scholarly journals Psychological Health and its Correlates during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Pakistan: A Survey of Undergraduate Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 156-169
Author(s):  
Dr Ivan Suneel ◽  
Dr Elizabeth Schwaiger ◽  
Dr Abia Nazim ◽  
Shiza Khaqan ◽  
Afshi Yahya Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Student Population ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Difficult Situations

With the outbreak of a global pandemic, people were faced with many difficulties such as financial and health issues, including psychological problems. There was a sharp rise in mental health issues as people were advised to observe social distancing resulting in social isolation. The present study examined three measures of psychological distress among the undergraduate student population: depression, anxiety, and stress. It also sought to study differences in academic years and gender on measures of psychological distress. A convenient and snowball sample of 1032 undergraduate students, aged between 17 and 25 years (M=21.81, SD = 1.99), filled out a survey. DASS – 21 was used to collect data on depression, anxiety, and stress among students. Descriptive statistics showed mild to normal levels of stress (M = 9.64), anxiety (M = 8.17) and depression (M = 9.05). Independent t-tests revealed significantly higher levels of psychological distress among women compared to men. Further, a one-way ANOVA and post hoc analyses showed that only juniors had significantly higher levels of stress compared to freshmen. Factors such as social support and religion have been discussed as possible explanations for lower levels of psychological distress in the overall student population. This research highlights resilience among students and future research should focus on investigating the factors which can help in dealing with difficult situations.  

The Influence of Caregiving on the Relation Between Marital Status and Psychological Health in a Grandparent Sample

2020 ◽  
pp. 009141502092000
Author(s):  
Angela M. Provenzano ◽  
Melanie A. Stearns ◽  
Danielle K. Nadorff
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Grandparent Caregivers ◽  
Lower Baseline ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Predictors Of Depression

Grandparent caregivers report poorer psychological and physical health, but relationship status has been shown to influence burden. The current study investigated depressive symptoms of 3288 grandparents who completed the third wave of the National Survey of Families and Households. The study found that those who are unmarried were more likely to be grandparent caregivers, and female participants reported higher depressive symptoms. Marital status and caregiving status were comparable predictors of depression, but marital status did not buffer the effects of caregiving status on depression. Caregiving status accounted for a significant amount of depressive symptom variance for depression, comparable to marital status and gender. There was a significant difference in depressive symptoms of married and unmarried grandparent non-caregivers but with a significantly lower baseline depression rate than grandparent caregivers. Future research should examine whether making social support options available to unmarried grandparent caregivers who lack informal support from a spouse may improve outcomes.

scholarly journals Spanish adaptation of a film music stimulus set (FMSS): Cultural and gender differences in the perception of emotions prompted by music excerpts

2020 ◽  
pp. 030573562095846
Author(s):  
Nieves Fuentes-Sánchez ◽  
Raúl Pastor ◽  
Tuomas Eerola ◽  
M Carmen Pastor
Keyword(s):  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Film Music ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Perception Of Emotions ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Music Stimulus ◽  
Music And Emotion ◽  
Affective Dimensions

The literature review reveals different conceptual and methodological challenges in the field of music and emotion, such as the lack of agreement in terms of standardized datasets, and the need for replication of prior findings. Our study aimed at validating for Spanish population a set of film music stimuli previously standardized in Finnish samples. In addition, we explored the role of gender and culture in the perception of emotions through music using 102 excerpts selected from Eerola and Vuoskoski’s dataset. A total of 129 voluntary undergraduate students (71.32% females) from different degrees participated voluntarily in this study, where they were instructed to rate both discrete emotions (Happiness, Sadness, Tenderness, Fear, Anger) and affective dimensions (Valence, Energy Arousal, Tension Arousal) using a 9-point scale after presentation of each excerpt. Strong similarities between Finnish and Spanish ratings were found, with only minor discrepancies across samples in the evaluation of basic emotions. Taken together, our findings suggest that the current database is suitable for future research on music and emotions. Additional theoretical and practical implications of this validation are discussed.

Schools

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 109-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
India D. Rose ◽  
Daniela B. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Health Education ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Sexual Health ◽  
School Nurses ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Sexual Health Education ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
And Gender

Sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth are at disproportionate risk for HIV. Schools play an integral role in educating young people about sexual health in addition to providing sexual health services. This qualitative study examined SGM youths’ perception of school sexual health education and services. A total of 42 self-identified African American SGM males participated in focus groups or in an in-depth interview. Qualitative findings revealed that schools are missing the opportunity to educate SGM youth about sexual health. Youth participants noted several barriers to accessing sexual health education and services at schools including limited, targeted health information and school nurses not being knowledgeable of health issues that impact SGM youth. Participants noted that school sexual health services are not adequately marketed to students and sometimes do not include testing for HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Suggestions for future research and implications for school nurses and sexual health services are discussed.

scholarly journals The Role of Religiosity to Address the Mental Health Crisis of Students: A Study on Three Parameters (Anxiety, Depression, and Stress)

