Investigation of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Lake Eğirdir (Isparta)

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess both the presence and seasonal variability of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in Eğirdir Lake within the borders of Isparta province, which is used for drinking, agricultural irrigation and recreational purposes. Method: The research was carried out between July 2016 and January 2017 and water samples were taken from five different stations in three different seasons in Lake Eğirdir. After direct microscopic examination of the samples (Native-Lugol method), they were stained with Modified Acid Fast (MAF), and examined under the light microscope for parasites. Results: Cryptosporidium spp and Giardia spp were detected in 15 water samples in summer months, with an average density of 99.2% and 93.3% respectively, in Lake Eğirdir. In addition, both parasites were also detected intensively in autumn and winter Conclusion: The use of Lake Eğirdir for daily needs of people, agriculture andrecreational purposes cause increase in protozoal density. Thus, it is necessary to conduct parasitological studies on Lake Eğirdir, especially during the periods of swimming tourism, to determine the protozoal epidemiology in humans and animals. In addition, it is important to carry out adequate disinfection processes and plan the necessary control programs in terms of public health in the regions where Lake Eğirdir is used as drinking water.

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Microbiological Analysis of Drinking Water of Kathmandu Valley

Scientific World ◽

10.3126/sw.v5i5.2667 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 112-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Tista Prasai ◽

Binod Lekhak ◽

Dev Raj Joshi ◽

Madhav Prasad Baral

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Enteric Bacteria ◽

Coliform Bacteria ◽

Kathmandu Valley ◽

Microbiological Analysis ◽

Public Health Importance ◽

Guideline Value ◽

Drinking Water Samples

Drinking water quality assessment in Kathmandu valley has always been crucial with reference to public health importance. A study was conducted to evaluate the quality of drinking water of the valley. A total of 132 drinking water samples were randomly collected from 49 tube wells, 57 wells, 17 taps and 9 stone spouts in different places of Kathmandu valley. The samples were analyzed for microbiological parameters. Total plate and coliform count revealed that 82.6% and 92.4% of drinking water samples found to cross the WHO guideline value for drinking water. During the study, 238 isolates of enteric bacteria were identified, of which 26.4% were Escherichia coli, 25.6% were Enterobacter spp, 23% were Citrobacter spp, 6.3% were Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 5.4% were Klebsiella spp, 4.0% were Shigella spp, 3.0% were Salmonella typhi, 3.0% were Proteus vulgaris, 3.0% were Serratia spp and 1.0% were Vibrio cholerae . Key words: Drinking water; Public health; Coliform; Bacteria. DOI: 10.3126/sw.v5i5.2667 Scientific World, Vol. 5, No. 5, July 2007 112-114

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Antimicrobial-Resistance Pathogen Load and Public Health Risk of Drinking Water in South Gondar, Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-135494/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chalachew Yenew ◽

Melese Kebede ◽

Melkamu Mulat

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Health Risk ◽

Study Design ◽

Water Samples ◽

Antibiotics Resistance ◽

Storage Container ◽

Public Health Risk ◽

Pathogen Load

Abstract Objectives: This study aims to determine the contamination Antimicrobial-Resistance Pathogen load and Public Health Risk of Drinking Water in the case of Debre Tabor Town, Northwest Ethiopia.Study design and period: A laboratory-based cross-sectional study design was employed from March to May 2020.Methods: A total of 60 water samples were collected from the household tap and household drinking water storage container by following the standard microbial analysis method. Besides Sanitary survey was conducted for the municipal water supply system. Water samples were analyzed for differences in bacteriological parameters and drug-susceptibility patterns. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, and multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the data.Results: The drinking water was mostly contaminated with multiple antibiotics-resistance waterborne Escherichia coli 35% (95% CI: 31.2%, 46.9%), Salmonella 22.7% (95% CI: 23.2%, 28.7%), and Shigella 15% (95% CI: 11.2%, 20.9%). Approximately 52.78% and 36.11% of the tap and an equal 23.33% of the household storage container water samples were categorized under low and intermediate risks respectively, and the overall health risk index of the water samples showed that 45.83%, 41.67%, and 12.5%, of them, are categorized under low, intermediate and high-risk classes respectively.Conclusion: The contamination of drinking water with antimicrobial-resistant waterborne bacteria in the community could indicate the likelihood of the occurrence of treatment failure and increased mortality. Hence, proper drinking water treatment and strict supervision are needed to prevent the contamination of the water and related consequences.

