Pendidikan Kontrasepsi Pada Wanita Pasangan Usia Subur Sebagai Upaya Antisipasi Baby Bomming Di Masa Adaptasi Kebiasaan Baru Pasca Pandemi Covid-19 Di Wilayah Kecamatan Kuta Utara

The results of family planning services during the COVID-19 pandemic in national scale has decreasedin the number of contraceptive uses reaching 40% in almost all regions in Indonesia (BKKBN, 2020). This couldbe caused by various problems, including an increase in the number of unwanted pregnancies and baby booms orincrease of birth rate. This is due to the obstruction of access to services, delaying access to health facilities dueto fears of contracting COVID-19 and increasing of husband and wife sexual intercourse without usingcontraceptives that inducing pregnancy. Based on the results of Widiastuti's research in 2020, where a survey wasconducted to find out the description of family planning use during the pandemic in the North Kuta District, it wasfound that half of them (53.2%) of respondents were using contraceptives and almost half of them (46.8%) ofrespondents did not use contraception. One of the efforts to suppress the surge in baby births is through the FamilyPlanning program for couples of childbearing age. The aim of this community service is to provide knowledgeabout contraceptive tools and methods in suppressing the surge in baby births. The targets are women ofchildbearing age aged 15-45 years who have not used contraception or who use and do not make repeat visits asmany as 30 people. The implementation of the activity was carried out by assessing the level of understanding ofthe respondents by pre-testing through google forms, implementing counseling, family planning counseling andintroduction of contraceptives and evaluating the material by post-testing via google forms. The results of theactivity show that there is an increase in mother's knowledge about family planning tools and methods, which isexpected to influence the behavior of woman in using contraceptives so that they are expected to anticipate theoccurrence of baby boom.

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PENDAMPINGAN PADA PASANGAN USIA SUBUR DALAM PENGGUNAAN KONTRASEPSI SEBAGAI UPAYA MENEKAN UNMET NEED KB DI MASA ADAPTASI KEBIASAAN BARU

SELAPARANG Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Berkemajuan ◽

10.31764/jpmb.v5i1.6547 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 806

Author(s):

Kadek Widiantari ◽

Ni Made Rai Widiastuti

Keyword(s):

Family Planning ◽

Baby Boom ◽

Unmet Need ◽

Planning Problem ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Target Groups ◽

Family Planning Services ◽

Service Activity ◽

Unwanted Pregnancies ◽

Planning Problems

ABSTRAKTingginya angka unmet need bukan hanya menjadi permasalahan dalam program Keluarga Berencana di Indonesia, namun juga dihadapai oleh tiap belahan dunia. Kelompok unmet need merupakan sasaran yang perlu mendapatkan perhatian khusus dalam pelayanan KB. Pada masa awal pandemi Covid-19, angka unmet need KB cenderung mengalami peningkatan. Berdasarkan laporan dari BKKBN 2020 tercatat sebanyak 36 juta peserta KB aktif pada bulan Maret mengalami penurunan menjadi 26 juta peserta dibulan April, sehingga terdapat selisih 10 juta akseptor yang tidak menggunakan alat kontrasepsi dan 25% diantaranya merupakan Pasangan Usia Subur (PUS). Penurunan kepesertaan KB aktif ini dapat berdampak pada resiko terjadi Kehamilan Yang Tidak Diinginkan (KTD), maupun peningkatan “baby boom” pasca pandemi. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah membantu PUS dalam memecahkan dan menemukan solusi terhadap permasalahan terkait KB serta memberikan layanan KB. Kegiatan ini dikemas dalam bentuk pendampingan konseling dan pelayanan KB gratis terutama bagi PUS yang tergolong unmet need. Dilakukan secara tatap muka dengan menerapkan protokol kesehatan yang ketat. Hasil kegiatan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat ini yaitu dari 20 orang PUS yang melakukan konseling, sebanyak 15 orang (75%), bersedia menjadi akseptor KB aktif sedangkan 2 orang (10%) akan mendiskusikan kembali dengan pasangannya dan 3 orang lainnya (15%) belum siap untuk menggunakan kontrasepsi. Kata kunci: pendampingan; PUS; unmet Need KB; adaptasi kebiasaan baru ABSTRACTThe high number of unmet need is not only a family planning problem in Indonesia, but also in every part of the world. Unmet need target groups that need special attention. At the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, the number of unmet need for family planning tends to increase.Reports from the BKKBN in 2020, from March to April there was a decrease in active family planning acceptors by 10 million participants and 25% of them are couples of childbearing age. This decrease in participation has an impact on the risk of unwanted pregnancies and an increase in the post-pandemic "baby boom". The purpose of this activity is to assist couples in solving and finding solutions to family planning problems and providing family planning services. This activity is packaged in the form of counseling assistance and free family planning services, especially for couples of childbearing age with unmet need. The results of this Community Service activity are from 20 people who did counseling, as many as 15 people (75%), were willing to become active family planning acceptors while 2 people (10%) would discuss again with their partners and 3 other people (15%) were not ready to use contraception. Keywords: accompaniment; couples of childbearing age; unmet need KB; new habit adaptation

