Recovery of GPP monthly pattern in a eucalypt site in Portugal after felling

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 3999-4014 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rodrigues ◽  
G. Pita
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
General Description ◽  
New Production ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Monthly Pattern ◽  
Southern Portugal ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Total Forest Area

Abstract. The main objective of this work was to report the recovery of seasonal pattern of GPP obtained by eddy covariance measurements in a eucalypt (Eucalyptus globulus Labill.) site in Pegões (Southern Portugal) after a felling processed in October and November of 2006. This was made in a wider context of a general description of the evolution of carbon sequestration at several timescales in the period 2002–2010. In Portugal eucalypt stands aimed mainly for pulp production occupies an area of about 739 515 ha, (National Forest Inv 2005–2006) corresponding to about 23% of total forest area. The site is part of a 300 ha eucalypt stand, located in Herdade da Espirra, intensively managed as coppice under a twelve year productive cycle with a density of about 1100 trees/ha and characterized by a 12-month growing period. A prolonged drought in 2004 and 2005 and a felling in October–November 2006, followed by the start of a new production cycle, changed the carbon sink ability of eucalypt stand. In the two drought years, rainfall was reduced to values of 50%, relatively to long-term 709 mm average of. In the period prior to cutting NEE of 8.7 g cm−2 was maximum in 2002 decreasing to a minimum of 3.6 tons/ha in 2005 at the peak of the effect of drought. After the felling the eucalypt stand recovered its carbon sink capacity in June 2007 with an annual GPP of 1621.6 g cm−2 in 2010. Seasonal patterns of GPP in 2007, 2008 and 2009 were almost opposite to that of the period before the felling, with a tendency to recover to the situation prior the felling in 2010.

scholarly journals Fast and slow-growing breeds: characterisation of broiler caecal microbiota development throughout the growing period

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Montoro Dasí ◽  
Arantxa Villagra ◽  
Maria de Toro ◽  
María Teresa Pérez-Gracia ◽  
Santiago Vega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Sequencing Analysis ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Growing Period ◽  
Rrna Sequencing ◽  
Slow Growing ◽  
Caecal Microbiota

Abstract Background: The caecal microbiota and its modulation play an important role in animal health, productivity and disease control in poultry production. In this sense, it could be considered as a biomarker of poultry health. Furthermore, due to the emergence of resistant bacteria and the increasing social pressure to establish animal-friendly management on farms, producers are motivated to select more extensive and antibiotic-free breeds. It is therefore necessary to gain better knowledge on the development of major bacteria in healthy broilers, both in commercial fast-growing and in new slow-growing breeds. Hence, the aim of this study was to characterise caecal microbiota in two genetic poultry breeds throughout the growing period using 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. Results: A total of 50 caecal pools (25 per breed) were sequenced by the 16S rRNA method. The complexity of caecal microbiota composition increased significantly as animals grew. Furthermore, there were statistical differences between breeds at the end of the growing period. The dominant phyla throughout the production cycle were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria. The predominantly identified genera were Ruminococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp. and Bacteroides spp.Conclusion: The results showed that the main caecal bacteria for both breeds were similar. Thus, these phyla or genera should be considered as biomarkers of poultry health in the evaluation of different treatments applied to animals.

Recent trends in pig production: the importance of intake

1989 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Riley
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
New Production ◽  
Fat Reserves ◽  
Production Cycles ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk

AbstractThe UK pig industry has shown an ability to respond quickly to changing market requirements and improving efficiency of pig meat production. Rapid genetic improvement in breeding stock, particularly in carcass quality and growth traits, together with the adoption of new production strategies, have been the main factors. These changes have had major implications for the way pigs are fed at all stages of the production cycles. Market forces have resulted in a pig population with reduced fat reserves and low appetite. Food intake is a limiting factor at several stages of the production cycle including post weaning, in the case of early-weaned piglets, and the management of young lactating sows. Knowledge of the daily nutrient requirements of the individual animal far exceeds the ability to ensure that those requirements are satisfied by feeding systems in commercial use. Manipulation of food intake to achieve optimum profit is the weakest link in the UK producers' knowledge.

