Decomposition of straw resulting from different strategies of recovery of degraded pastures using an integrated crop-livestock system

Several strategies have been used to improve soil fertility using integrated crop-livestock (ICL) systems, and the harvest of the accompanying crop used for silage may have several benefits to the soil depending on the quantity and quality of the remaining litter, providing dry matter (DM) for no-tillage systems and nutrient mineralization for the subsequent crop. The objective of this study is to evaluate the rate of decomposition of macro- and micronutrients of the DM of litter produced in ICL systems at different harvest heights in one year. The study was developed at the Experimental Farm of UNESP in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, in the dry season. The study included five replications in plots of 200 m2 and was arranged in a completely randomized block design. The following treatments were analyzed: control sample-degraded pasture of signal grass; Marandu grass-pasture renewal from signal grass to Marandu grass; succession 45-planting of sorghum (forage sorghum cv. Volumax) and crop harvest at the height of 45 cm for silage followed by planting of Marandu grass; simultaneous seeding of Marandu grass and sorghum, and crop harvesting for silage at the height of 15 cm (Marandu + sorghum 15) and 45 cm (Marandu + sorghum 45) from the soil surface. After crop harvesting, proportional amounts of green mass remaining from each unit were collected, transferred to nylon bags, and placed in direct contact with the soil of the respective experimental unit. Each bag was opened every 30 days after closure for up to 270 days. In each bag, the DM, and macro- and micronutrients were analyzed, and the percentage of remaining material, daily decomposition rate, and half-life were calculated. The litter of the Marandu + sorghum 45 treatment contained the highest DM, decomposition rate, and nutrient content. The crop succession provided the best condition of the litter, with the highest DM on the soil surface, which improved soil conditions and made the soil less susceptible to degradation.

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Macroelements and Microelements in the Soil and Their Relationship with the Content of Steviol Glucosides in Stevia rebaudiana Bert from Five Regions of Colombia

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae7120547 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (12) ◽

pp. 547

Author(s):

Enrique Combatt Caballero ◽

Jaime Hernández Burgos ◽

Alfredo Jarma-Orozco ◽

Juan Jaraba Navas ◽

Luis Rodríguez Páez

Keyword(s):

Negative Correlation ◽

Block Design ◽

Stevia Rebaudiana ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Steviol Glycosides ◽

Rebaudioside A ◽

Leaf Production ◽

Positive Correlation ◽

Leaf Yield

This study was conducted to determine the effect of edaphic environmental conditions in the concentration of principal steviol glycosides and Stevia rebaudiana Bert yield, utilizing leaves from five Colombian regions. The structure of the experiment was a randomized complete block design with two treatments in a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement (5 locations × 2 radiation levels). In each experimental unit (UE), five healthy plants of similar physiological growth age were selected for the extraction of total glycosides (GT), stevioside (Stv), rebaudioside A (Rb-A),and leaf yield. Results were analyzed with the SAS statistical package (version 9.1). Concentrations of total glycosides and rebaudioside A showed a positive effect with the increase of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and copper (Cu). Therefore, they are important in the available phase of the soil to obtain an increase in these glycosides. Meanwhile, boron (B) presented a negative correlation under these conditions. For the production of stevioside, N, Mg, manganese (Mn) had a positive correlation, and calcium (Ca) and sodium (Na) had a negative correlation. Similarly, for leaf yields by locality, it was found that N, Ca, Mg, and B have a positive correlation with leaf production, while Mg, Mn, and iron (Fe) negatively correlate with biomass gain.The cultivation of stevia can be established in different soil conditions, precipitation and solar radiation in Colombia. Therefore, it is necessary to advance fertilization plans with these nutrients, considering the response of these metabolites to their application.

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Organik ve Konvansiyonel Üzüm Yetiştiriciliği Yöntemlerinin Asmadaki Bitki Besin Maddesi İçeriklerine Etkisi

Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology ◽

10.24925/turjaf.v6i4.464-470.1777 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 464

Author(s):

Fadime Ateş ◽

Bülent Yağmur ◽

Çiğdem Takma

Keyword(s):

Leaf Blade ◽

Block Design ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Production Method ◽

Mineral Elements ◽

Organic Production ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Grape Variety ◽

Production Methods ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design

The research was established in 15 years old Sultana vineyard under irrigable soil conditions in Alaşehir-Yeşilyurt Viticulture Research Institute during organic production phase from 2006 to 2007. This study was conducted to find out the effects of organic and conventional of mineral elements (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn) of lamina and petiole leaf at Alaşehir, Manisa, which is of a potential important in the production of Sultani Çekirdeksiz grape variety. In the experiment which was carried out in the randomized complete block design with three replications, organic and conventional grape growing were performed. As a result of the research, comparing the conventional and organic grape production methods in terms of the nutrient content of Sultani Çekirdeksiz grape variety, it was determined that the nutrient content in leaf blade and petiole of grapevine in the organic production method has higher values than the conventional method.

