scholarly journals METHOD OF FORECASTING THE YIELD OF APPLE TREES DEPENDING ON THE SOIL CONDITIONS OF THE NORTH OF THE CENTRAL CHERNOZEM REGION

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
V.L. Zakharov ◽  
◽  
T.V. Zubkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
The North ◽  
Typical Chernozems ◽  
Soil Indices ◽  
Hydrolyzable Nitrogen

The following soil indices that determine the level of apple tree yield have been determined: agrochemical indi-ces: pHKCl, hydrolytic acidity, total exchangeable bases, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, easily-hydrolyzable nitrogen, mobile phosphorus, exchangeable potassium, humus con-tent, and ground water mineralization; morphological indi-ces: humus horizon thickness (A + B1), root layer thick-ness, carbonate depth, gleying depth, ground water depth, water-soluble salt depth; physical indices: soil density, mesoaggregate content (0.25-10 mm), physical clay con-tent (< 0.01 mm); water-physical indices: hydroscopic mois-ture, maximum hygroscopic content, capillary moisture capacity, minimum water capacity, available moisture, wa-ter stability coefficient; orographic indices: slope steepness and slope exposure. A method for predicting apple tree yield for soil types in the northern part of the Central Cher-nozem Region has been developed; the method is based on the agrochemical, morphological, water-physical, and orographic soil indices and takes into account the rootstock vigor. The method shows the range of the expected aver-age annual yield of apple trees during the period of full fruiting without fertilizer application. According to the devel-oped software, the highest yield of apple trees on semi-dwarf rootstock (using the example of 62-396) will be ex-pected on typical chernozems; on medium-sized rootstock (54-118) -on leached chernozems, podzolized and dark gray forestsoils; on strong-growing rootstock (pomaceous) -on podzolized chernozems and dark gray forest soils.

Soil conditions and yield of repeatedly grown apple orchard depending on long-term fertilizer application

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (98) ◽  
pp. 34-47
Author(s):  
P. H. Kopytko ◽  
◽  
R. V. Yakovenko
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Humus Content ◽  
Mineral Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Mineral Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
The Impact

The issue of scientifically sound fertilizer application in fruit plantations, which are long-term and re-grown in one place remains insufficiently studied. To solve this problem is possible only in long-term stationary studies, as the impact of different fertilizer systems on changes in soil properties and tree productivity for a long period of their use. The results of researches of long-term fertilizer influence on the main fertility indices of dark gray podzolic heavy loam soil and productivity of repeatedly grown apple trees of Idared varieties on seed and vegetative (M4) rootstocks and Calville snow on seedling rootstock are considered. During the 85-year period of growing the first and second generation of apple trees in the experimental garden, the organic fertilizer (40 t/ha of cattle manure), mineral fertilizer (N120P120K120) and their combination (20 t/ha of manure + N60P60K60) were applied in the old plantation every two years in autumn in plowing in rows at 18–20 cm, and in the new repetition: manure, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers as well, and nitrogen fertilizer in half doses annually in spring for cultivation or disk plowing to a depth of 12–15 cm. As a result of research it was found that organic fertilizer better than mineral fertilizers provided the formation of soil fertility (humus and mobile compounds and forms of nutrients, soil reaction) and yield capacity of experimental apple trees, which for all years of fruiting exceeded the total yield of Calville snow and Idared on seedling and vegetative rootstocks, respectively, by 34.8, 27.7 and 23.4 % compared with the yield of the control non-fertilized areas and 16.0, 15.8 and 13.2 % – on those fertilized with N120Р120К120. Similar parameters of soil fertility indicators are formed by the organo-mineral fertilizer system with systematic long-term application of half the norms of organic and mineral fertilizers of manure 20 t/ha together with N60P60K60. However, the mineral system (N120P120K120) significantly less increases the humus content and content of macronutrients available for plant nutrition and does not enrich the soil with trace elements, acidifies the reaction of the soil environment

scholarly journals SPRING Vs. AUTUMN FERTILIZER APPLICATION EFFECTS ON APPLE TREES IN THE MID-SOUTH

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (7) ◽  
pp. 735d-735
Author(s):  
Curt R. Rom ◽  
R.A. Allen ◽  
K. Kupperman ◽  
J. Naraguma
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Bud Break ◽  
Cluster Number ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Tree Performance