scholarly journals Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in Nile tilapia farming in excavated rearing ponds

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. e1319119699
Author(s):  
Anderson Coldebella ◽  
Antonio Cesar Godoy ◽  
André Luis Gentelini ◽  
Pitágoras Augusto Piana ◽  
Priscila Ferri Coldebella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Harvest Time ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
New Production ◽  
Feed Composition ◽  
Nutritional Recommendations ◽  
Harvesting Process ◽  
Supply Water

The purpose of this study was to determine the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) balance during intensive tilapia farming in excavated ponds. To quantify TN and TP released into the environment, the supply water, effluents at the harvest time, fish composition, feed, and sediment were analysed. The mass balance between the amount of nutrients that is inserted through the feed, which is transformed into biomass by the fish and is retained in the sediment was calculated based on dry matter. The nutrient load arriving from the supply water was calculated as a function of the concentration of TN and TP. The TN and TP dynamics during the harvesting process in three different pond sizes identified that, on average, 2.37% of TN and 2.05% of TP inserted into the system during rearing is eliminated with 10.64% TN and 37.01% TP are retained in the sediment. The TN and TP input into the system occurs through the water supply, young fish, and the feed, the latter being responsible for about 92.87% TN and 96.05% TP. The feed composition indicates that the P level of the food is above the nutritional recommendations for the species. The amount of TP accumulated in the sediments indicates that there is a need for good management practices for water quality during the rearing and sediment management period before the beginning of a new production cycle.

Advanced Industrial Measurement Systems for Productive Shipbuilding

1991 ◽  
Vol 7 (02) ◽  
pp. 106-117
Author(s):  
Albert W. Horsmon ◽  
Charles J Lupica
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Technique ◽  
Laser System ◽  
Measurement Techniques ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
General Description ◽  
Modular Construction ◽  
Measurement Systems ◽  
Optical Laser ◽  
Industrial Measurement ◽  
Interim Products

Modern shipbuilders have embraced the concept of modular construction and are realizing the gains in productivity associated with this method. Further gains in productivity are achieved if these modules are built and erected "neat," that is, without the traditional excess material normally trimmed at erection. Construction of "neat" hull blocks requires rigid control of accuracy throughout the production cycle. Interim products, from fabricated parts to erected hull blocks, must be measured to acceptable tolerances to prevent excessive rework. This paper analyzes viable types of advanced measurement techniques supporting the process requirements of "neat" modular construction. Documentation of costs and difficulties associated with each measurement technique selected are also analyzed. The first part of the paper is a general description and analysis of the systems. The second part describes actual demonstrations of three measurement systems and analyzes them in the shipbuilding environment: digital theodolites, automated photogrammetry, and an optical laser system.

Exploratory data analysis of the interactions among physics, food web structure, and function in two Arctic polynyas

2008 ◽  
Vol 65 (6) ◽  
pp. 1036-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier F. Berreville ◽  
Alain F. Vézina ◽  
Keith R. Thompson ◽  
Bert Klein
Keyword(s):  
Food Web ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Open Water ◽  
Seasonal Development ◽  
New Production ◽  
Food Web Structure ◽  
Web Structure ◽  
North Water ◽  
And Function

Polynyas are areas of open water in ice-covered seas, characterized by high biological productivity. The NEW (Northeast Water) and NOW (North Water) polynyas, located off the east and west coasts of Greenland, were extensively sampled in 1993 and 1998, respectively. We used principal component analysis to explore the seasonal covariations among physical, chemical, and ecological characteristics in these polynyas. In both polynyas, the most explanatory eigenvector revealed the expected seasonal development of the bloom (nutrient consumption and biomass increases) associated with declining ice cover, warming, and mixed-layer shallowing. This seasonal pattern, however, was much weaker in NEW than in NOW. No connections between the structure of the food web and recycling processes were apparent in either polynya. The analysis points to much stronger and richer interactions between the mesoplankton (i.e., diatoms–zooplankton) and microbial food webs in NOW than in NEW. The differences between the polynyas may be explained in part by differences in their longevity, with the longer-lived NOW polynya having more time to develop complex trophic interactions. The results also indicate that the connections between food web structure and ecosystem function (i.e., new production versus recycling), at least at the seasonal scale, are weaker than expected.

