Distiller’s dried grain with solubles (Zea mays L) in the diet of sheep reared in the tropical region of Brazil: ingestive behavior and physiological parameters

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of inclusion of different levels of distiller’s dried grain with solubles (DDGS) in the diet of sheep raised in the tropical region of Brazil on ingestive behavior and physiological parameters. We used four sheep with mean body weight (BW) of 25 ± 2 kg, distributed in a Latin square design, with four periods, and four DDGS inclusion levels (0, 8, 16, and 24%). The sheep were placed in metabolism cages, and received two meals per day. The data on ingestive behavior and physiological parameters of the sheep were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the observed differences were tested using regression equations at 5% probability. The inclusion of DDGS levels in sheep diets did not change the time spent on ingestive behavior, such as dry matter intake (DMI), rumination (RUM), resting (RES), water intake (WAI), and other activities (OAC) expressed in minutes. However, during the night period, there was an increase (p < 0.05) in the time spent ruminating in relation to the daytime period. However, there was a reduction (p < 0.05) in the time spent on the activities of RES and WAI of the sheep. The inclusion of DDGS in sheep rations did not change (p > 0.05) the physiological parameters measured. However, we found that the afternoon period influenced (p < 0.05) the physiological parameters evaluated, such as body temperature of the front (BTF), body temperature of the rear (BTR), rectal temperature (RET), and respiratory frequency (REF), which were higher in relation to the values observed in the morning. Thus, we conclude that the inclusion of up to 24% of dried distillery grains with solubles in the feeding of sheep in the tropical region of Brazil does not alter the ingestive behavior and physiological parameters of sheep. However, sheep raised in confinement in the tropical region of Brazil spent more time ruminating at night. During the day, sheep spent more time on resting activities and water intake. In addition, sheep raised in a tropical environment need to be monitored for thermal stress during the afternoon, due to the increase in rectal temperature and respiratory frequency. In addition, sheep raised in a tropical environment require greater monitoring of thermal stress during the afternoon, due to the elevation of physiological parameters such as rectal temperature and respiratory frequency in this period.

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Studies on the adaptability of three breeds of sheep to a tropical environment modified by altitude IV. Role of the fleece in thermoregulation in German Merino ewes

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s0021859600023170 ◽

1960 ◽

Vol 55 (3) ◽

pp. 311-315

Author(s):

R. B. Symington

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stress ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Respiratory Rate ◽

Skin Temperature ◽

Rectal Temperature ◽

High Heat ◽

Diurnal Fluctuation ◽

Body Temperature Regulation ◽

Southern Rhodesia

The influence of fleece on thermoregulation in German Merino ewes was investigated in Rhodesia. Comparative heat tolerances of Persian Blackhead, indigenous Native and shorn and unshorn Merino ewes were obtained during the hottest month of the year in Northern Rhodesia. The main thermolytic responses in unshorn, partially shorn and completely shorn Merino ewes were measured at 7.0 a.m.; 10.0 a.m.; 1.0 p.m. and 4.0 p.m. during April in Southern Rhodesia.1. Unshorn Merino ewes showed more and shorn Merino ewes less effective body temperature regulation than Persian or Native ewes. High heat tolerance in unshorn Merinos was due primarily to insulation by the fleece and not to more efficient physiological thermolysis than in hair breeds. No ewe showed signs of undue thermal stress and feed intake was not affected by heat.2. Increases in rectal temperature and respiratory rate between 7.0 a.m. and 1.0 p.m. of Merinos in Southern Rhodesia were related inversely to fleece length. Body temperature did not differ significantly at 1.0 p.m. owing to differential rates of increase in respiratory rate.3. Magnitude of the diurnal fluctuation in skin temperature was also related inversely to fleece length. Partially shorn ewes, however, began with and maintained highest skin temperature through the heat of the day. In all groups skin temperature fell after 10.0 a.m. although ambient temperature continued to rise. This fall could not be attributed to sweating since moisture secretion declined simultaneously.