Three studies were established to compare spring (S) vs. autumn (F) N fertilizer applications on apple tree performance. The studies used newly planted trees, 4-yr-old trees, and 8-yr-old trees, fertilized with either ammonium nitrate or urea at 2 weeks after harvest (F) or at bud break (S). In the first 3 years growth in a newly planted orchard, time of fertilizer did not significantly affect tree height or TCSA. In the first cropping year, F fertilized trees had the greatest flower cluster number and bloom density but similar % set and yield compared to S fertilized trees. F fertilized trees in mature orchards studies tended to be shorter and have smaller TCSA increment after 3 yrs. Treatments did not affect bloom density, % set or total yield although spring fertilized trees had a greater % drop. Although spur leaves of F fertilized trees had greater N content at bloom, shoot leaves typically had lower N and Mn, and higher P, K, and Ca at 90 days after bloom compared to S treatment trees.

scholarly journals Variation of Fine Roots Distribution in Apple (Malus pumila M.)–Crop Intercropping Systems on the Loess Plateau of China

Agronomy ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yubo Sun ◽  
Huaxing Bi ◽  
Huasen Xu ◽  
Hangqi Duan ◽  
Ruidong Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
Loess Plateau ◽  
Fine Roots ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
The Loess Plateau ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
The North ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
The Vertical Distribution

In arid and semi-arid areas, interspecific below-ground competition is prominent in agroforestry systems. To provide theoretical and technical guidance for the scientific management of apple–crop intercropping systems, a field study was conducted in the Loess Plateau of China to examine the variation of fine roots distribution in apple–crop intercropping systems. The fine roots of apple trees and crops (soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) or peanuts (Arachis hypogaea Linn.)) were sampled to 100 cm depth at ten distances from the tree row using the stratified excavation method. The results showed that the vertical distribution of fine roots between intercropped apple trees and intercropped crops were skewed and overlapped. Apple–crop intercropping inhibited the fine roots of apple trees in the 0–60 cm soil depth, but promoted their growth in the 60–100 cm soil depth. However, apple–crop intercropping inhibited the fine roots of intercropped crops in the 0–100 cm soil depth. For the fine roots of each component of the apple–crop intercropping systems, variation in the vertical distribution was much greater than variation in the horizontal distribution. Compared with monocropped systems, apple–crop intercropping caused the fine roots of intercropped apple trees to move to deeper soil, and those of intercropped crops to move to shallower soil. Additionally, apple–crop intercropping slightly inhibited the horizontal extension of the fine-root horizontal barycentre (FRHB) of intercropped apple trees and caused the FRHB of intercropped crops to be slightly biased towards the north of the apple tree row. Variation of the fine roots distribution of each component of the apple–soybean intercropping system was greater than that of the apple–peanut intercropping system. Thus, the interspecific below-ground competition of the apple–peanut intercropping system was weaker than that of the apple–soybean intercropping system. Intense competition occurred in the apple–peanut intercropping system and the apple–soybean intercropping system was in sections whose distance ranged from 0.5–1.3 and 0.5–1.7 m from the tree row, respectively. The interspecific below-ground competition was fiercer on the south side of the apple tree row than on the north side.

Isolasi dan Karakterisasi Bakteri Tanah Sawah di Kecamatan Medan Satria dan Bekasi Utara, Kota Bekasi, Jawa Barat

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arief Pambudi ◽  
Nita Noriko ◽  
Endah Permata Sari
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Soil Bacteria ◽  
Rice Field ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Fixation Activity ◽  
Growth Promoting

<p><em>Abstrak -</em><strong> </strong><strong>Produksi padi di Indonesia setiap tahun mengalami peningkatan, namun peningkatan ini belum mampu memenuhi kebutuhan nasional sehingga impor masih harus dilakukan. Salah satu masalah dalam produksi beras adalah penggunaan pupuk berlebih yang tidak hanya meningkatkan biaya produksi, namun juga merusak kondisi tanah. Aplikasi bakteri tanah sebagai Plant <em>Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria</em> (PGPR) dapat menjadi salah satu solusi terhadap masalah ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi bakteri tanah dari 3 lokasi sawah daerah Bekasi, membandingkan keberadaan total bakteri pada ketiga lokasi tersebut,  dan melakukan karakterisasi isolat berdasarkan karakter yang dapat memicu pertumbuhan tanaman. Dari ketiga lokasi, diperoleh total 59 isolat dan 5 diantaranya berpotensi sebagai PGPR karena kemampuan fiksasi Nitrogen, melarutkan Fosfat, katalase positif, dan motil. Dari ketiga lokasi pengambilan sampel, BK1 memiliki jumlah total bakteri terendah karena aplikasi pemupukan dan pestisida berlebih yang ditandai tingginya kadar P total, serta tingginya residu klorpirifos, karbofuran, dan paration. Kondisi fisik tanah BK1 juga didominasi partikel liat yang menyebabkan tanah menjadi lebih padat. Peningkatan jumlah penggunaan pupuk tidak selalu diikuti peningkatan produktivitas tanaman.</strong></p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Kata Kunci</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong>- <em>Bakteri tanah, Rhizosfer sawah, PGPR, Pupuk Hayati</em></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><em>Abstract</em><strong> - </strong><strong>Rice production in Indonesia has increased annually, but this increase has not reached national demand,so imports still done. </strong><strong>One of the problems in rice production is the use of excessive fertilizers that not only increase production costs, but also decreased the soil conditions. The application of soil bacteria as Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) can be the one solution to face this problem. The objective of this study was isolate soil bacteria from 3 locations of rice field in Bekasi, compare the total bacteria in the three locations, and characterize isolates based on the character that can promote plant growth. From three locations, a total of 59 isolates were obtained and 5 of them were potential as a PGPRs due to its Nitrogen fixation activity, Phosphate solubilization, positive catalase, and motility. From three sampling sites, BK1 has the lowest TPC value because of excessive  fertilizers and pesticides application which indicated by high total P levels, and also high chlorpyrifos, carbofuran and paration residues. The physical condition of BK1 soil is also dominated by clay particles which causes the soil more solid. Increasing of fertilizer application is not always followed by increased plant productivity.</strong></p><p><strong> </strong></p><p><strong><em>Keywords</em></strong> - <em>Biofertilizer, PGPR, Rice field rhizosphere, Soil Bacteria</em></p>

