scholarly journals Can worms be used to produce amendments with reduced CO<sub>2</sub> emissions during co-composting with clay and biochar and after their addition to soil?

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine Barthod ◽  
Cornélia Rumpel ◽  
Remigio Paradelo ◽  
Marie-France Dignac
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Carbon Mineralization ◽  
C Mineralization ◽  
Soil Carbon Storage ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
C Mineralisation ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Clay Treatment ◽  
Different Doses ◽  
Production Conditions

Abstract. In this study we evaluated CO2 emissions during co-composting and co-vermicomposting of green wastes with clay and/or biochar. The stability of the final products as well as their effect on C mineralization in soil have been evaluated. The aim of the study was to test the following hypothesis: (1) interactions between clay and biochar and organic wastes would lead to reduced CO2 emissions during the composting process, (2) these interactions would be enhanced in the presence of worms, and (3) more carbon would be sequestered in soil after the use of the resulting compost/vermicompost as amendments. We added two different doses of clay, biochar and their mixture to pre-composted green wastes and monitored C mineralisation during 21 days in presence or absence of worms (Eisenia species). The organic materials were then added to a loamy Cambisol and the CO2 emissions were monitored during 30 days in a laboratory incubation. Our results indicated that the addition of clay or clay/biochar mixture reduced carbon mineralization during co-composting without worms by up to 44 %. However, in the presence of worms, CO2 emissions increased for all treatments except for the low clay dose. The production conditions had more influence on C mineralization in soil for composts than for vermicomposts except for the low clay treatment, which showed a more reduced CO2 emissions compared to a regular compost. In summary, the addition of worms during co-composting with clay and biochar may be a promising technology for reducing CO2 emissions and increasing soil carbon storage. We suggest that the production of a low CO2 emission amendment requires optimisation of OM source, co-composting agents and worm species. The effect of the resulting material on soil fertility has to be evaluated.

scholarly journals The effects of worms, clay and biochar on CO<sub>2</sub> emissions during production and soil application of co-composts

SOIL ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine Barthod ◽  
Cornélia Rumpel ◽  
Remigio Paradelo ◽  
Marie-France Dignac
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Co2 Emission ◽  
Carbon Mineralization ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Soil Application ◽  
Laboratory Incubation ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
Different Doses

Abstract. In this study we evaluated CO2 emissions during composting of green wastes with clay and/or biochar in the presence and absence of worms (species of the genus Eisenia), as well as the effect of those amendments on carbon mineralization after application to soil. We added two different doses of clay, biochar or their mixture to pre-composted green wastes and monitored carbon mineralization over 21 days in the absence or presence of worms. The resulting co-composts and vermicomposts were then added to a loamy Cambisol and the CO2 emissions were monitored over 30 days in a laboratory incubation. Our results indicated that the addition of clay or clay/biochar mixture reduced carbon mineralization during co-composting without worms by up to 44 %. In the presence of worms, CO2 emissions during composting increased for all treatments except for the low clay dose. The effect of the amendments on carbon mineralization after addition to soil was small in the short term. Overall, composts increased OM mineralization, whereas vermicomposts had no effect. The presence of biochar reduced OM mineralization in soil with respect to compost and vermicompost without additives, whereas clay reduced mineralization only in the composts. Our study indicates a significant role of the conditions of composting on mineralization in soil. Therefore, the production of a low CO2 emission amendment requires optimization of feedstocks, co-composting agents and worm species.

scholarly journals Sustainability Investigation of Vehicles’ CO2 Emission in Hungary

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8237
Author(s):  
István Árpád ◽  
Judit T. Kiss ◽  
Gábor Bellér ◽  
Dénes Kocsis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
The European Union ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Technology System ◽  
Low Co2

The regulation of vehicular CO2 emissions determines the permissible emissions of vehicles in units of g CO2/km. However, these values only partially provide adequate information because they characterize only the vehicle but not the emission of the associated energy supply technology system. The energy needed for the motion of vehicles is generated in several ways by the energy industry, depending on how the vehicles are driven. These methods of energy generation consist of different series of energy source conversions, where the last technological step is the vehicle itself, and the result is the motion. In addition, sustainability characterization of vehicles cannot be determined by the vehicle’s CO2 emissions alone because it is a more complex notion. The new approach investigates the entire energy technology system associated with the generation of motion, which of course includes the vehicle. The total CO2 emissions and the resulting energy efficiency have been determined. For this, it was necessary to systematize (collect) the energy supply technology lines of the vehicles. The emission results are not given in g CO2/km but in g CO2/J, which is defined in the paper. This new method is complementary to the European Union regulative one, but it allows more complex evaluations of sustainability. The calculations were performed based on Hungarian data. Finally, using the resulting energy efficiency values, the emission results were evaluated by constructing a sustainability matrix similar to the risk matrix. If only the vehicle is investigated, low CO2 emissions can be achieved with vehicles using internal combustion engines. However, taking into consideration present technologies, in terms of sustainability, the spread of electric-only vehicles using renewable energies can result in improvement in the future. This proposal was supported by the combined analysis of the energy-specific CO2 emissions and the energy efficiency of vehicles with different power-driven systems.