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohmah Najihah Misran ◽  
Jamilah Hanum Abdul Khaiyom ◽  
Zul Azlin Razali
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Mental Health Crisis ◽  
Health Crisis ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Religiosity is a construct that has interesting implications in the mental health issues of youths. This study examines the role of religiosity on anxiety, depression, and stress using 148 Muslim students studying Islamic studies at undergraduate provision in an Islamic University as sample. Results indicated that the level of religiosity among the participants ranged from moderately religious to highly religious. The mean levels of anxiety, depression, and stress among the participants were moderate, and a significant number of students suffered from severe psychological distress. Female students were reported to experience significantly slightly more stress than male students. Furthermore, the relationship between religiosity, anxiety, and depression was significantly negative but not stressful. Further analysis found that religiosity serves as a protective factor for depression. Meanwhile, some religiosity components (i.e., avoidance of sinful acts and frequent conduct of recommended acts) were found to be a significant protective factor against anxiety and depression, respectively. Thus, in retrospect, mental health and religion appear to converge on managing psychological distress. As so to speak, this is a vital point in the emerging mental health services in which the incorporation of religious components into clinical practice may show good promising results in aiding the recovery process of psychological health issues. Likewise, embedding religiosity in one’s life, or being religiously minded, reflected in daily life manifestation, is linked with better mental health outcomes.

Beauty and the Eye of the Beholder: Gender and Attractiveness Affect Judgments in Teacher Sex Offense Cases

Sexual Abuse ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 375-395 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily Mackelprang ◽  
Judith V. Becker
Keyword(s):  
Sex Offenders ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Sexual Offenders ◽  
Sex Offender ◽  
Female Sexual Offenders ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Teacher Student ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Attractive Female ◽  
Post Hoc

The present study investigated the effects of gender and attractiveness on judgments of bail requirements, incarceration, and sex offender registration lengths, and attitudes toward offenders and victims in a teacher–student sexual perpetration scenario. Researchers presented 432 undergraduate students at a large southwestern university with one of four vignettes detailing a sexual relationship between a 35-year-old teacher and a 14-year-old student. Vignettes varied by both attractiveness and gender of the offender (using heterosexual offender–victim dyads). Results indicate that both gender and attractiveness affect judgments of sex offenders; specifically, female sexual offenders were viewed more leniently and judged less punitively than male sexual offenders. Although attractive female sexual offenders were given particularly lenient treatment, attractiveness did not affect judgments toward male sex offenders. In addition, although male and female participants tended to rate male offenders similarly, male participants were more lenient toward female offenders than were female participants. Finally, post hoc analyses revealed that, for many variables, unattractive female sexual offenders may not be viewed differently from male sexual offenders. These results have serious implications for the legal system, sex offender management, and societal views regarding male and female sexual offenders and their victims.

scholarly journals A Multi-layered Minority: Hazara Shia Women in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sadiqa Sultan ◽  
Maryam Kanwer ◽  
Jaffer Mirza
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Health ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Religious Minority ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
Ethnic Affiliation ◽  
Women Poor ◽  
Provincial Capital ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Restricted Mobility

Shia account for approximately 10–15 per cent of the Muslim population in Pakistan, which has a largely Sunni Muslim population. Anti-Shia violence, led by extremist militant groups, dates to 1979 and has resulted in thousands killed and injured in terrorist attacks over the years. Hazara Shia, who are both an ethnic and a religious minority, make an easy target for extremist groups as they are physically distinctive. The majority live in Quetta, the provincial capital of Balochistan in central Pakistan, where they have become largely ghettoised into two areas as result of ongoing attacks. Studies on the Hazara Shia persecution have mostly focused on the killings of Hazara men and paid little attention to the nature and impact of religious persecution of Shias on Hazara women. Poor Hazara women in particular face multi-layered marginalisation, due to the intersection of their gender, religious-ethnic affiliation and class, and face limited opportunities in education and jobs, restricted mobility, mental and psychological health issues, and gender-based discrimination.

scholarly journals Psychological and Mental Health Issues During SARS-CoV-2 Global Pandemic: A Critical Analysis

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahmeena Khan ◽  
Iqbal Azad ◽  
Alfred J. Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Research Papers ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Thomson Reuters ◽  
Media Reports

Introduction: With the outbreak of the SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China during December, 2019, presently over 200 countries have been facing gruesome health effects of the deadly virus with cases and casualties on the rise. So far no concrete medicinal drug or vaccine has been developed to check the lethal viral infection, henceforth authorities have emphasized on practicing social distancing and imposed strict lockdowns forcing people to confine in their homes. Material and Methods: This review is aimed to analyze the effects on mental health and well being during the pandemic. The studies cited in the review have been sourced from journals, books and digital media reports. The research papers indexed in databases such as PUBMED, SCOPUS, INDEX COPERNICUS, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL ABSTRACTS, MEDLINE, EMBASE, EBSCO, DOAJ and THOMSON REUTERS have been reviewed and included in the review. Results and Conclusion: The coronavirus mayhem has not only posed a threat to human health, but also jolted different aspects of society including mental and psychological health. Loss of freedom, boredom, fear and angst are some of the mild psychological effects, whereas rise in domestic violence and suicidal tendencies are the more serious consequences reported from different parts of the world during the lockdown period. This article is a comprehensive analysis of the effects on mental and psychological well being during this critical time. Strategic measures to be adopted by individuals and administration to cope up with the situation are also suggested as it should be an immediate priority to address the overall distress caused by the pandemic in public.