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Structure of bacterial communities in diverse freshwater habitats

Canadian Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.1139/w11-138 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 326-335 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Yana Aizenberg-Gershtein ◽

Dalit Vaizel-Ohayon ◽

Malka Halpern

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Bacterial Communities ◽

Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Source Water ◽

Before And After ◽

Different Seasons ◽

Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

The structures and dynamics of bacterial communities from raw source water, groundwater, and drinking water before and after filtration were studied in four seasons of a year, with culture-independent methods. Genomic DNA from water samples was analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction – denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis system and by cloning of the 16S rRNA gene. Water samples exhibited complex denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis genetic profiles composed of many bands, corresponding to a great variety of bacterial taxa. The bacterial communities of different seasons from the four sampling sites clustered into two major groups: (i) water before and after filtration, and (ii) source water and groundwater. Phylogenetic analyses of the clones from the autumn sampling revealed 13 phyla, 19 classes, and 155 operational taxonomic units. Of the clones, 66% showed less than 97% similarities to known bacterial species. Representatives of the phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were found at all four sampling sites. Species belonging to the phylum Firmicutes were an important component of the microbial community in filtered water. Representatives of Enterobacteriaceae were not detected, indicating the absence of fecal pollution in the drinking water. Differences were found in the bacterial populations that were sampled from the same sites in different seasons. Each water habitat had a unique bacterial profile. Drinking water harbors diverse and dynamic microbial communities, part of which may be active and resilient to chlorine disinfection. This study provides, for the first time, basic data for uncultivable drinking water bacteria in Israel.

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Metagenomic Analysis of Bacterial Communities in Water and Soil of the Fulani and non-Fulani in Nigeria

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.12975 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (12) ◽

Author(s):

Ayorinde O Afolayan ◽

Funmilola A Ayeni

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Health Risk ◽

Water Samples ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Potential Health ◽

Community Factors ◽

Plateau State ◽

Soil And Water

Introduction: Interactions between environmental factors (water and soil) and humans are inevitable, particularly in rural and semi-urbanized regions. As such, knowledge on the microbial constituents of these environmental factors is key to understanding potential risk to public health. However, the microbial profile of soil and water present in vulnerable human communities in Nigeria is currently unknown. This study sought to investigate the composition of soil and water microbiota in the environment inhabited by recently studied human communities (the Fulani nomadic group and the urbanized Jarawa ethnic group) and estimate the contribution of these environmental factors to the microbiome of the aforementioned human communities. Methodology: Soil and water samples were collected from the Fulani and non-Fulani community in Jengre (Plateau State, Nigeria) and Jos (Plateau State, Nigeria), respectively. Genomic DNA was extracted from these environmental samples, followed by Illumina sequencing of the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene and bioinformatics analysis via Quantitative Insights into Microbial Ecology QIIME. Results: There is abundance of Proteobacteria (43%) signature members in soil samples obtained from both human communities. Analysis of the water samples revealed the abundance of Proteobacteria, particularly in water sourced from the borehole (Fulani). Pseudomonas (30%) had higher relative abundance in the drinking water of the Fulani. Conclusions: The drinking water of the Fulani could be a potential health risk to the studied Fulani community. Factors that increase the abundance of public health threats and health risk, such as hygiene practices, soil and water quality need to be studied further for the improvement of health in vulnerable populations.

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Ascertaining the Bacteriological Quality of Water Drawn from Cast and Non-cast Wells in Zaria, Nigeria

International Journal of Pathogen Research ◽

10.9734/ijpr/2020/v4i130104 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 34-43

Author(s):