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Population Control in the “Global North”?: Canada’s Response to Indigenous Reproductive Rights and Neo-Eugenics

Canadian Historical Review ◽

10.3138/chr-102-s3-015 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 102 (s3) ◽

pp. s876-s902

Author(s):

Erika Dyck ◽

Maureen Lux

Keyword(s):

Family Planning ◽

Birth Control ◽

Reproductive Rights ◽

Population Control ◽

Historical Analysis ◽

Access To Health Services ◽

Reproductive Politics ◽

The North ◽

Access To Health ◽

Global North

An historical analysis of reproductive politics in the Canadian North during the 1970s necessitates a careful reading of the local circumstances regarding feminism, sovereignty, language, colonialism, and access to health services, which differed regionally and culturally. These features were conditioned, however, by international discussions on family planning that ﬁxated on the twinned concepts of unchecked population growth and poverty. Language from these debates crept into discussions about reproduction and birth control in northern Canada, producing the state’s logic that, despite low population density, the endemic poverty in the North necessitated aggressive family planning measures.

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Faktor-Faktor Penghambat Pelaksanaan Program KB Dalam Penggunaan Alat Kontrasepsi Oleh Pasangan Usia Subur Di Kecamatan Sarudik Kabupaten Tapanuli-Tengah

Talenta Conference Series Tropical Medicine (TM) ◽

10.32734/tm.v1i1.47 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 99-106

Author(s):

Ismail Affandy Siregar ◽

Cholina Trisa Siregar

Keyword(s):

Family Planning ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Family Income ◽

Family Planning Program ◽

Religious Leaders ◽

Planning Program ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Family Planning Programs ◽

