Microbiology and atmospheric processes: chemical interactions of primary biological aerosols

Abstract. This paper discusses the influence of primary biological aerosols (PBA) on atmospheric chemistry and vice versa through microbiological and chemical properties and processes. Several studies have shown that PBA represent a significant fraction of air particulate matter and hence affect the microstructure and water uptake of aerosol particles. Moreover, airborne micro-organisms, namely fungal spores and bacteria, can transform chemical constituents of the atmosphere by metabolic activity. Recent studies have emphasized the viability of bacteria and metabolic degradation of organic substances in cloud water. On the other hand, the viability and metabolic activity of airborne micro-organisms depend strongly on physical and chemical atmospheric parameters such as temperature, pressure, radiation, pH value and nutrient concentrations. In spite of recent advances, however, our knowledge of the microbiological and chemical interactions of PBA in the atmosphere is rather limited. Further targeted investigations combining laboratory experiments, field measurements, and modelling studies will be required to characterize the chemical feedbacks, microbiological activities at the air/snow/water interface supplied to the atmosphere.

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Microbiology and atmospheric processes: chemical interactions of Primary Biological Aerosols

Biogeosciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/bgd-5-841-2008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 841-870 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

L. Deguillaume ◽

M. Leriche ◽

P. Amato ◽

P. A. Ariya ◽

A.-M. Delort ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Activity ◽

Atmospheric Chemistry ◽

Ph Value ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Field Measurements ◽

Nutrient Concentrations ◽

Chemical Interactions ◽

Modelling Studies ◽

Micro Organisms

Abstract. This paper discusses the influence of bioaerosols on atmospheric chemistry and vice versa through microbiological and chemical properties and processes. Several studies have shown that biological matter represents a significant fraction of air particulate matter and hence affects the microstructure and water uptake of aerosol particles. Moreover, airborne micro-organisms can transform chemical constituents of the atmosphere by metabolic activity. Recent studies have emphasized the viability of bacteria and metabolic degradation of organic substances in cloud water. On the other hand, the viability and metabolic activity of airborne micro-organisms depend strongly on physical and chemical atmospheric parameters such as temperature, pressure, radiation, pH value and nutrient concentrations. In spite of recent advances, however, our knowledge of the microbiological and chemical interactions of primary biological particles in the atmosphere is rather limited. Further targeted investigations combining laboratory experiments, field measurements, and modelling studies will be required to characterize the chemical feedbacks, microbiological activities at the air/snow/water interface supplied to the atmosphere.

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Microbiology and atmospheric processes: research challenges concerning the impact of airborne micro-organisms on the atmosphere and climate

Biogeosciences ◽

10.5194/bg-8-17-2011 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 17-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 118

Author(s):

C. E. Morris ◽

D. C. Sands ◽

M. Bardin ◽

R. Jaenicke ◽

B. Vogel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Chemistry ◽

Radiative Forcing ◽

Atmospheric Transport ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Transport Processes ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Atmospheric Processes ◽

Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽

Micro Organisms ◽

The Impact

Abstract. For the past 200 years, the field of aerobiology has explored the abundance, diversity, survival and transport of micro-organisms in the atmosphere. Micro-organisms have been explored as passive and severely stressed riders of atmospheric transport systems. Recently, an interest in the active roles of these micro-organisms has emerged along with proposals that the atmosphere is a global biome for microbial metabolic activity and perhaps even multiplication. As part of a series of papers on the sources, distribution and roles in atmospheric processes of biological particles in the atmosphere, here we describe the pertinence of questions relating to the potential roles that air-borne micro-organisms might play in meteorological phenomena. For the upcoming era of research on the role of air-borne micro-organisms in meteorological phenomena, one important challenge is to go beyond descriptions of abundance of micro-organisms in the atmosphere toward an understanding of their dynamics in terms of both biological and physico-chemical properties and of the relevant transport processes at different scales. Another challenge is to develop this understanding under contexts pertinent to their potential role in processes related to atmospheric chemistry, the formation of clouds, precipitation and radiative forcing. This will require truly interdisciplinary approaches involving collaborators from the biological and physical sciences, from disciplines as disparate as agronomy, microbial genetics and atmosphere physics, for example.