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IBA EFFICIENCY ON MINI-CUTTING ROOTING FROM TEAK (Tectona grandis Linn F.) CLONES

Revista Árvore ◽

10.1590/0100-67622016000300011 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

pp. 477-485

Author(s):

Yorleny Badilla ◽

Aloisio Xavier ◽

Olman Murillo ◽

Haroldo Nogueira de Paiva

Keyword(s):

Root Biomass ◽

Block Design ◽

Sun Exposure ◽

Tectona Grandis ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Genotypic Effect ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Collar Diameter ◽

Very High

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate IBA efficiency in mini-cuttings rooting based on four Tectona grandis clones. Vegetative samples were collected in a hydroponic mini-clonal hedge in Verde Novo reforestation company at Colider, Mato Grosso. A factorial arrangement (4 x 6) was utilized, based on Carapá, Ipê, GU5 and TB7 clones vs six IBA dosages (0, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 and 16000 mg L-1), in a randomized block design based on three repetitions and 16 mini-cuttings per experimental unit. Cutting evaluations were based on survival and rooting rates after greenhouse conditions, after shadow-house, and at sun exposure, besides, total height, collar diameter, aerial and root biomass were also analyzed. Results registered a 95,4% average survivance rate as well as a 91,8% rooting rate, considered as very high for this tree species. IBA dosages utilization did not produce a significative effect on rooting mini-cuttings from these investigated clones. However, there were different responses among clones, which suggests a genotypic effect.

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Forage mass, chemical composition and leaf chlorophyll index of signal grass and organic matter in soil under increasing levels of nitrogen

Semina Ciências Agrárias ◽

10.5433/1679-0359.2016v37n3p1505 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 1505 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Igor Alexandre de Souza ◽

Karina Guimarães Ribeiro ◽

Wellington Willian Rocha ◽

Saulo Alberto do Carmo Araújo ◽

Odilon Gomes Pereira ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

Chemical Composition ◽

Plant Height ◽

Block Design ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Nitrogen Levels ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Split Plot ◽

Chlorophyll Index ◽

Signal Grass

This study evaluated the forage mass, plant height, chemical composition and chlorophyll index of signal grass (Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk), as well as the content of organic matter (OM) in soil under increasing levels of nitrogen. The experiment was conducted in the Rio Manso Farm, experimental unit of the Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys - UFVJM in the municipality of Couto de Magalhães de Minas, state of Minas Gerais. For plant evaluation, we use a split plot randomized block design with four replications. Nitrogen levels (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 kg ha-1 N) were assigned to plots and the cuts made in plants, to subplots. For the assessment of soil organic matter, we used a split-split-plot, with nitrogen levels (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1 by cut) in the plots, collection depth (0-10 and 10-20 cm) in the subplots and three sampling times (before the onset of the experiment, at the end of the 1st crop year and at the end of the 2nd crop year) in sub-subplots in a randomized block design with four replications. It can be concluded that nitrogen fertilization linearly increases forage mass, plant height and crude protein content of signal grass, which are positively correlated with chlorophyll index. At the end of two agricultural years, the content of organic matter in the soil decreases, which can be attributed to management of cutting and removal of the cut material.

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GENETIC PARAMETERS OF Eucalyptus spp. CLONES IN NORTHEASTERN BRAZIL

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v50i2.62524 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 50 (2) ◽

pp. 1267 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rodrigo Andrade Furlan ◽

Evandro Vagner Tambarussi ◽

Cristiano Bueno Moraes

Keyword(s):

Drought Tolerance ◽

Genetic Parameters ◽

Growth Traits ◽

Block Design ◽

Northeastern Brazil ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Environment Interaction ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Genotype X Environment ◽

Randomized Complete Block Design

Brazil is the largest charcoal producers in the world, with the main centers of charcoal consumption located in the states of Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Espírito Santo, Maranhão, and Pará. Planting of Eucalyptus in the northern and northeastern states of Brazil is relatively new and is limited the lack of genetic materials adapted to the region’s high temperatures and severe, prolonged periods of drought. The objective of this study was to assess the genetic parameters and variability and determine the genotype x environment interaction for drought tolerance in Eucalyptus clonal tests established in two environments in the municipality of Grajaú, Maranhão State, Brazil. The tests were planted in January 2011 in clayey and sandy soils in a randomized complete block design with 130 clones, one plant per plot, and 20 replicates. The studied clones showed high genetic variability for drought tolerance, with coefficients of relative variance () consistently greater than 0.8 for DBH and volume. This indicates high levels of genetic control and less influence of environmental factors on the phenotype, which allows for selection and obtaining gains through breeding. Heritability estimates were high for growth traits, with average clone heritabilities () greater than 0.85, as well as acuracies () above 0.9 for DBH and volume in clone selection. There was a simple interaction between genotype x environment for the clones under the two different soil conditions.