scholarly journals A Strip-Till One-Pass System as a Component of Conservation Agriculture

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2015
Author(s):  
Iwona Jaskulska ◽  
Kestutis Romaneckas ◽  
Dariusz Jaskulski ◽  
Piotr Wojewódzki
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Soil Loss ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
Pass System ◽  
Previous Crop ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The Impact

Conservation agriculture has three main pillars, i.e., minimum tillage, permanent soil cover, and crop rotation. Covering the soil surface with plant residues and minimum mechanical soil disturbance can all result from introducing a strip-till one-pass (ST-OP) system. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the ST-OP technology on the management of plant residues, soil properties, inputs, and emissions related to crop cultivation. We compared the effect of a ST-OP system against conventional tillage (CT) using a plough, and against reduced, non-ploughing tillage (RT). Four field experiments were conducted for evaluating the covering of soil with plant residues of the previous crop, soil loss on a slope exposed to surface soil runoff, soil structure and aggregate stability, occurrence of soil organisms and glomalin content, soil moisture and soil water reserve during plant sowing, labour and fuel inputs, and CO2 emissions. After sowing plants using ST-OP, 62.7–82.0% of plant residues remained on the soil surface, depending on the previous crop and row spacing. As compared with CT, the ST-OP system increased the stability of soil aggregates of 0.25–2.0 mm diameter by 12.7%, glomalin content by 0.08 g·kg−1, weight of earthworms five-fold, bacteria and fungi counts, and moisture content in the soil; meanwhile, it decreased soil loss by 2.57–6.36 t·ha−1 year−1, labour input by 114–152 min·ha−1, fuel consumption by 35.9–45.8 l·ha−1, and CO2 emissions by 98.7–125.9 kg·ha−1. Significant favourable changes, as compared with reduced tillage (RT), were also found with respect to the stability index of aggregates of 2.0–10.0 mm diameter, the number and weight of earthworms, as well as bacteria and fungi counts.

Supercritical water oxidation of coal in power plants with low CO2 emissions

Energy ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (12) ◽  
pp. 2144-2150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franco Donatini ◽  
Gianluca Gigliucci ◽  
Juri Riccardi ◽  
Massimo Schiavetti ◽  
Roberto Gabbrielli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Supercritical Water ◽  
Water Oxidation ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Supercritical Water Oxidation ◽  
Low Co2

scholarly journals Impact of Biochar Application on Carbon Dynamics and Fertility of Soils Over-fertilization with Compost

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen-Chi Tsai ◽  
Yu-Fang Chang
Keyword(s):  
Swine Manure ◽  
Carbon Mineralization ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
C Mineralization ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Fertilized Soil ◽  
Lower Fertility ◽  
The Impact

In Taiwan, farmers often apply excess compost to ensure adequate crop yield in highly frequent tillage, highly weathered, and lower fertility soils. The potential of biochar (BC) for diminishing soil C mineralization, and improving soil nutrient availability in compost over-fertilized soil is promising, but the study is still under-examined. To test the hypothesis, 434 days in vitro C mineralization kinetics of incubation experiment were conducted. Woody BC 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% (w/w) made of lead tree (Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de. Wit) were added to an Oxisols, and two Inceptisols of Taiwan. In each treatment, 5% swine manure compost (2 times recommended amount) was added and served as the over-fertilized soil. The results indicated that soil type strongly influenced the impact of BC addition on soil carbon mineralization potential. Respiration per unit of total organic carbon (total mineralization coefficient, TMC) of three studied soils significantly decreased with BC addition increased. Principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that for retaining more plant nutrients in addition to the effects of carbon sequestration, it is recommended that farmer could use locally produced biochars and composts in highly weathered and highly frequent tillage soil. Adding 0.5%-1% woody BC in soil should be reasonable and appropriate.