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Influence of water temperature on oxygen uptake by swimming rats

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1964.19.6.1215 ◽

1964 ◽

Vol 19 (6) ◽

pp. 1215-1218 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Mary Ann Baker ◽

Steven M. Horvath

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stress ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Oxygen Uptake ◽

Rectal Temperature ◽

Hot Water ◽

Swimming Time ◽

Cold Environments ◽

Influence Of Water ◽

The Mean ◽

Neutral Water

Oxygen uptake and rectal temperature of ten rats forced to swim to exhaustion or for 45 min in cold, hot, and thermoneutral water were measured during swimming. In 20 C water rats swam for 12.6 min and had a final rectal temperature of 26.9 C. In 42 C water the mean swimming time was 14.1 min and the final rectal temperature was 42.6 C. All rats swam for 45 min in water of 37 C, and the final rectal temperature was not different from the preswim temperature. Oxygen uptake during swimming in 37 C water rose and stabilized at a rate of about three times basal in a pattern suggesting that the swimming work was moderate. Animals swimming in cold and hot water were exhausted before their oxygen uptakes stabilized, but the increasing oxygen uptakes during the early parts of these swims were similar to that in neutral water. It appeared that while the metabolic rate was adjusted to the level of work and was not greatly affected by severe changes in body temperature, alterations in body temperature profoundly influenced the duration of work in the hot or cold environments. exercise and thermal stress; exercise metabolism Submitted on March 23, 1964

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Antiemetic effect of oral maropitant treatment before the administration of brimonidine ophthalmic solution in healthy cats

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1177/1098612x19862687 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 557-563

Author(s):

Teppei Kanda ◽

Chisato Toda ◽

Haruka Morimoto ◽

Yuki Shimizu ◽

Takamasa Itoi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Rectal Temperature ◽

Ophthalmic Solution ◽

Physiological Parameters ◽

Respiratory Frequency ◽

Mean Blood Pressure ◽

Control Group ◽

Antiemetic Effect ◽

Sedative Effects

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the antiemetic, behavioural and physiological effects of oral maropitant treatment before the administration of brimonidine ophthalmic solution in healthy cats. Methods Five cats received oral maropitant 8 mg or no treatment (control) 18 h before the administration of one drop of brimonidine solution in both eyes. Each cat was administered each of the two treatments, with a washout period of 1 week. The incidence of emesis, retching, sialorrhoea and lip-licking after brimonidine administration was recorded, while behavioural and physiological parameters, including heart rate, mean blood pressure, respiratory frequency and rectal temperature, were recorded before and 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180 and 240 mins after brimonidine administration. Results Emesis and retching were not observed when maropitant was administered. However, 4/5 cats exhibited vomiting and retching in the absence of maropitant pretreatment. The incidence of emesis and retching after brimonidine administration was significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group. Sialorrhoea occurred in one cat in the control group, while all cats showed lip-licking after brimonidine administration. There were no significant differences in the incidence of sialorrhoea and lip-licking between the two groups. Although behaviour scores were comparable between the two groups, those obtained during heart rate, mean blood pressure and respiratory frequency measurements were significantly lower than the baseline scores; this indicated a sedative effect after brimonidine administration. The heart rate and mean blood pressure significantly decreased after brimonidine administration in both groups, while there were no intergroup differences in the heart rate, mean blood pressure, respiratory frequency and rectal temperature. Conclusions and relevance Oral maropitant treatment before the administration of brimonidine ophthalmic solution in cats can alleviate emesis and retching without affecting the sedative effects of brimonidine and important physiological parameters.