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Straw decomposition of nitrogen-fertilized grasses intercropped with irrigated maize in an integrated crop-livestock system

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo ◽

10.1590/s0100-06832011000600019 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 35 (6) ◽

pp. 2029-2037 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Cristiano Magalhães Pariz ◽

Marcelo Andreotti ◽

Salatiér Buzetti ◽

Antonio Fernando Bergamaschine ◽

Nelson de Araújo Ulian ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High Temperatures ◽

Block Design ◽

Soil Surface ◽

N Fertilization ◽

Panicum Maximum ◽

Straw Decomposition ◽

Total N ◽

Mato Grosso ◽

Litter Bag ◽

Livestock System

The greatest limitation to the sustainability of no-till systems in Cerrado environments is the low quantity and rapid decomposition of straw left on the soil surface between fall and spring, due to water deficit and high temperatures. In the 2008/2009 growing season, in an area under center pivot irrigation in Selvíria, State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, this study evaluated the lignin/total N ratio of grass dry matter , and N, P and K deposition on the soil surface and decomposition of straw of Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia, P. maximum cv. Mombaça, Brachiaria. brizantha cv. Marandu and B. ruziziensis, and the influence of N fertilization in winter/spring grown intercropped with maize, on a dystroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol). The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design in split-plots; the plots were represented by eight maize intercropping systems with grasses (sown together with maize or at the time of N side dressing). Subplots consisted of N rates (0, 200, 400 and 800 kg ha-1 year-1) sidedressed as urea (rates split in four applications at harvests in winter/spring), as well as evaluation of the straw decomposition time by the litter bag method (15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 days after straw chopping). Nitrogen fertilization in winter/spring of P. maximum cv. Tanzânia, P. maximum cv. Mombaça, B. brizantha cv. Marandu and B. ruziziensis after intercropping with irrigated maize in an integrated crop-livestock system under no-tillage proved to be a technically feasible alternative to increase the input of straw and N, P and K left on the soil surface, required for the sustainability of the system, since the low lignin/N ratio of straw combined with high temperatures accelerated straw decomposition, reaching approximately 30 % of the initial amount, 90 days after straw chopping.

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PERDA DE MASSA DE MILHO NA PRODUÇÃO DO FEIJOEIRO IRRIGADO EM SISTEMA PLANTIO DIRETO

Irriga ◽

10.15809/irriga.2019v24n3p400-511 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (3) ◽

pp. 400-511

Author(s):

Douglas Roberto Bizari ◽

RHUANITO SORANZ FERRAREZI ◽

FRANCISCA FRANCIANA SOUSA PEREIRA ◽

EDSON EIJI MATSURA

Keyword(s):