Research on the Assembly Line Scheduling of Fixed Objects for the Large Complex Products

2013 ◽  
Vol 483 ◽  
pp. 538-541
Author(s):  
Yi Li Lin ◽  
Jian Feng Lu
Keyword(s):  
Production Scheduling ◽  
Assembly Line ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
New Production ◽  
Complex Products ◽  
Large Complex ◽  
Production Pattern ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mixed Model Assembly Line

According to the complexity of the assembly line for the large complex products, a new production pattern with fixed objects for the mixed model assembly line is proposed. Improved GA is used to solve the scheduling problem .In this paper, a production scheduling system is developed. It can speed up the production cycle, lower the cost, improve the productivity and so on.

scholarly journals Impact of Integrated Fish Farming on Antimicrobial Resistance in a Pond Environment

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 6036-6042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Petersen ◽  
Jens Strodl Andersen ◽  
Tawatchai Kaewmak ◽  
Temdoung Somsiri ◽  
Anders Dalsgaard
Keyword(s):  
Fish Farming ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
New Production ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Initial Resistance ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT Integrated fish farming combines livestock production with fish farming. Animal manure is shed directly into a fish pond as fertilizer and supports the growth of photosynthetic organisms. The livestock, mainly chickens and pigs, is often fed feed containing growth promoters. In this study we investigated the impact of integrated fish farming on the levels of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in a pond environment. One integrated broiler chicken-fish farm was studied for 2 months immediately after the start of a new fish production cycle. A significant increase over time in the resistance to six different antimicrobials was found for the indicator organism Acinetobacter spp. isolated from composite water-sediment samples. The initial resistance levels prior to the new production cycle were 1 to 5%. After 2 months the levels of resistance to oxytetracycline and sulfamethoxazole reached 100%, and the levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin were more than 80%. The long-term effects of resistance on integrated farming were studied on seven additional farms. The resistance levels were particularly high among Enterococcus spp. and were also high among Acinetobacter spp. isolated from water-sediment samples compared to the resistance levels at four control farms. In conclusion, integrated fish farming seems to favor antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in the pond environment. This could be attributed to the selective pressure of antimicrobials in the pond environment and/or to the introduction of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from animal manure. Potential risks to human health were not addressed in this study and remain to be elucidated.

scholarly journals Forest management in southern China generates short term extensive carbon sequestration

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaowei Tong ◽  
Martin Brandt ◽  
Yuemin Yue ◽  
Philippe Ciais ◽  
Martin Rudbeck Jepsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Southern China ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Timber Harvest ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Carbon Equivalent ◽  
Forest Regions ◽  
Intensively Managed

AbstractLand use policies have turned southern China into one of the most intensively managed forest regions in the world, with actions maximizing forest cover on soils with marginal agricultural potential while concurrently increasing livelihoods and mitigating climate change. Based on satellite observations, here we show that diverse land use changes in southern China have increased standing aboveground carbon stocks by 0.11 ± 0.05 Pg C y−1 during 2002–2017. Most of this regional carbon sink was contributed by newly established forests (32%), while forests already existing contributed 24%. Forest growth in harvested forest areas contributed 16% and non-forest areas contributed 28% to the carbon sink, while timber harvest was tripled. Soil moisture declined significantly in 8% of the area. We demonstrate that land management in southern China has been removing an amount of carbon equivalent to 33% of regional fossil CO2 emissions during the last 6 years, but forest growth saturation, land competition for food production and soil-water depletion challenge the longevity of this carbon sink service.