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Microbiology and atmospheric processes: an upcoming era of research on bio-meteorology

Biogeosciences Discussions ◽

10.5194/bgd-5-191-2008 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 191-212 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

C. E. Morris ◽

D. C. Sands ◽

M. Bardin ◽

R. Jaenicke ◽

B. Vogel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atmospheric Chemistry ◽

Radiative Forcing ◽

Atmospheric Transport ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Transport Processes ◽

Transport Systems ◽

Atmospheric Processes ◽

Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽

Important Challenge ◽

Micro Organisms

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KARAKTERISASI SIFAT FISIKA DAN KIMIA CUKA KAYU DARI TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT

Jurnal Riset Industri Hasil Hutan ◽

10.24111/jrihh.v6i1.1223 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 35 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rizka Karima

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Solid Waste ◽

Ph Value ◽

Total Yield ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Phenol Content ◽

Empty Fruit Bunches ◽

Wood Vinegar ◽

And Chemical Properties

There’s so many pal solid waste or palm empty fruit bunches, but the utilization is not maximized, this research its to optimized utilization of palm solid waste to be wood vinegar and want to know the composition physical properties and chemical properties of wood vinegar from palm empty fruit bunches. Total yield of wood vinegar from palm empty fruit bunches its 15,94 % and total yield of charcoal its 64,58 %. GCMS result showing chemical properties from wood vinegar of burning < 100oC its obtained 19 compound and burning >100 oC its obtained 6 compound. The result physichal properties testing from crued wood vinegar its obtained specific gravity 1,0005 and 1,0010, pH value are 3,233 and 3,186, TAT content are 9,36 % and 11,12 %, phenol content its 0,44 %. The result physical properties testing from wood vinegar which has decolorizatin by activated carbon its obtained specific gravity are 0,9987 and 0,999, pH value are 3,036 and 3,012, TAT content are 8,29 % and 9,27 % and phenol content its 0,01 %.Keywords: palm bunches, wood vinegar, liquid smoke

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Nutrient cycling differs between cropped soils with century-old and recently pyrolyzed biochar

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-15676 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Victor Burgeon ◽

Julien Fouché ◽

Sarah Garré ◽

Ramin Heidarian-Dehkordi ◽

Gilles Colinet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Cycling ◽

Soil Solution ◽

Nutrient Dynamics ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Crop Productivity ◽

Nutrient Concentrations ◽

Soil Productivity ◽

Long Term Effects ◽

Mitigation And Adaptation

The amendment of biochar to soils is often considered for its potential as a climate change mitigation and adaptation tool through agriculture. Its presence in tropical agroecosystems has been reported to positively impact soil productivity whilst successfully storing C on the short&#8201;and long-term. In temperate systems, recent research showed limited to no effect on productivity following recent biochar addition to soils. Its long-term effects on productivity and nutrient cycling have, however, been overlooked yet are essential before the use of biochar can be generalized.Our study was set up in a conventionally cropped field, containing relict charcoal kiln sites used as a model for century old biochar (CoBC, ~220 years old). These sites were compared to soils amended with recently pyrolyzed biochar (YBC) and biochar free soils (REF) to study nutrient dynamics in the soil-water-plant system. Our research focused on soil chemical properties, crop nutrient uptake and soil solution nutrient concentrations. Crop plant samples were collected over three consecutive land occupations (chicory, winter wheat and a cover crop) and soil solutions gathered through the use of suctions cups inserted in different horizons of the studied Luvisol throughout the field.Our results showed that YBC mainly influenced the soil solution composition whereas CoBC mainly impacted the total and plant available soil nutrient content. In soils with YBC, our results showed lower nitrate and potassium concentrations in subsoil horizons, suggesting a decreased leaching, and higher phosphate concentrations in topsoil horizons. With time and the oxidation of biochar particles, our results reported higher total soil N, available K and Ca in the topsoil horizon when compared to REF, whereas available P was significantly smaller. Although significant changes occurred in terms of plant available nutrient contents and soil solution nutrient concentrations, this did not transcend in variations in crop productivity between soils for neither of the studied crops. Overall, our study highlights that young or aged biochar behave as two distinct products in terms of nutrient cycling in soils. As such the sustainability of these soils differ and their management must therefore evolve with time.