Age–period–cohort effects on inequalities in psychological distress, 1981–2000

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 977-990 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMANDA SACKER ◽  
RICHARD D. WIGGINS
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
Social Inequalities ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
British Cohort Study ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

Background. In the closing decades of the twentieth century, changes in population sociodemographics took place that might be thought to have an adverse influence on the nation's psychological distress. Here, we examine the stability of social and gender inequalities in psychological distress throughout the 1980s and 1990s.Methods. The study uses data from the 1958 National Child Development Study and the 1970 British Cohort Study collected when the cohort members were aged between 23 and 42. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to examine the effects of social class, gender, age, period and cohort on psychological distress as measured by the Malaise Inventory.Results. We identify clear social inequalities in psychological distress during 1981–2000 that reduced in magnitude over this period. Non-linear age effects were observed: psychological distress improves in early adulthood but declines again on approaching mid-life. The 1970 cohort had poorer psychological distress than the 1958 cohort. Although women had higher rates of psychological distress than men, gender differences reduced in magnitude. Declining rates of women's psychological distress over time have not been matched in men. A reduction in social inequalities over time was also observed. Improvements in the psychological health of those in manual occupations were not equalled among those in non-manual occupations.Conclusions. Both social and gender inequalities have narrowed in the last two decades of the twentieth century.

scholarly journals Exploring Locus-of-Hope: Relational Tendencies, Self-Esteem, Attachment, and Gender

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 120
Author(s):  
Sereena Dargan ◽  
Kristi Baerg MacDonald ◽  
Julie Aitken Schermer
Keyword(s):  
Attachment Style ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Culturally Diverse ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Insecure Attachment ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Relational Self ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Internal Locus ◽  
And Gender

Background: As little research has been devoted to examining associations between the four locus-of-hope dimensions (internal, external—peer, external—family, and external—spiritual) and individual differences, the current study explores the correlations with individual-level individualist and collectivist relational tendencies, self-esteem, insecure attachment, and gender within a culturally diverse sample of university undergraduate students. Methods: questionnaires were completed by a culturally diverse sample of undergraduate students measuring locus-of-hope, individualist and collectivist relational tendencies, self-esteem, insecure attachment, and gender. Results: State and trait locus-of-hope were significantly correlated. Individualism showed positive correlations with internal and external—family locus-of-hope. Collectivism positively correlated with internal locus-of-hope and the three external locus-of-hope dimensions. Internal locus-of-hope was significantly predicted by self-esteem, relational self-esteem, individualism, and collectivism. External—spiritual locus-of-hope was not significantly predicted by the variables. External—family locus-of-hope was significantly predicted by relational self-esteem and collectivism and external—peer locus-of hope was significantly predicted by relational self-esteem, collectivism, and avoidant attachment style. No significant gender differences in locus-of-hope were found. Conclusions: The results provide further understanding about the construct of locus-of-hope and provide a foundation for future research to continue exploring the role of locus-of-hope in the development and expression of self-esteem and attachment profiles.

scholarly journals Sources of Stress and Psychological Health Outcomes for Remotely Piloted Aircraft Operators: A Comparison Across Career Fields and Major Commands

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinsey B Bryant-Lees ◽  
Lillian Prince ◽  
Tanya Goodman ◽  
Wayne Chappelle ◽  
Billy Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Psychological Health ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Remotely Piloted Aircraft

ABSTRACT Introduction U.S. Air Force remotely piloted aircraft (RPA) operators perform a variety of around-the-clock global intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions that are considered critical to operational effectiveness. The growing need for ISR operations has led to significant increases in operational tempo and workload, resulting in elevated operational stress, burnout, and psychological distress. These negative outcomes are linked to conditions such as long hours, low manning, lack of sleep, and communication issues. Through regular assessments and the implementation of additional resources (i.e., embedded health care providers), Air Force leadership is working to alleviate the stressors and maintain psychological well-being. Thus, the purpose of this study is to compare the levels of stress, and prevalence of burnout and psychological distress across RPA career fields within two major commands. Materials and Methods Assessments were completed by 571 RPA operators from 2 major commands: Air Force Special Operations Command (n = 158) and Air Combat Command (n = 413). RPA career fields included pilots (n = 331), sensor operators (n = 137), and intelligence operators (n = 103). Results Results revealed that high stress levels from an array of sources continue to result in increased risk of burnout and psychological distress for RPA operators. Several significant differences in sources of high stress across career fields and major commands are identified and discussed. Conclusions Overall, the results of this study highlight specific problem areas unique to certain subsets of the RPA community in need of targeted intervention and clarify several avenues for future research.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document