Soil Moisture ◽

Common Bean ◽

Decomposition Rate ◽

Block Design ◽

Soil Surface ◽

No Till ◽

Randomized Block Design ◽

Biomass Loss ◽

Corn Residue ◽

Loss Of Mass

PERDA DE MASSA DE MILHO NA PRODUÇÃO DO FEIJOEIRO IRRIGADO EM SISTEMA PLANTIO DIRETO DOUGLAS ROBERTO BIZARI1; RHUANITO SORANZ FERRAREZI2; FRANCISCA FRANCIANA SOUZA PEREIRA3 E EDSON EIJI MATSURA4 1Departamento de Recursos Naturais e Proteção Ambiental, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia Anhanguera, S/N, Zona Rural – CEP 13600-970, Araras-SP, Brasil, [email protected] 2 Departamento de Ciências Hortícolas, Universidade da Flórida, 2100 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, Flórida 34945, Estados Unidos da América, rhuanito.soranz@gmailcom Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Avenida Universitária, 3870, Altos do Paraíso - CEP 18610-307, Botucatu – SP, Brasil, [email protected] 4Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Av. Cândido Rondon, 501, Cidade Universitária – CEP 13083-875, Campinas - SP, Brasil, [email protected] 1 RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a perda de massa e a taxa de decomposição de milho como cobertura morta no solo na cultura do feijão irrigado por aspersão em sistema plantio direto. Resíduos de milho foram acondicionados em recipientes de nylon (0,35 × 0,25 m) e depositados na superfície do solo para avaliação da sua perda de massa aos 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 e 105 dias após sua instalação. O experimento foi conduzido em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. Testaram-se como tratamentos cinco quantidades de cobertura morta de milho (2, 4, 6, 8 e 12 Mg ha-1) e a testemunha sem cobertura, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. O tratamento com maior quantidade de cobertura morta de milho, apresentou a menor perda de massa no sistema plantio direto com feijão irrigado. A taxa de decomposição do milho é inversamente proporcional com o aumento da sua quantidade como cobertura morta no solo. Palavras-chave: taxa de decomposição, umidade do solo, irrigação por aspersão. BIZARI, D.R.; FERRAREZI, R.S.; PEREIRA, F. F. S.; MATSURA, E. E. BIOMASS LOSS OF CORN MULCHING UNDER NO-TILL SYSTEM FOR IRRIGATED COMMON BEAN PRODUCTION 2 ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate biomass loss and decomposition rate of corn as mulch on the soil surface. Corn residue was placed on nylon litterbags (0.35 × 0.25 m) and deposited onto the soil surface for evaluation of biomass loss at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105 days after installation. The experiment was conducted in an Oxisol. The treatments tested were five levels of corn mulching quantity (2, 4, 6, 8 and 12 Mg ha-1) and a control (no mulching addition), arranged on a complete randomized block design with three replications. The treatment with greater amount of corn mulch showed the lowest loss of mass in irrigated beans no-till system. The rate of decomposition of corn mulch is inversely proportional to the increase of its amount in the soil. Keywords: decomposition rate, soil moisture, sprinkle irrigation.

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Zinc Diffusion and Availability Affected by Different Sources in Soils of Contrasting Textures

Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.5539/jas.v11n5p259 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 259

Author(s):

Wedisson Oliveira Santos ◽

Priscila Maria de Aquino ◽

Rafael Lucas Coca Cuesta ◽

Isabela Maísa Honorato Saldanha ◽

Edson Marcio Mattiello ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Block Design ◽

Nutrient Release ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Petri Dish ◽

Field Capacity ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Constant Weight ◽

Zinc Diffusion ◽

Filter Papers

Trends in new fertilizer technologies should balance the nutrient release rate from fertilizers with plant demands over time, while developing suitable physical characteristics of the fertilizer’s particles. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of three zinc fertilizers [ZnO, ZnSO4, and a commercial co-granulated ZnO+S0 fertilizer (ES_Zn)] on Zn diffusion in soil and their agronomic performances. A Petri dish trial was carried out in order to evaluate the diffusion of Zn in the soil. The experiment was designed as a factorial scheme (3 + 1) × 2 × 3, with three Zn sources, one control treatment (without Zn application), two soils of contrasting textures (sandy and clay), and three incubation times (1, 30 and 60 d). The experiment was carried out under a completely randomized design with four replications. Zinc diffusion was assessed according to the method proposed by Degryse et al. (2015) along of incubation times. For that, a ZnSO4 solution or ZnO suspension was applied by pipetting 15 μL of solution or suspension into a small hole (~0.5-cm deep) in the center of the Petri dish. A single pastille of ES_Zn fertilizer (30±0.5 mg) was placed in the center of the Petri dish, at the same depth. Soil was watered to 80% of field capacity. Filter papers (Whatman) were impregnated with CaCO3 and placed on the soil surface. After 2 h of reaction, the CaCO3-impregnated filter papers were collected, and the precipitated Zn in the papers was colored with dithizone, giving a pink color. The performance of Zn sources was evaluated in a greenhouse through a successive maize-soybean-millet crop. The trial was designed as a 2 × (3 × 3 +1) factorial scheme, being two soils (sandy and clay), three Zn sources (ZnSO4, ZnO, and ES_Zn), three Zn doses (1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 mg dm-3 Zn), and a control treatment. The experiment was a randomized block design with four replications, being the experimental unit composed of a pot with 4 dm3 of soil. Pastille ES_Zn, ZnO (as suspension), and ZnSO4 (as solution) were applied at five equidistant points, at 5 cm below the soil surface. After 30, 60 and 60 days of planting, shoot of maize soybean and millet were harvest, oven-dried at 70 °C for 72 h (until constant weight), weighed and milled for chemical analysis. ES_Zn fertilizer promoted a delay Zn release in the soil, being effective as a fertilizer only in the last crop (millet), as well as ZnO. Zinc oxide and ZnSO4 had similar performances for increasing Zn availability in the inner soil portion, but its diffusion in soil was superior when the source was sulfate. The highly soluble ZnSO4 was more effective than ZnO-based fertilizers in terms of plant nutrition, especially for the two first crops. Our results also suggest that ZnO is solubilized in soil at high pH (6.6), its dispersion in soil being a key factor for the dissolution rate.