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Effect of conditioning on exercise-induced hyperthermia and post-exercise cooling in dogs

Comparative Exercise Physiology ◽

10.3920/cep170039 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 91-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J.A. Baker ◽

M.S. Davis

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stress ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Prospective Study ◽

Oxygen Concentration ◽

Rectal Temperature ◽

Post Exercise ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Hypoxic Conditions ◽

Sled Dogs ◽

Exercise Induced

Our objective was to evaluate the effect of conditioning and hypoxia on rectal and gastrointestinal temperature changes in dogs exercising at cold ambient temperature. Six Alaskan Husky sled dogs, each in a physically conditioned and unconditioned state, were used in the prospective study. Dogs in peak physical condition were run untethered on a treadmill under normoxic and hypoxic conditions of 20 and 12.5% environmental oxygen concentration, respectively, on separate days. After undergoing a deconditioning period of four months, the same dogs were run again under the same environmental conditions of 20 and 12.5% O2. Body temperature measurements were obtained via digital rectal thermometer and ingestible gastrointestinal thermistor at baseline, every 5 min for 30 min of exercise, and for 15 min following cessation of exercise. Under hypoxic conditions, peak gastrointestinal temperature was lower in conditioned vs unconditioned dogs. Gastrointestinal cooling was faster in conditioned dogs under normoxic conditions only. There was no difference in the peak rectal temperature, or rate of rectal temperature cooling in either normoxic or hypoxic conditions. 3 of 6 (50%) of the conditioned dogs reached a plateau temperature after approximately 20 to 25 min. This was observed less frequently when the dogs were unconditioned. Gastrointestinal and rectal temperatures reacted differently to exercise depending on conditioning or environmental oxygen concentration and this suggests that they cannot be used interchangeably to assess body temperature. Under these conditions, conditioning had no effect on rectal temperature. Presence of a plateau effect of rectal or gastrointestinal temperature may demonstrate a thermoregulatory balance of heat production and heat loss and may be a helpful measure in assessing individual dogs’ level of conditioning with regard to resistance to thermal stress.

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Effects of thermal environment and supplementation levels on the physiological parameters of moxotó goats in confined and semi-confined rising systems

Engenharia Agrícola ◽

10.1590/s0100-69162008000300001 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 396-405 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Dermeval A. Furtado ◽

Carlos A. V. Gomes ◽

Ariosvaldo N. Medeiros ◽

Edgard C. Pimenta Filho ◽

Valdi L. Júnior

Keyword(s):

Rectal Temperature ◽

Thermal Environment ◽

Physiological Parameters ◽

The Body ◽

Respiratory Frequency ◽

Thermal Discomfort ◽

Normal Limits ◽

Semi Arid Region ◽

Comfort Parameters ◽

Different Levels

The objective of this work was to determine the effect of environmental variables and supplementation levels on physiological parameters of Moxotó goats in confined and semi-confined rising systems, in the Brazilian semi-arid region. The semi-confined individuals were kept on a grass based diet during the day and arrested in the end of the afternoon. The confined animals were kept in a management center, receiving two diets composed by forage cactus and maniçoba hay into two different levels (0.5 and 1.5% of the body weight). Inside the management center and in the external environment the environmental comfort parameters were set high during the afternoon period characterizing a situation of thermal discomfort for the animals. During the morning the semi-confined animals presented an average respiratory frequency (69.5 mov min-1) and rectal temperature (39.5 ºC) higher than the confined ones (62.6 mov min-1 and 39.0 ºC, respectively). The confined and semi-confined animals were able to maintain their rectal temperature within normal limits, with increase in the cardiac beatings rate and respiratory frequency. The greater percentage of the used supplementations (1.5%) seemed to increase rectal temperature in the two studied rising systems.

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ADAPTATION OF WHITE MICE (MUS MUSCULUS) TO REPEATED COOLING

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z67-044 ◽

1967 ◽

Vol 45 (3) ◽

pp. 321-327 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

David M. Ogilvie

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Rectal Temperature ◽

Cold Exposure ◽

Mus Musculus ◽

Room Temperature ◽

The Body ◽

Progressive Decrease

The effects, on the body temperature of white mice, of repeated short exposures to cold were investigated using two methods of restraint. Animals held in a flattened posture became hypothermic at room temperature, cooled more than five times as fast at −10 °C as mice that could adopt a heat-conserving posture, and continued to cool for some time after they were removed from the cold. With repeated tests, cooling at room temperature decreased, and an improvement in re warming ability was observed. In addition, with lightly restrained mice, the fall in rectal temperature during cold exposure showed a progressive decrease, a phenomenon not observed with severely restrained animals.

