

Short Term ◽

Heracleum Sosnowskyi ◽

The World ◽

High Level ◽

The Impact

Due to global warming, invasive species have spread across the world. We therefore studied the impact of short-term (1 day or 2 days) and longer (7 days) heat stress on photosynthesis and secondary metabolites in Heracleum sosnowskyi, one of the important invasive species in the European Union. H. sosnowskyi leaves exposed to short-term heat stress (35 °C/1 d) showed a decrease in chlorophyll and maximum potential quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) compared to control, 35 °C/2 d, or 30 °C/7 d treatments. In turn, the high level of lipid peroxidation and increased H2O2 accumulation indicated that the 30 °C/7 d stress induced oxidative damage. The contents of xanthotoxin and bergapten were elevated in the 2 d and 7 d treatments, while isopimpinellin was detected only in the heat-stressed plants. Additionally, the levels of free proline and anthocyanins significantly increased in response to high temperature, with a substantially higher increase in the 7 d (30 °C) treatment. The results indicate that the accumulation of proline, anthocyanins, and furanocoumarins, but not of phenolic acids or flavonols, contributes to protection of H. sosnowskyi plants against heat stress. Further studies could focus on the suppression of these metabolites to suppress the spread of this invasive species.

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The Impact of Antioxidant Supplementation and Heat Stress on Carcass Characteristics, Muscle Nutritional Profile and Functionality of Lamb Meat

Animals ◽

10.3390/ani10081286 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1286

Author(s):

Surinder S. Chauhan ◽

Frank R. Dunshea ◽

Tim E. Plozza ◽

David L. Hopkins ◽

Eric N. Ponnampalam

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Vitamin E ◽

Carcass Weight ◽

Antioxidant Supplementation ◽

Short Term ◽

Nutritional Profile ◽

Omega 6 ◽

Dietary Treatments ◽

The Impact

The impact of antioxidant supplementation and short-term heat stress on lamb body weight gain, meat nutritional profile and functionality (storage stability of lipids and colour) of lamb meat was investigated. A total of 48 crossbred ((Merino × Border Leicester) × Dorset) lambs (42 ± 2 kg body weight, 7 mo age) were randomly allocated to three dietary treatments (n = 16) by liveweight (LW) that differed in dosage of vitamin E and selenium (Se) in the diet. Vitamin E and Se levels in the control (CON), moderate (MOD) and supranutritional (SUP) dietary treatments were 28, 130 and 228 mg/kg DM as α-tocopherol acetate and 0.16, 0.66 and 1.16 mg Se as SelPlex™/kg DM, respectively. After four weeks of feeding in individual pens, including one week of adaptation, lambs were exposed to two heat treatments. Animals were moved to metabolism cages for one week and subjected to heat treatments: thermoneutral (TN; 18–21 °C and 40–50% relative humidity) and heat stress (HS; 28–40 °C and 30–40% relative humidity) conditions, respectively. Final LW and hot carcass weight were influenced by dietary treatments with higher final live weight (FLW) (p = 0.05; 46.8 vs. 44.4 and 43.8 kg, respectively) and hot carcass weight (HCW) (p = 0.01; 22.5 vs. 21.3 and 21.0 kg, respectively) recorded in lambs fed the SUP as opposed to the CON and MOD diets. Vitamin E concentration in the longissimus lumborum (LL) muscle tended to be higher in lambs fed MOD or SUP diets than the CON group. Lipid oxidation of aged meat at 72 h of simulated retail display was reduced by antioxidant supplementation. Short-term (one week) heat stress treatment significantly increased muscle linoleic acid and total omega-6 concentrations compared with the CON group. The results demonstrate that four-week antioxidant supplementation at the SUP level improved animal productivity by increasing LW and carcass weight and the functionality of meat exhibited by reduced lipid oxidation. An increase in muscle omega-6 fatty acid concentration from short-term heat stress may induce oxidative stress via proinflammatory action.

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Adaptive Response of a Native Mediterranean Grapevine Cultivar Upon Short-Term Exposure to Drought and Heat Stress in the Context of Climate Change

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy10020249 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 249 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Nikolaos Tzortzakis ◽

Antonios Chrysargyris ◽

Aziz Aziz

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Lipid Peroxidation ◽

Heat Stress ◽

Stomatal Conductance ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Stomatal Closure ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Short Term ◽

Short Term Exposure ◽

The Impact

The impact of climate change on viticulture is of major importance. Several international and indigenous grapevine cultivars have been examined for their adaptive performance to drought and heat stresses. However, the underlying physiological mechanisms are not well known. In the present study we examined the short-term effects of light and moderate drought stress (DS) as well as heat stress (HS) on physiological and biochemical attributes in two grapevine cultivars: Chardonnay (international) and Xynisteri, an indigenous adapted to the specific Cypriot microclimate. Xynisteri plants exhibited decreasing leaf stomatal conductance and photosynthetic rate as well as increasing total phenols and antioxidant capacity under DS conditions. These reactions were concomitant to a rapid accumulation of hydrogen peroxide and lipid peroxidation in leaves, associated to an increase of the antioxidant superoxide dismutase activity. However, Chardonnay plants did not exhibit the same responses as Xynisteri against DS (i.e., stomatal closure, total phenolics and antioxidants) over the first four days. Additionally, Chardonnay showed leaf damage with increased lipid peroxidation levels and activation of catalase and peroxidase. Interestingly, HS increased leaf stomatal conductance and decreased total phenolic content, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity in Chardonnay after 20 d of stress. In both cultivars, HS had milder effects compared to DS, and again Xynisteri showed better performance than Chardonnay in terms of damage index and antioxidative activities. Overall, Xynisteri adaptation to DS and HS was higher than that of Chardonnay, and both cultivars reacted more to the short-term DS than to HS. Although the Xynisteri performances under stress conditions provide an important resource for adaptation to stressful conditions, the impacts on earliness, yield and grape quality remain to be explored.

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Factors affecting the rapid changes of protein under short-term heat stress

BMC Genomics ◽

10.1186/s12864-021-07560-y ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Bingjin Wu ◽

Jianwen Qiao ◽

Xiaoming Wang ◽

Manshuang Liu ◽

Shengbao Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Protein Expression ◽

Protein Content ◽

Early Stage ◽

Protein Translation ◽

Short Term ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Thermal Environments ◽

Rapid Changes ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background Protein content determines the state of cells. The variation in protein abundance is crucial when organisms are in the early stages of heat stress, but the reasons affecting their changes are largely unknown. Results We quantified 47,535 mRNAs and 3742 proteins in the filling grains of wheat in two different thermal environments. The impact of mRNA abundance and sequence features involved in protein translation and degradation on protein expression was evaluated by regression analysis. Transcription, codon usage and amino acid frequency were the main drivers of changes in protein expression under heat stress, and their combined contribution explains 58.2 and 66.4% of the protein variation at 30 and 40 °C (20 °C as control), respectively. Transcription contributes more to alterations in protein content at 40 °C (31%) than at 30 °C (6%). Furthermore, the usage of codon AAG may be closely related to the rapid alteration of proteins under heat stress. The contributions of AAG were 24 and 13% at 30 and 40 °C, respectively. Conclusion In this study, we analyzed the factors affecting the changes in protein expression in the early stage of heat stress and evaluated their influence.

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