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PEMANFAATAN PUPUK ORGANIK LIMBAH BUDIDAYA BELIMBING TASIKMADU TUBAN TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL PRODUKSI TANAMAN PAKCOY (Brassica rapa L.)

JURNAL BIOINDUSTRI ◽

10.31326/jbio.v2i1.526 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 413-425

Author(s):

Heldy Gunawan ◽

Mutiara Dewi Puspitawati ◽

Inanpi Hidayati Sumiasih

Keyword(s):

Brassica Rapa ◽

Block Design ◽

Organic Fertilizer ◽

Nutrient Content ◽

Inorganic Fertilizer ◽

Fertilizer Efficiency ◽

Cultivated Plants ◽

Soil Conditions ◽

Root Weight ◽

Two Factors

The cultivation of carambola produced some waste that can be used as organic fertilizer. Organic fertilizer is useful to improve soil conditions and enrich the nutrient content contained therein so that it is easily absorbed by cultivated plants such as pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.). The optimum pakcoy production is supported by good land management in order to meet the availability of nutrients needed by the addition of inorganic fertilizers and starfruit organic fertilizer. The study was conducted at Attaqie Farm, Tuban in November 2018 to May 2019. The experimental design used was randomized completely block design with two factors carambla derivated organic fertilizer 10 tons ha-1 , 20 tons ha-1, 30 tons ha-1 and inorganic fertilizer 0 kg ha-1; 50 kg ha-1; 100 kg ha-1. The results showed that carambola derivated organic fertilizer contained N, P, K, S, Ca, and Mg about 6.19%, 0.94%, 75.04%, 0.02%, 20.13%, and 47.23%, respectively. The dosage of 50% inorganic fertilizer and 10 tons of carambola organic fertilizer gave optimum results for the growth of plant height, number of leaves, leaf width, stem diameter, canopy weight, root length and root weight of pakcoy plants. Fertilization using a dose of organic fertilizer 10 tons ha-1 could reduce 50% of the need of inorganic fertilizer.Keywords: fertilizer efficiency, organic fertilizer, pakcoy, starfruit waste, verticulture

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Germination and emergence of trumpet flower (tecoma stans) under different environmental conditions

Planta Daninha ◽

10.1590/s0100-83582014000200005 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 283-290 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

F.C. Reis ◽

J.F. Medina Sotomayor ◽

D.B. Garcia ◽

A.A.M. Barroso ◽

A.J.P. Albrecht ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Seed Germination ◽

Light Intensity ◽

Constant Temperature ◽

Block Design ◽

Seedling Emergence ◽

Soil Surface ◽

Effect Of Temperature ◽

Experimental Unit ◽

Total Percentage ◽

Randomized Block Design

The aim of this work was to analyze the effect of temperature and light intensity on trumpet flower seed germination, as well as the effect of seeding depth on its emergence. To study the influence of temperature, nine temperature intervals were evaluated, ranging from 15.0 to 40.0 ºC. A randomized block design experiment was used with five replications and 20 seeds per replication, and performed twice. To evaluate light intensity on seed germination, a randomized experimental design was used with eight replications and 25 seeds per replication. The treatments applied were: photoperiod with temperature alternation; photoperiod with constant temperature; darkness with temperature alternation; and darkness with constant temperature. The photoperiod consisted of 8 hours of light and 16 hours of darkness, and the constant temperature was 25 ºC. The treatments with temperature alternations were established with 8 hours at 30 ºC, and 16 hours at 20 ºC. Germination was assessed daily to calculate the total percentage of germination as well as the Germination Velocity Index (GVI). To study the influence of seeding depth on plant emergence, 25 seeds were seeded at 0, 20, 40, and 80 mm in pots with sieved soil. The experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. Seedling emergence was monitored daily until the 15th day after seeding. After that period, the total percentage of emergence was calculated for each experimental unit, as well as the Emergence Velocity Index (EVI). Formation of normal seedlings and the Germination Velocity Index were different among temperatures and higher germination percentages were observed between 20.3 ºC and 37.5 ºC. Tecoma stans seedlings did not germinate when planted at 40 and 80 mm depth. However, the seedlings placed on the soil surface had an emergence percentage of 72. At 20 mm depth, the emergence rate was 31%.

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