Unwanted Pregnancies ◽

Husband Support

Keluarga Berencana adalah suatu program yang dimaksudkan untuk membantu para pasangan dalam mencapai tujuan reproduksi, mencegah kehamilan yang tidak diinginkan dan mengurangi insiden kehamilan berisiko tinggi, kesakitan dan kematian. Program keluarga berencana selalu dikaitkan dengan alat kontrasepsi karena untuk mengupayakan suatu program KB maka alat kontrasepsi merupakan kendaraan yang digunakan dalam menyukseskan program tersebut. Keberhasilan Program Keluarga Berencana di kecamatan Sarudik belum maksimal salah satunya ditandai dengan rata – rata kelahiran 4 per wanita usia subur. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi faktor –faktor penghambat pelaksanaan program KB dalam penggunaan alat kontrasepsi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif. Populasinya adalah Pasangan Usia Subur yang tidak menggunakan alat kontrasepsi yaitu sebanyak 1404 dan sampelnya sebanyak 150 responden. Hasil penelitian diperoleh mayoritas responden yaitu 89 responden atau (59,3%) termasuk pada kategori pengetahuan kurang baik, pada faktor sikap juga terdapat 95 responden atau (63,3%) termasuk pada kategori kurang baik, faktor dukungan suami terdapat 112 responden (74,7%) termasuk pada kategori tidak mendukung, faktor pendapatan keluarga terdapat 97 responden atau (64,7%) termasuk pada kategori tidak mendukung program KB, faktor karena efek samping juga tinggi yaitu terdapat 116 responden atau (77,3%) termasuk pada kategori tidak mendukung program KB. Penelitian ini menyarankan kepada instansi terkait untuk meningkatkan sosialisasi program KB dan meningkatkan pelayanan kontrasepsi serta pendekatan kepada tokoh masyarakat, tokoh agama untuk mempermudah sosialisasi pada masyarakat. Family Planning is a program intended to help couples achieve their reproductive goals, prevent unwanted pregnancies, and reduce the incidence of high-risk of pregnancies, morbidity and death. Family planning program is always associated with contraception. Contraception becomes a vehicle for the success of the family planning program. Family Planning Program in Sarudik sub-district was not yet optimal which one of them is marked by 4 birth per woman of childbearing age. The objective of this study was to identify factors inhibiting the implementation of family planning programs in the use of contraception. This study employed quantitative research. The population was 1404 fertile couples who did not use contraception and the sample was composed of 150 respondents. The results showed that the majority of respondents, 89 respondents with moderate knowledge (59.3%) 95 respondents with moderate attitude (63.3%) In regard to husband support factor 112 respondents were not supported (74 , 7%) As for family income factor 97 respondents were not supported (64.7%) and for high side effects factor 116 respondents were not supported (77.3%) It is suggested that relevant institutions should promote family planning programs, improve contraceptive services, and develop an approach to community and religious leaders to facilitate the community promotion of family planning programs.

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PENGARUH PERSEPSI DAN MINAT IBU TERHADAP PEMILIHAN JENIS ALAT KONTRASEPSI

Midwifery Journal Jurnal Kebidanan UM Mataram ◽

10.31764/mj.v5i2.1190 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 134

Author(s):

Yunik Windarti

Keyword(s):

Family Planning ◽

Significant Influence ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Short Term ◽

Probability Sampling ◽

Analytical Research ◽

Independent Variable ◽

The Government ◽

Almost All

Peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat oleh pemerintah melalui berbagai macam program kesehatan. Salah satunya program KB, namun masih banyak pasangan usia subur yang tidak menggunakan alat kontrasepsi, di Jawa Timur 17,18% PUS tidak menggunakan alat kontrasepsi. Salah satu faktor penyebabnya adalah persepsi yang salah tentang KB sehingga mempengaruhi minat ibu yang mengakibatkan keputusan pemilihan alat kontrasepsi yang tidak tepat. Tujuan penelitian menganalisis pengaruh persepsi dan minat ibu terhadap pemilihan jenis alat kontrasepsi. Desain penelitian analitik dengan tehnik non probability sampling dengan insidental sampling. Populasi akseptor di PMB Vivi Surabaya jumlah 60 orang. Variabel independen persepsi dan minat, variabel dependen jenis pemilihan alat kontrasepsi. Instrumen quesioner, dianalisis uji Regresi Logistik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dari 29 responden yang mempunyai persepsi kurang baik, hampir seluruhnya (86,2%) memilih alat kontrasepsi jangka pendek. Dari 24 responden yang mempunyai minat rendah hampir seluruhnya (95,8%) memilih alat kontrasepsi jangka pendek. Terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan variabel persepsi (p=0,028) terhadap pemilihan jenis alat kontrasepsi dengan nilai OR 4,887 (95%CI : 1,190 – 20,075). Terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan variabel minat (p=0,006) terhadap pemilihan jenis alat kontrasepsi dengan nilai OR 20,849 (95%CI : 2,431 – 178, 833). Semakin seseorang mempunyai persepsi yang kurang dan minat yang rendah terhadap alat kontrasepsi, maka mereka cenderung memilih alat kontrasepsi jangka pendek.Increasing community welfare by the government through various health programs. One of them is a family planning program, but there are still many couples of childbearing age who do not use contraception, in East Java 17.18% of EFAs do not use contraception. One contributing factor is the wrong perception of family planning that affects the interests of mothers resulting in inappropriate decisions about the choice of contraception. The purpose of the study is to analyze the influence of mothers' perceptions and interests on the choice of contraception. Analytical research design with non probability sampling technique with incidental sampling. The population of acceptors at PMB Vivi Surabaya is 60 people. The independent variable is perception and interest, the dependent variable is the type of contraception selection. Questionnaire instruments, analyzed by Logistic Regression test. The results showed that of 29 respondents who had poor perceptions, almost all (86.2%) chose short-term contraception. Of the 24 respondents who had low interest, almost all (95.8%) chose short-term contraception. There is a significant influence of perception variable (p = 0.028) on the choice of contraception with an OR value of 4.887 (95% CI: 1.190 - 20.075). There was a significant influence of the variable of interest (p = 0.006) on the choice of contraception with an OR value of 20,849 (95% CI: 2,431 - 178, 833). The more a person has less perception and low interest in contraception, then they tend to choose short-term contraception.