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Evaluation of tendering effect from date seed extract (P. dactalytera) in knuckle part meat

Journal of Tropical Resources and Sustainable Science (JTRSS) ◽

10.47253/jtrss.v6i1.722 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 23-26

Author(s):

Maryana Mohamad Nor ◽

Lukman Ismail ◽

Siti Nuurul Huda Mohammad Azmin ◽

Ikhmal Hisham Abdul Halim

Keyword(s):

Sensory Evaluation ◽

Aqueous Extract ◽

Animal Feed ◽

Ph Value ◽

Total Yield ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Positive Control ◽

Date Seed ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Cooked Meat

Phoenic dactylifera (date) is a species of flowering plants in the family of Arecaceae. Date seeds are considered as a waste from many processing that produced plants pitted date, confectionery date syrup and date itself. Currently, the seeds are used mainly for animal feed in the cattle and chicken industry. In 2004, about 863,000 tonnes of date seeds are produced out of 6.9 million tonnes date. Tenderness is the major concern that affecting consumer acceptance of beef in meat industry. This study was carried out in order to investigate the effects of the bioactive compound extracted from date seed as a tenderizing agent in meat. Extraction of date seeds used a different method of extraction (Soxhlet and Maceration). The application of extracted on knuckle part of beef were performed and papain was used as a positive control and followed by the sensory evaluation. The analysis of cooked meat was performed in order to analyze the physico-chemical properties of date seeds extract. The result from the study revealed that the aqueous extract (maceration techniques) gave the best percentage of the total yield recovery with 28.44%. The physico-chemical properties of cooked meat showed the reducing of pH value after cooking. Meanwhile for the cooking yield, result showed that almost 86% of water losses during cooking for aqueous extract and positive control and 96% for negative control. According to the sensory evaluation of the cooked meat, scoring test and hedonic test were performed using One Way Anova. The result for texture is 6.10±2.1, juiceness is 5.87±1.76 and taste is 6.80±1.34. All attributes have no significant different at p <0.05 between aqueos extract, and positive control. A general acceptance shows that no significant different between aqueos extract (6.50±2.0) and positive control (7.13±1.98). The result suggested that the tenderization effect of date seed improved the textural properties of knuckle part meat and have potential for tenderization purpose in food industry.

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Pollution Scenario due to Discharge of Effluent from Agrochemicals and Pesticides Manufacturing Industries of Dombivali Industrial Belt of Mumbai, India

International Letters of Chemistry Physics and Astronomy ◽

10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.22.8 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

pp. 8-15

Author(s):

P.U. Singare ◽

S.S. Dhabarde

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Ph Value ◽

Winter Season ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Total Solid ◽

Average Concentration ◽

Summer Season ◽

Manufacturing Industries ◽

Toxic Heavy Metals ◽

Physico Chemical

The paper deals with monitoring of pollution arising due to agrochemicals and pesticides manufacturing industries located along the Dombivali industrial belt of Mumbai, India. The study was carried for the period of one year from June, 2012 to May, 2013 to study the level of toxic heavy metals and the physico-chemical properties of waste water effluents discharged from the above industries. The average concentration of Cu, Ni, Cr, Pb and Zn was found to be maximum of 29.86, 0.90, 1.16 and 1.19 ppm respectively in summer season, while average Fe concentration was maximum of 51.10 ppm in winter season. The average pH value of the effluent was found to be maximum of 12.95 in summer season, while average conductivity value was maximum of 21085 µmhos/cm in rainy season. The majority of physco-chemical parameters like alkalinity, hardness, salinity, chloride, cyanide, phosphate, total solid, BOD and COD content were found to be maximum in summer season having the average values of 1918, 186, 4, 11.20, 0.07, 81, 6391, 685 and 2556 ppm respectively. The average DO content was found to be low of 4.5 ppm in winter season. It was observed that the concentration level of majority of the toxic heavy metals and physico-chemical properties were above the tolerable limit set for inland surface water. The results of present study indicates that the existing situation if mishandled can cause irreparable ecological harm in the long term well masked by short term economic prosperity due to extensive industrial growth

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Efficiency of Rice Husk Biochar with Poultry Litter Co-Composts in Oxisols for Improving Soil Physico-Chemical Properties and Enhancing Maize Performance

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11122409 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (12) ◽

pp. 2409

Author(s):

Hamed Alarefee ◽

Che Fauziah Ishak ◽

Daljit Singh Karam ◽

Radziah Othman

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Poultry Litter ◽

Organic Amendments ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Mineral Fertilizer ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Organic Manure ◽