Changes in phosphorus and nitrogen availability on recessional moraines of the Athabasca Glacier, Alberta

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 210-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Fitter ◽  
W. F. J. Parsons
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Bare Ground ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Leaf P

Soil pH and concentrations of N and P in leaves of Dryas drummondii were measured on recessional moraines of the Athabasca Glacier, Alberta. Soil pH declined by 0.5 units per 100 years under Dryas but remained steady on bare ground. Water-soluble N and P levels in soil remained low at all stages, but N was higher under Dryas patches. Leaf P and N declined in the early stages of succession but increased later. This increase may represent the initiation of biotic N and P cycles in soil. These patterns contrast with those reported for other moraine successions.

An experiment in the control of the ground water-level in a fen peat soil

1951 ◽  
Vol 41 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 149-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Nicholson ◽  
G. Alderman ◽  
D. H. Firth
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Level ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Peat Soil ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Ground Water Level ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Local Soil

1. The methods of investigation of the effect of ground water-level on crop growth, together with tho field installations in use, are discussed.2. Direct field experiments are handicapped by the difficulties of achieving close control on a sufficiently large scale, due to considerable variations of surface level and depth of peat within individual fields and to rapid fluctuations in rainfall and evaporation. Many recorded experiments are associated with climatic conditions of substantial precipitation during the growing season.3. Seasonal fluctuations of ground water-level in Fen peat soils in England, in natural and agricultural conditions, are described.4. The local soil conditions are outlined and the implications of profile variations are discussed.5. The effective control of ground water-level on a field scale requires deep and commodious ditches and frequent large underdrains to ensure the movement of water underground with sufficient freedom to give rapid compensatory adjustment for marked disturbances of ground water-level following the incidence of heavy rain or excessive evaporation.6. A working installation for a field experiment in ordinary farming conditions is described and the measure of control attained is indicated.

Long-term effects of preplant liming on apple trees and soil cation levels

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-549
Author(s):  
G. H. Neilsen ◽  
E. J. Hogue ◽  
P. B. Hoyt
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Apple Tree ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Orchard Soil ◽  
Lime Application ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Key Words Apple

Nine years after liming a sandy loam orchard soil to pH 6.0 with calcium hydroxide or dolomitic lime, pH and extractable Ca and Mg were still higher where limed than where unlimed. However, pH had decreased below 5.0 in the limed and N-fertilized plots. Delicious (Malus domestica Borkh.) apple tree nutrition benefited from the two soil amendments. Leaf Mg was increased by dolomite. Leaf Ca was increased by calcium hydroxide. Leaf Mn, although highest in unlimed soils, increased over time for both limed and unlimed soil. Key words: Apple, lime application, reacidification

Observations on some basal failures in sheeted excavations

1970 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Milligan ◽  
K. Y. Lo
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Ground Water ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Remedial Measures ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Water Head ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Made In

In excavations below groundwater level, instability of the base may result from the inflow of water into the excavation. The most important factors influencing the stability are the ground water and detailed soil conditions at the site.Construction problems encountered in excavations in clay strata, underlain by pervious water bearing layers, are described. The remedial measures adopted in each case are also discussed. From a study of the observations made in the case records, it is suggested that excavation in intact clays may be carried out to depths exceeding that limited by the ratio of t/h = 0.5, where t is the distance from the bottom of the excavation to the top of the water bearing stratum, and h is the water head at the top of the water bearing stratum, provided that the clay is not disturbed during construction so that the shear strength of the clay is preserved.

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