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Factors Influencing Unintended Pregnancies among Childbearing Age Women in Indonesia

10.21203/rs.3.rs-30839/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Agung Dwi Laksono ◽

Ratna Dwi Wulandari

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Family Planning ◽

Unintended Pregnancy ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Access To Health Care ◽

Pregnancy Termination ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Unintended Pregnancies ◽

Access To Health

Abstract Background: Unintended pregnancy can cause pregnancy termination, which leads to safety risks. The purpose of the study was to analyze the factors that influence unintended pregnancies in Indonesia.Methods: The analysis unit was women aged 15-49 years old who gave birth to the last 5 years. The sample size was 36,472 women. In addition to unintended pregnancy as the dependent variable, other variables analyzed were the place of residence, age, education, husband/partner, employment, wealth, parity, pregnancy termination, the person deciding woman's access to health care, heard about family planning messages on radio, television, and newspaper/magazines. The final stage analysis uses binary logistic regression.Results: Women in urban areas were 1.834 times more likely than women in rural areas to experience an unintended pregnancy. The 20-24 age group was 0.202 times more than the 15-19, while the 45-49 was 1.916 times compared to the 15-19 to experience an unintended pregnancy. Secondary education women were 1.447 times more likely than no education women, while the poorer women were 1.190 times more likely than the poorest women to experience an unintended pregnancy. Parity was found to be a strong determinant of unintended pregnancy. History of pregnancy, decision making by husbandpartner, and heard about family planning messages on radio and television in the last few months are risk factors for unintended pregnancy.Conclusions: Eight variables affect unintended pregnancy, namely age, education, wealth, parity, pregnancy termination, the person deciding woman's access to health care, and heard about family planning messages on radio and television.

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Women Assistance in Fertile Age Couples in the use of Contraception as an Effort to Suppress Baby Booms During the Covid-19 Pandemic

Jurnal Peduli Masyarakat ◽

10.37287/jpm.v2i4.228 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 181-186

Author(s):

Intan Yusita ◽

Richa Noprianty ◽

Ratna Dian Kurniawati ◽

Linda Rofiasari ◽

Antri Anriani

Keyword(s):

Family Planning ◽

Pregnancy Rate ◽

Community Service ◽

Childbearing Age ◽

Interactive Education ◽

Post Test ◽

The Right ◽

Test Use ◽

The Impact ◽

Tools And Methods

The use of contraceptives in Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic has decreased by 35% to 47%. This resulted in the pregnancy rate increasing by 67 pregnancies from the previous year. In West Java, the pregnancy rate jumps by 10%. One of the efforts to suppress the spike in baby births is through the Keluarga Berencana (KB) program for couples with childbearing age. The aim of this community service is to provide knowledge about contraceptive tools and methods in suppressing baby booms. This community service method is in the form of interactive education based on information technology and offline interactive education. The target is 30 women of childbearing age couples aged between 15-45 who used contraception and did not make repeat visits during the Covid-19 pandemic. The implementation technique is divided into three stages, namely the first stage is to assess the level of understanding respondent with a pre-test use to google form, the second stage is to carry out counseling, family planning counseling program and introduction to the KB Klik application with offline and the third stage is to evaluate the material with a post test use to google form. The results of the activity showed an increase in knowledge of both contraceptive tools and methods by 53.4%. With the increasing knowledge of mothers about family planning tools and methods, it is hoped that it can influence the attitudes of mothers in choosing and using the right contraceptives so that it is expected to limit the number of child births and reduce the impact of baby booms.