Danjuma, Florence Yachim ◽

Onaji, Ajegba Innocent ◽

Ocheme Julius Okojokwu ◽

Danladi Yakubu Papi

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Dry Season ◽

Safe Drinking Water ◽

Internal Wall ◽

Bacterial Counts ◽

E Coli ◽

Bacteriological Quality

Lack of access to safe drinking water is a threat to public health and wellbeing of the people as it exposes them to risk of waterborne diseases. This study assessed the bacteriological quality of well water samples obtained from Zaria communities and compared the level of contamination between wells with internal wall casting (cast wells) and wells without internal wall casting (non-cast wells). Water samples from 142 wells were collected for a period of six months encompassing both rainy and dry seasons (July to September for rainy season and November to January for dry season). The water samples were collected and analysed for faecal contamination using membrane filtration technique. The water samples contained high density of bacterial counts ranging from 1.73x103±2.73x102 – 2.02x102±1.85x102cfu/100ml during the raining season and 4.17x102±3.07x101 – 1.39x103±3.27x102cfu/100ml during the dry season. Coliforms and E. coli were present in all the samples with total coliform counts ranging from 1.06 x 103 – 2.12 x 104 cfu/100 ml and E. coli counts ranging from 5.10 X 102 – 5.0 X 104 cfu/100 ml Counts were higher during the raining season in all the locations compared to the dry season. Faecal coliform counts were higher in wells without casting (91.9%) compare to wells with casting (91.2%) while E. coli counts were higher in wells with casting (77.9%) compared to wells without casting (66.2%). There was no significant difference in the bacterial counts between cast and non-cast wells (p-values were all greater than 0.05).A total of 168 organisms were isolated from this study and they include; E. coli(48.3%), Klebsiella pnuemonaie(11.8%), Klebsiella ozanae(13.2%), Enterobacter agglomerans(11.8%), Enterobacter gergoviae(14.7%), Enterobacter aerogenes (8.8%), Citrobacter freundii(8.8%), Proteus mirabilis (5.9%), Serratia liquefaciens(10.3%) and Acinetobacter lwoffii (2.9%). E. coliwas isolated more frequently (48.3%) compared to other species and was more frequent in non-cast wells (50.0%) compared to cast wells (47.1%). Other species were more frequent in cast wells. The bacteria isolated from this study are mostly of enteric origin; these organisms acquire public health significance under certain conditions, therefore, their removal in drinking water should be given moderate priority. The wells in this study fail to meet the minimum standard for safe drinking water and are therefore not safe for domestic purposes especially for drinking purpose without adequate treatment.

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Identifikasi Bakteri Escherichia coli pada Air Minum Isi Ulang yang Diproduksi DAMIU di Kelurahan Lubuk Buaya Kota Padang

Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas ◽

10.25077/jka.v5i3.579 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Rani Afrisetiawati ◽

Erly Erly ◽

Endrinaldi Endrinaldi

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Laboratory Test ◽

Human Body ◽

Water Samples ◽

Coliform Bacteria ◽

Bacteriological Test ◽

Identification Test

AbstrakAir merupakan komponen penting bagi tubuh. Menurut Permenkes No.492 Tahun 2010 tentang syarat mikrobiologi air minum adalah tidak ditemukannya bakteri Coliform dan Escherichia coli dalam 100 ml air. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kualitas air minum yang diproduksi depot air minum isi ulang di Kelurahan Lubuk Buaya. Penelitian bersifat deskriptif dengan melakukan pemeriksaan bakteriologi sampel air di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Andalas dari Februari sampai Oktober 2014. Sampel adalah air dari masing-masing depot air minum isi ulang di Kelurahan Lubuk Buaya yang sudah dimasukkan ke dalam galon. Penelitian ini terdiri dari empat tes, yaitu tes presumtif, konfirmatif, lengkap dan identifikasi. Hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium menunjukkan empat dari dua belas sampel (33,3%) mengandung bakteri Coliform dan satu dari empat sampel tersebut mengandung Escherichia coli. Pengawasan terhadap depot air minum isi ulang di Kelurahan Lubuk Buaya harus lebih ditingkatkan. Kader Kesehatan setempat diharapkan dapat memberikan penyuluhan kepada pemilik atau operator depot agar memperhatikan kebersihan depot serta peralatan yang digunakan.Kata kunci: air minum isi ulang, Coliform, Escherichia coli AbstractWater is an essential component for the human body. According to Permenkes No. 492 Tahun 2010 about microbiological standards for drinking water is the absence of coliform and Escherichia coli in 100 ml of water. The objective of this study was to find the quality of drinking water produced by drinking water refill depots at Lubuk Buaya Padang based on microbiological standards of drinking water.The research was conducted using by bacteriological test on 12 water samples at the Laboratory of Microbiology, Facultyof Medicine, University of Andalas from February until Oktober 2014. This research consisted four tests: the presumptive test, confirmative test, completetest and identification test. Based on the result of laboratory test, there were four samples (33,3%) from twelve samples contain Coliform bacteria and one of them contain Escherichia coli. Controlling of drinking water refill depots at Lubuk Buaya should have been improved. The officers of Public Health at Lubuk Buaya must give an advice to the owners or depot operators about hygiene of depot and tools that they used.Keywords: drinking water refill, Coliform, Escherichia coli

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Nitrate Levels in Rural Drinking Water in Belize

Journal of Health and Pollution ◽

10.5696/2156-9614-10.27.200904 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (27) ◽