Past Changes in Ocean Carbonate Chemistry

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Zeebe ◽  
Andy Ridgwell
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Metal Speciation ◽  
Marine Organisms ◽  
Geochemical Environment ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
Carbonate Ion ◽  
Mesocosm Experiments ◽  
Decreasing Ph ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Over the period from 1750 to 2000, the oceans have absorbed about one-third of the carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted by humans. As the CO2 dissolves in seawater, the oceans become more acidic and between 1750 and 2000, anthropogenic CO2 emissions have led to a decrease of surface-ocean total pH (pH T) by ~0.1 units from ~8.2 to ~8.1 (see Chapters 1 and 3). Surface-ocean pHT has probably not been below ~8.1 during the past 2 million years (Hönisch et al. 2009). If CO2 emissions continue unabated, surface-ocean pH T could decline by about 0.7 units by 2300 (Zeebe et al. 2008). With increasing CO2 and decreasing pH, carbonate ion (CO32–) concentrations decrease and those of bicarbonate (HCO-3) rise. With declining CO32– concentration ([CO32–]), the stability of the calcium carbonate (CaCO3) mineral structure, used extensively by marine organisms to build shells and skeletons, is reduced. Other geochemical consequences include changes in trace metal speciation (Millero et al. 2009 ) and even sound absorption ( Hester et al. 2008 ; Ilyina et al. 2010 ). Do marine organisms and ecosystems really ‘care’ about these chemical changes? We know from a large number of laboratory, shipboard, and mesocosm experiments, that many marine organisms react in some way to changes in their geochemical environment like those that might occur by the end of this century (see Chapters 6 and 7). Generally (but not always), calcifying organisms produce less CaCO3, while some may put on more biomass. Extrapolating such experiments would lead us to expect potentially significant changes in ecosystem structure and nutrient cycling. But can one really extrapolate an instantaneous environmental change to one occurring on a timescale of a century? What capability, if any, do organisms have to adapt to future ocean acidification which is occurring on a slower timescale than can be replicated in the laboratory? Simultaneous changes in ocean temperature and nutrient supply as well as in organisms’ predation environment may create further stresses or work to ameliorate the effect of changes in ocean chemistry.

scholarly journals Carbon Mineralization in a Soil Amended with Sewage Sludge-Derived Biochar

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
pp. 4481 ◽  
Author(s):  
Figueiredo ◽  
Coser ◽  
Moreira ◽  
Leão ◽  
Vale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Carbon Mineralization ◽  
Environmental Benefits ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Soil N Availability ◽  
Organic Matter Stabilization

Biochar has been presented as a multifunctional material with short- and long-term agro-environmental benefits, including soil organic matter stabilization, improved nutrient cycling, and increased primary productivity. However, its turnover time, when applied to soil, varies greatly depending on feedstock and pyrolysis temperature. For sewage sludge-derived biochars, which have high N contents, there is still a major uncertainty regarding the influence of pyrolysis temperatures on soil carbon mineralization and its relationship to soil N availability. Sewage sludge and sewage sludge-derived biochars produced at 300 °C (BC300), 400 °C (BC400), and 500 °C (BC500) were added to an Oxisol in a short-term incubation experiment. Carbon mineralization and nitrogen availability (N-NH4+ and N-NO3−) were studied using a first-order model. BC300 and BC400 showed higher soil C mineralization rates and N-NH4+ contents, demonstrating their potential to be used for plant nutrition. Compared to the control, the cumulative C-CO2 emissions increased by 60–64% when biochars BC300 and BC400 were applied to soil. On the other hand, C-CO2 emissions decreased by 6% after the addition of BC500, indicating the predominance of recalcitrant compounds, which results in a lower supply of soil N-NH4+ (83.4 mg kg−1) in BC500, being 67% lower than BC300 (255.7 mg kg−1). Soil N availability was strongly influenced by total N, total C, C/N ratio, H, pore volume, and specific surface area in the biochars.

scholarly journals Impact of Climate Change on the Optimization of Mixture Design of Low-CO2 Concrete Containing Fly Ash and Slag

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Yong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Concrete Strength ◽  
Mixture Design ◽  
Control Factor ◽  
Climate Change Scenarios ◽  
Low Co2 ◽  
Carbonation Resistance

Fly ash and slag have been widely used to produce low-CO2 concrete. However, previous studies have not paid enough attention to the lower carbonation resistance of fly-ash-and-slag-blended concrete and the aggravations of carbonation due to climate change. This study proposes a technique for the design of fly-ash-and-slag-blended concrete considering carbonation durability coupled with various climate change scenarios. First, CO2 emissions are evaluated from concrete mixtures. Concrete strength and carbonation depth are evaluated using efficiency factors of fly ash and slag. A genetic algorithm (GA) is used to find the optimal mixture with the lowest CO2 emissions considering the requirements of strength, carbonation durability, and workability. Second, we clarify the effect of cost on the mixture design of low-CO2 concrete. A genetic algorithm is also used to find the optimal mixture with the lowest cost. We found that the optimal mixture with the lowest cost is different from that with the lowest CO2 emissions. Third, by adding the additional constraint of cost, Pareto optimal mixtures are determined, which consider both lower CO2 emissions and lower material cost. The analysis results show that carbonation durability is the control factor of mixture design of fly ash-slag blended concrete. To mitigate the challenge of climate change, the binder content of blended concrete should be increased.

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