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Human thermoregulatory responses during serial cold-water immersions

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1998.85.1.204 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 85 (1) ◽

pp. 204-209 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

John W. Castellani ◽

Andrew J. Young ◽

Michael N. Sawka ◽

Kent B. Pandolf

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Rectal Temperature ◽

Heat Production ◽

Alternative Explanation ◽

Cold Water ◽

Metabolic Heat Production ◽

Normal Body Temperature ◽

Repeat Trial ◽

Metabolic Heat ◽

Made In

This study examined whether serial cold-water immersions over a 10-h period would lead to fatigue of shivering and vasoconstriction. Eight men were immersed (2 h) in 20°C water three times (0700, 1100, and 1500) in 1 day (Repeat). This trial was compared with single immersions (Control) conducted at the same times of day. Before Repeat exposures at 1100 and 1500, rewarming was employed to standardize initial rectal temperature. The following observations were made in the Repeat relative to the Control trial: 1) rectal temperature was lower and heat debt was higher ( P < 0.05) at 1100; 2) metabolic heat production was lower ( P < 0.05) at 1100 and 1500; 3) subjects perceived the Repeat trial as warmer at 1100. These data suggest that repeated cold exposures may impair the ability to maintain normal body temperature because of a blunting of metabolic heat production, perhaps reflecting a fatigue mechanism. An alternative explanation is that shivering habituation develops rapidly during serially repeated cold exposures.

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On the Regulation of the Respiration in Reptiles

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.38.2.301 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 301-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

BODIL NIELSEN

Keyword(s):

Steady State ◽

Body Temperature ◽

Metabolic Rate ◽

Temperature Interval ◽

Normal Values ◽

Pulmonary Ventilation ◽

The Body ◽

Respiratory Frequency ◽

Temperature Changes ◽

Instantaneous Increase

1. In two species of Lacerta (L. viridis and L. sicula) the effects on respiration of body temperature (changes in metabolic rate) and of CO2 added to the inspired air were studied. 2. Pulmonary ventilation increases when body temperature increases. The increase is brought about by an increase in respiratory frequency. No relationship is found between respiratory depth and temperature. 3. The rise in ventilation is provoked by the needs of metabolism and is not established for temperature regulating purposes (in the temperature interval 10°-35°C). 4. The ventilation per litre O2 consumed has a high numerical value (about 75, compared to about 20 in man). It varies with the body temperature and demonstrates that the inspired air is better utilized at the higher temperatures. 5. Pulmonary ventilation increases with increasing CO2 percentages in the inspired air between o and 3%. At further increases in the CO2 percentage (3-13.5%) it decreases again. 6. At each CO2 percentage the pulmonary ventilation reaches a steady state after some time (10-60 min.) and is then unchanged over prolonged periods (1 hr.). 7. The respiratory frequency in the steady state decreases with increasing CO2 percentages. The respiratory depth in the steady state increases with increasing CO2 percentages. This effect of CO2 breathing is not influenced by a change in body temperature from 20° to 30°C. 8. Respiration is periodically inhibited by CO2 percentages above 4%. This inhibition, causing a Cheyne-Stokes-like respiration, ceases after a certain time, proportional to the CO2 percentage (1 hr. at 8-13% CO2), and respiration becomes regular (steady state). Shift to room air breathing causes an instantaneous increase in frequency to well above the normal value followed by a gradual decrease to normal values. 9. The nature of the CO2 effect on respiratory frequency and respiratory depth is discussed, considering both chemoreceptor and humoral mechanisms.