Nutrient Concentrations ◽

Total Biomass ◽

Higher Plant

Efficient use of co-composted organic manure with biochar is one of the sustainable management practices in an agriculture system to increase soil fertility and crop yield. The objectives of this research are to evaluate the use of co-composted biochar, biochar in formulation with poultry litter (PL), and PL compost on soil properties and maize growth. Organic amendments were applied at 10 Mg ha−1, and synthetic fertilizer was applied at the recommended rate of maize (N: P2O5: K2O at 60:60:40 kg ha−1). The results showed that addition of organic amendment significantly increased the total biomass parameter compared to the control, which ranged from 23.2% to 988.5%. The pure biochar treatment yielded lower biomass than the control by 27.1%, which was attributed to its low nutrient content. Consequently, the application of the co-composted biochar achieved higher plant height and aerial portion, which ranged from 46.86% to 25.74% and 7.8% to 108.2%, respectively, in comparison to the recommended fertilizer rate. In addition, the soil amended with co-composted biochar had a significant increase in soil organic matter and had significantly higher chlorophyll and nutrient concentrations in plants, which increased with an increase in the biochar ratio of the co-composts. This was probably attributed to the release of the nutrients retained during composting, thereby possibly making the co-composted biochar act as a slow-release fertilizer. In conclusion, the addition of organic manure with biochar enhanced the nutrient supply by gradual release in comparison to the mineral fertilizer.

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PASSAGE OF WHEAT FIRE IMPACT ON SOIL PROPERTIES AND ENVIRONMENT IN KURDISTAN REGION

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ◽

10.36103/ijas.v52i2.1308 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (2) ◽

pp. 461-470

Author(s):

Tariq & et al.

Keyword(s):

Soil Properties ◽

Ph Value ◽

Fire Severity ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Field Capacity ◽

Infiltration Rate ◽

Germination Percentage ◽

Biological Properties ◽

Surface Burn ◽

Effect Of Surface

The study was conducted to examine the effect of surface burn severity (Moderate, Severe and Unburned) of wheat straw on soil properties. The results showed statistical differences in some soil physical, chemical and biological properties. Bulk density and field capacity increased statistically by the severity of fire; however, porosity and infiltration rate were statistically lower in sever burned plot when compared to unburned plot. The chemical properties, soil organic matter (SOM), P, Ca, S, Cl, K, Mo, Fe and As were not affected by the fire. The pH value was increased slightly by increasing the fire severity, while, EC was decreased when compared with the unburned plot. It was found a statistical reduction in the number of bacterial and fungal cells per gram soil in the burned plots. A moderate and severe fire reduced seed germination percentage significantly. This finding suggests that fire severity may destruct the biological, physical and some of the chemical properties of the soil, and this may impact negatively on plant growth in the next growing season.

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Towards a molecular-based parameterization of the ice nucleation activity of biological macromolecules and its implications for aerosol-cloud interactions

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-2073 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Minghui Zhang ◽

Amina Khaled ◽

Pierre Amato ◽

Anne-Marie Delort ◽

Barbara Ervens

Keyword(s):

Fungal Spores ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Active Surface ◽

Ice Nucleation ◽

Mixed Phase ◽

Biological Macromolecules ◽

Cloud Properties ◽

Nucleation Activity ◽

Mixed Phase Clouds ◽

Ice Nucleation Activity

Primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) play an important role in mixed-phase clouds as they nucleate ice even at temperatures of T > -10 &#176;C. Current parameterizations of PBAP ice nucleation are based on ice nucleation active surface site (INAS) densities that are derived from freezing experiments. However, only a small fraction of the PBAP surface is responsible for their ice nucleation activity, such as proteins of bacteria cells, fungal spores, pollen polysaccharides and other (unidentified) macromolecules. Based on literature data, we refine the INAS density parameterizations by further parameters:1) We demonstrate that the ice nucleation activity of such individual macromolecules is much higher than that of PBAPs. It can be shown that INAS of PBAPs can be scaled by the surface fraction of these ice-nucleating molecules.2) Previous studies suggested that ice nucleation activity tends to be higher for larger macromolecules and their aggregates. We show that these trends hold true for various groups of macromolecules that comprise PBAPs.Based on these trends, we suggest a more refined parameterization for ice-nucleating macromolecules in different types of PBAPs and even for different species of bacteria, fungi, and pollen. This new parameterization can be considered a step towards a molecular-based approach to predict the ice nucleation activity of the macromolecules in PBAPs based on their biological and chemical properties.We implement both the traditional INAS parameterization for complete PBAPs and our parameterization for individual molecules in an adiabatic cloud parcel model. The extent will be discussed to which the two parameterizations result in different cloud properties of mixed-phase clouds.

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