Author(s):

Danladi Chiroma Husaini ◽

Andrea Enriquez ◽

Theslyn Arzu ◽

Kelcia Miranda ◽

Denise Mossiah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Water Samples ◽

Coastal Zone Management ◽

Health Issues ◽

Agricultural Communities ◽

Zone Management ◽

Financial Interests ◽

Public Health Hazards ◽

Evaluation And Monitoring

Background. Health issues have been associated with the consumption of high levels of nitrates in drinking water. Rural agricultural communities in Belize play a large role in the economic growth of the country. These communities obtain drinking water directly from the ground and may be susceptible to nitrate consumption and at risk of developing diseases associated with nitrates. Objectives. The present study examined nitrate levels in Belize's rural water supply with the aim of assessing its suitability for human and livestock consumption. The study also provides baseline data for monitoring the concentration of nitrates to prevent public health hazards in Belize. Methods. Forty-three (43) water samples from reservoirs, wells, vats, and standpipes were collected from 40 villages in Belize and analyzed for nitrates using the cadmium reduction method. Nitrates were detected with an Orion® AquaMate® 8000 UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 520 nm. The Belize Coastal Zone Management Authority and Institute laboratory analyzed all water samples for nitrates. Results. Except for four water samples from four different sites, all analyzed water samples were found to contain nitrate levels below 10 mg/L. Nitrate levels above 10 mg/L were seen in a few samples in the northern part of the country, probably due to agricultural activities in these areas. Conclusions. Belize's rural drinking water contains low levels of nitrates, except for a few villages where the levels exceeded the acceptable limit of 10 mg/L. Higher levels of nitrates detected in a few villages need regular evaluation and monitoring to avoid public health issues as well as prevent harm to livestock. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Quality and Safety of Rural Community Drinking Water Sources in Guto Gida District, Oromia, Ethiopia

Journal of Environmental and Public Health ◽

10.1155/2021/5568375 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Motuma Tessema Abegaz ◽

Mulissa Jida Midekssa

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Drinking Water ◽

Rural Community ◽

Water Samples ◽

Water Source ◽

Total Coliform ◽

Water Sources ◽

Iron Manganese ◽

Dug Well

The quality of drinking water has always been a major public health concern, especially in developing countries where access to improved water supply and sanitation is very low. This study aimed to assess the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of rural community drinking water sources in the Guto Gida district. A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected rural areas of the district from January to June 2016. Water samples were collected from four types of sources (protected dug well, open dug well, protected spring, and open spring) found in 8 locations of the study area. The membrane filtration technique was employed to determine the total coliform and faecal coliform load of the samples. The physicochemical characteristics such as total dissolved solid (TDS), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, temperature, color, iron, manganese, lead, fluoride, zinc, sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate were analyzed following the American Public Health Association and WHO standard protocols. Our results revealed that 90.6% and 87.5% of water samples were positive for total coliform and faecal coliform, respectively. Thus, the majority of the studied water sources could be classified as polluted with respect to coliform load. Our results also have shown that most of the water sources showed marginally tolerable quality with respect to color, EC, TDS, turbidity, nitrate, sulphate, and phosphate. However, the protected sources had poor quality in zinc, lead, iron, manganese, and pH with values above the permissible levels. Thus, the drinking water source quality of the study areas requires appropriate interventions such as improving the existing water source infrastructure and access to sanitation services.

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Seasonal Abundance of Fly Species in the Animals Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, Sohag Governorate, Egypt

10.47363/jalp/2020(1)106 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Desoky ASS ◽

◽

Ahamed HEM ◽

Eraky SA ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Winter Season ◽

Common Species ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

House Fly ◽

Seasonal Abundance ◽

Spring Season ◽

Control Programs ◽

Different Seasons ◽

Fly Control ◽

Autumn And Winter

The present study was carried out in the Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, Sohag Governorate, Egypt during 2018-2019. The results recorded that the spring season was the most suitable for the activity of flies in different species, followed by summer, then autumn, and then the population decreased during the winter season. The incidence rates of flies were recorded as follows: 47.1, 30.1, 16.1 and 6.7% during spring, summer, autumn and winter respectively. These differences in the numbers of flies during the different seasons are mainly due to climate change, especially temperature. The house fly was the most common species found in Farm throughout the year by 69.7%, while the rest of the species ranged from 4.1 to 10.9% during 2018. The same trend of results was recorded on the same farm in 2019. These results are useful for determining the time of fly control programs in animal farms.

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