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Pocket E-Li: Listening Assessment Made Easy

International Journal of Modern Languages And Applied Linguistics ◽

10.24191/ijmal.v3i1.7425 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 4

Author(s):

Norazean Sulaiman ◽

Nurul Nadiah Dewi Faizul Ganapathy ◽

Wan Faizatul Azirah Ismayatim

Keyword(s):

Mobile Application ◽

Listening Comprehension ◽

Teaching And Learning ◽

Positive Response ◽

Mobile Apps ◽

Listening Skills ◽

Current Technology ◽

The Future ◽

Level Of Understanding ◽

Almost All

Listening skills should be given more attention as listening takes precedence over anything else when it comes to acquiring a language (Putriani, Sukirlan & Supriyadi, 2013). Even with the booming of various technology to facilitate teaching and learning of listening skills in class, the assessment conducted to identify students’ level of understanding of certain topic is still not up-to-date and not parallel with the advancement of technology. The current studies show that the use of mobile apps for listening purpose is proven to be effective in reducing students’ anxiety (Rahimi & Soleymani, 2015), sustaining students’ motivation (Read & Kukulska-Hulme, 2015), and improving students’ linguistic competencies (Ramos & Valderruten, 2017). This study is aimed to test the effectiveness of mobile application in assessing students’ listening skills. Diploma students from various faculties in UiTM Shah Alam were randomly chosen to answer listening comprehension questions via the prototype developed, named Pocket E-Li. The results demonstrate that the majority of the students provided positive response towards the implementation of mobile application for listening assessment. Almost all respondents agreed that listening assessment should be conducted via mobile application in the future. It can be concluded that listening assessment via mobile application is beneficial to students since it meets the students’ demands and needs which is equivalent with the use of current technology.

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Health facility capacity to provide postabortion care in Afghanistan: a cross-sectional study

Reproductive Health ◽

10.1186/s12978-021-01204-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Farzana Maruf ◽

Hannah Tappis ◽

Enriquito Lu ◽

Ghutai Sadeq Yaqubi ◽

Jelle Stekelenburg ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Family Planning ◽

High Volume ◽

Health Facilities ◽

Public Health Facilities ◽

Care Services ◽

Vacuum Aspiration ◽

Postabortion Care ◽

Products Of Conception ◽

Family Planning Counseling

Abstract Background Afghanistan has one of the highest burdens of maternal mortality in the world, estimated at 638 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2017. Infections, obstetric hemorrhage, and unsafe abortion are the three leading causes of maternal death. Contraceptive prevalence rate has fluctuated between 10 and 20% since 2006. The 2016 Afghanistan National Maternal and Newborn Health Quality of Care Assessment evaluated facility readiness to provide quality routine and emergency obstetric and newborn care, including postabortion care services. Methods Accessible public health facilities with at least five births per day (n = 77), a nationally representative sample of public health facilities with fewer than five births per day (n = 149), and 20 purposively selected private health facilities were assessed. Assessment components examining postabortion care included a facility inventory and record review tool to verify drug, supply, equipment, and facility record availability, and an interview tool to collect information on skilled birth attendants’ knowledge and perceptions. Results Most facilities had supplies, equipment, and drugs to manage postabortion care, including family planning counseling and services provision. At public facilities, 36% of skilled birth attendants asked to name essential actions to address abortion complications mentioned manual vacuum aspiration (23% at private facilities); fewer than one-quarter mentioned counseling. When asked what information should be given to postabortion clients, 73% described family planning counseling need (70% at private facilities). Nearly all high-volume public health facilities with an average of five or more births per day and less than 5% of low volume public health facilities with an average of 0–4 deliveries per day reported removal of retained products of conception in the past 3 months. Among the 77 high volume facilities assessed, 58 (75%) reported using misoprostol for removal of retained products of conception, 59 (77%) reported using manual vacuum aspiration, and 67 (87%) reported using dilation and curettage. Conclusions This study provides evidence that there is room for improvement in postabortion care services provision in Afghanistan health facilities including post abortion family planning. Access to high-quality postabortion care needs additional investments to improve providers’ knowledge and practice, availability of supplies and equipment.