scholarly journals Cost Comparisons for Infield, Above Ground Container and Pot-in-Pot Production Systems

1998 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-68
Author(s):  
J. L. Adrian ◽  
C. C. Montgomery ◽  
B. K. Behe ◽  
P. A. Duffy ◽  
K. M. Tilt
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Capital Outlay ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Fixed Cost ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Fixed Costs ◽  
New Production ◽  
Plant Basis

Abstract A relatively new production system, Pot-in-Pot (PNP), offers many of the advantages of in-field (IF) and above-ground container (AGC) nursery production methods. Our objective was to compare their fixed and production costs. Hypothetical nurseries for the three production systems were synthesized to represent a 6 ha (15 A) nursery utilizing a 4 ha (10 A) production area to grow crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) over three years. Fixed costs were similar for IF and AGC systems at $350,000 with PNP system outlays $25,000 higher, largely due to socket pot cost. Total production costs for the three-year production cycle were similar for AGC and PNP at $500,000. The IF system was $50,000 less costly. Yet, on a per harvested plant basis, total cost was lowest for the PNP system ($21.52), compared to costs for the IF ($23.73) and AGC ($23.17). The PNP system had the highest total capital outlay and fixed cost, which related primarily to higher costs associated with purchasing and installing socket pots. The PNP system, however, was least costly on a per harvested plant basis due to less intensive, labor-saving cultural practices and the ability to grow larger plants quickly.

Monthly metabolisable energy feed requirements of crossbred ewes in accelerated and traditional lamb production systems

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 595
Author(s):  
N. M. Fogarty
Keyword(s):  
Sharp Increase ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Wagga Wagga ◽  
Monthly Pattern ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Lamb Growth

The annual metabolisable energy (ME) feed requirements and patterns of monthly ME requirements for ewe maintenance, gestation, lactation and lamb growth to weaning were evaluated for 1175 crossbred ewes over 4 years at two sites (Cowra and Wagga Wagga). The study involved three lamb production systems: accelerated 8-monthly joinings, with two flocks joined 4 months apart (Ac8), spring joining with an autumn backup joining (SpB), and annual autumn joining (AuA). The Ac8 and SpB systems were evaluated at Cowra and the SpB and AuA systems were evaluated at Wagga Wagga. Two genotypes of ewes, Border Leicester × Merino (BLM) and Hyfer (Dorset × Merino composite), were used at both sites, with natural joinings to Dorset, Suffolk or Hyfer rams. The ewe liveweight, reproduction and lamb production data from individual ewes in the experiment were used to calculate monthly ME requirements using derived simplified equations for ewe maintenance, gestation, lactation and lamb growth to weaning. Annual ME, dry sheep equivalent (DSE = maintenance for a 50-kg, 3.5-year-old ewe = 3030 MJ) and weight of lamb weaned per DSE were analysed and the monthly pattern of ME components presented graphically. The ewes in the Ac8 system had 11% higher ME than those in the SpB system because of their considerably higher annual lambing performance, which resulted in 16–47% greater efficiency of the Ac8 compared with the SpB system when expressed as weight of lamb weaned per DSE. There was also a lower proportion of ME for ewe maintenance in the Ac8 (58%) than SpB or AuA (68%) systems. There was little difference in the annual feed requirements or DSE for ewes in the SpB and AuA production systems, although ewes in the AuA system weaned 9–28% more weight of lamb per DSE than the SpB ewes because of their higher lambing performance. The differences in ME and DSE between the BLM and Hyfer ewes were relatively small and mainly reflected the differences in lambing performance of the genotypes in the various production systems. The seasonal pattern of ME for the AuA and SpB systems showed a sharp increase from the last month of pregnancy to a high peak at weaning with a relatively low requirement for the rest of the year. Under the Ac8 system the ME requirements were more consistent throughout the year and at a lower level than the peak for the other systems. The results highlight the possible increased efficiency from an accelerated lambing system, provided the seasonal feed requirements throughout the year can be provided cost effectively.

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