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Comparison of pre-emptive butorphanol or metamizole with ketamine +medetomidine and s-ketamine + medetomidine anaesthesia in improving intraoperative analgesia in mice

Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1177/0023677218815208 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (5) ◽

pp. 459-469

Author(s):

C Bauer ◽

U Schillinger ◽

J Brandl ◽

A Meyer-Lindenberg ◽

A Ott ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Pulse Oximetry ◽

Respiratory Frequency ◽

Painful Stimulus ◽

Male Mice ◽

Controlled Ventilation ◽

Withdrawal Reaction ◽

Potential Improvement ◽

Frequency Pulse

In accordance with the ‘refinement’ component of the 3Rs, the primary aim of this study was to investigate and compare ketamine + medetomidine (KM) and s-ketamine + medetomidine (SKM) anaesthetic protocols in C57BL/6J mice (both sexes). We sought to determine whether s-ketamine could provide adequate surgical tolerance at a 50% dose relative to that of ketamine racemate and whether antagonism of medetomidine could be initiated 15 min earlier. The second aim was to investigate the potential improvement in analgesia for both anaesthetic protocols by adding butorphanol or metamizole. Analgesia was tested via the pedal withdrawal reaction (PWR) to a painful stimulus. During anaesthesia, respiratory frequency, pulse oximetry, body temperature and PWR were monitored. Among the 16 mice in each group, the PWR was lost in all the KM + metamizole (35:56 ± 6:07 min), KM + butorphanol (43:45 ± 2:14 min) and SKM + butorphanol (24:03 ± 5:50 min) mice, 15 of the non-premedicated KM (37:00 ± 8:11 min) mice, and 9 of the pure SKM (20:00 ± 4:19 min) mice; the latter group increased to 11 mice (17:16 ± 5:10 min) with premedication of metamizole. In contrast to the racemic combination, s-ketamine at the dose used here did not lead to sufficient loss of the PWR. However, earlier partial antagonism of SKM resulted in a slightly shorter and qualitatively better recovery than later partial antagonism of SKM. The addition of metamizole or butorphanol to KM or SKM anaesthesia positively influences the analgesic quality. However, when butorphanol is added, controlled ventilation may be necessary, especially for male mice.

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Microstructure of Ingestive Behavior in Mus Musculus

10.1101/529198 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Giorgio Onnis ◽

Ethel Layco-Bader ◽

Laurence Tecott

Keyword(s):

Water Intake ◽

Ingestive Behavior ◽

Drinking Patterns ◽

Behavioral Regulation ◽

Fine Grained ◽

Behavioral Organization ◽

Volume Balance ◽

Hierarchical Levels ◽

Food And Water Intake ◽

Locomotor Behaviors

ABSTRACTWe describe a novel quantitative home cage monitoring (HCM) approach for dissecting spontaneous patterns of ingestive and locomotor behaviors into a hierarchically organized series of behavioral facets or endophenotypes. Fine-grained analyses of a large multimodal 16-strain behavioral dataset collected from 169 mice revealed bouts of feeding, drinking and locomotor behaviors occurring within animals’ Active States. We have automated the detection of these bouts and their discrete properties including bout sizes, rates, durations, and intensities. We have developed a hierarchically organized model of behavioral organization enabling analysis of relationships among Active/Inactive State properties and those of feeding, drinking and locomotor bouts. Robust and analogous patterns of interrelationships among these endophenotypes were found for feeding, drinking behaviors, and these differed markedly from those for locomotor behaviors. For feeding and drinking, patterns of reciprocal relationships were observed for pairs of endophenotypes at multiple hierarchical levels. Moreover, endophenotype variability was highest at lowest hierarchical levels progressively diminished at higher levels, so that variability of gross levels of food and water intake were much less than those of their lower level determinants. By contrast, interrelationships among locomotor endophenotypes differed markedly from those of ingestive behavior. Altogether, these findings raise the possibility that behavioral regulation of food and water intake may make an important contribution to the homeostatic maintenance of energy and volume balance.

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