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Ethics as a Service: A Pragmatic Operationalisation of AI Ethics

Minds and Machines ◽

10.1007/s11023-021-09563-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jessica Morley ◽

Anat Elhalal ◽

Francesca Garcia ◽

Libby Kinsey ◽

Jakob Mökander ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Ethical Issues ◽

Ethics Codes ◽

Practical Design ◽

Ethical Design ◽

Ai Ethics ◽

Algorithmic Design ◽

Almost All ◽

Technical Guidance ◽

Tools And Methods

AbstractAs the range of potential uses for Artificial Intelligence (AI), in particular machine learning (ML), has increased, so has awareness of the associated ethical issues. This increased awareness has led to the realisation that existing legislation and regulation provides insufficient protection to individuals, groups, society, and the environment from AI harms. In response to this realisation, there has been a proliferation of principle-based ethics codes, guidelines and frameworks. However, it has become increasingly clear that a significant gap exists between the theory of AI ethics principles and the practical design of AI systems. In previous work, we analysed whether it is possible to close this gap between the ‘what’ and the ‘how’ of AI ethics through the use of tools and methods designed to help AI developers, engineers, and designers translate principles into practice. We concluded that this method of closure is currently ineffective as almost all existing translational tools and methods are either too flexible (and thus vulnerable to ethics washing) or too strict (unresponsive to context). This raised the question: if, even with technical guidance, AI ethics is challenging to embed in the process of algorithmic design, is the entire pro-ethical design endeavour rendered futile? And, if no, then how can AI ethics be made useful for AI practitioners? This is the question we seek to address here by exploring why principles and technical translational tools are still needed even if they are limited, and how these limitations can be potentially overcome by providing theoretical grounding of a concept that has been termed ‘Ethics as a Service.’

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A Polar Low Pair over the Norwegian Sea

Monthly Weather Review ◽

10.1175/2009mwr2864.1 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 137 (8) ◽

pp. 2559-2575 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Burghard Brümmer ◽

Gerd Müller ◽

Gunnar Noer

Keyword(s):

Heat Budget ◽

Cloud Layer ◽

Sea Surface ◽

Cloud Base ◽

Aircraft Measurements ◽

Polar Lows ◽

The North ◽

Polar Low ◽

Upper Level Jet ◽

Almost All

Abstract During the Lofotes cyclone experiment (LOFZY 2005), two polar lows developed one behind the other inside a cold-air outbreak from the north in the lee of Spitsbergen on 7 March 2005. Buoys, ship, and aircraft measurements as well as satellite imagery are applied to analyze the polar low bulk properties, the horizontal and vertical structure, and the mass, moisture, and heat budget. The lifetime of the system until landfall at northern Norway was 12 h. The generation occurred under the left exit region of an upper-level jet with 70 m s−1. Both polar lows had a radius of 100–130 km and extended to a height of about 2.5 km. The propagation speeds were within 14–17 m s−1 and correspond to the vertically averaged wind velocity of the lowest 2.5 km. In the polar low centers the pressure was about 2–3 hPa lower and the air was 1–2 K warmer and drier than in the surroundings. Aircraft measurements in the second of the two polar lows show an embedded frontlike precipitation band north of the center. Here, the highest low-level winds with 25 m s−1 and the largest fluxes of sensible and latent heat with 290 and 520 W m−2, respectively, were measured (areal averages amounted to 115 and 190 W m−2). Aircraft data show mass convergence in the subcloud layer (0–900 m) and divergence in the cloud layer (900–2500 m). Moisture supply by evaporation from the sea surface was about twice as large as that by convergence in the subcloud layer. The condensation rate in the cloud layer nearly equaled the rate of evaporation at the sea surface. Almost all condensed cloud water was converted to precipitation water. Only half of the precipitation at the cloud base reached the sea surface.

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