IDENTIFICATION OF THE CSTATE OF THE ART AND ATTRACTIVENESS
OF TRANSPORT BIOFUELS SECTORS IN POLAND

The current state of transport biofuels sectors in Poland was analysed - as well as the results of the research of their attractiveness in the years 2007-2016 was showed. The national use of biofuels in transport is based on the mixtures of conventional fuels and biocomponents. Therefore, the scope of the analysis included the entities producing bioethanol and methyl esters. The production of these biocomponents takes place in 23 entities in Poland. The production of biocomponents and declared capacity of producers were increasing until 2016. The food raw materials are mainly used in production of the biocomponents in Poland. The EU policy striving to limit of that materials, it is a significant challenge in coming years. The attractiveness of currently existing national transport biofuels sectors systematically decreasing, as the test results showed.

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Management of Electronic and Electrical Equipment Waste Collection in Municipalities

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/202124701023 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 247 ◽

pp. 01023

Author(s):

Sergey Filin ◽

Irina Kalinina ◽

Vladimir Maslennikov ◽

Saltanat Ibraimova ◽

Vladimir Velikorossov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Waste Management ◽

Human Health ◽

Management System ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Electrical Equipment ◽

Waste Collection ◽

Production Sector ◽

Waste Management System ◽

Current State ◽

The Eu

The article considers the justification of the possibility of organizing a waste management system of electronic and electrical equipment dangerous to human health and the environment and the subsequent use of secondary raw materials based on them. The current state of production sector of collection and disposal of waste of electronic and electrical equipment in the EU and Russia was analyzed. A scheme for the organization of a waste management system for electronic and electrical equipment, including the main methods of organization and stages of the cycle of collection and processing of waste in municipalities, forms of organization of work with the population, a formula for calculating the need for the number of necessary vehicles for mobile reception points, has been proposed. It was concluded that at present there is a real opportunity for the implementation in municipalities of a project to create an organization of a waste management system for electronic and electrical equipment, which does not require significant funds from the municipal budget.

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Building an EU identity: Policy development at the EU-level – An overview of the current state

Australian and New Zealand Journal of European Studies ◽

10.30722/anzjes.vol13.iss1.15479 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Julian Grimm

Keyword(s):

Policy Development ◽

Civic Society ◽

Eu Policy ◽

The Past ◽

Current State ◽

The Eu ◽

Identity Policy

The EU has, belatedly perhaps, engaged with the issue of building an EU identity by setting up various initiatives aimed at building a sense of civic society across Europe and hence of greater citizen identification with the EU. This article analyses EU policy formulations from the 1970s through to the very different conditions of the past decade. It also discusses the process undertaken by the EU institutions in order to establish the levels to which and the ways in which its citizens understand and ‘feel’ themselves to be members of the EU on a personal and individual as well as social and cultural level, if at all. The aim of the article is to establish whether this is considered sufficient for the ongoing operation of the EU, or, if not, what is lacking.

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Modernization of Russian Economy: Radical Improvement of Investment Climate (The Economic Report of All-Russia Public Organization "Delovaya Rossiya")

Voprosy Ekonomiki ◽

10.32609/0042-8736-2010-10-68-89 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 68-89

Author(s):

. Delovaya Rossiya (Business Russia)

Keyword(s):

Innovation Policy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Regional Level ◽

Public Organization ◽

Investment Climate ◽

Economic Report ◽

Russian Economy ◽

Current State ◽

Regional Authorities

The repot considers the current state of the Russian economy, analyzes the drawbacks of the functioning export-raw materials model of its development. The necessity of its changing on the basis of improving the investment climate on the regional level is noted. Corresponding measures on behalf of federal and regional authorities are formulated as well as the directions of innovation policy aimed at modernizing the Russian economy. The conclusion is made that private non-raw materials business should become the main agent of modernization in our country.

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European experience in transition to circular economy

Economic Analysis Theory and Practice ◽

10.24891/ea.19.4.598 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 598-617 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S.V. Ratner

Keyword(s):

European Union ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Action Plan ◽

National Level ◽

The European Union ◽

Scientific Methods ◽

European Experience ◽

General Scientific ◽

The Eu

Subject. The article considers the concept of circular economy, which has originated relatively recently in the academic literature, and is now increasingly recognized in many countries at the national level. In the European Union, the transition to circular economy is viewed as an opportunity to improve competitiveness of the European Union, protect businesses from resource shortages and fluctuating prices for raw materials and supplies, and a way to increase employment and innovation. Objectives. The aim of the study is to analyze the incentives developed by the European Commission for moving to circular economy, and to assess their effectiveness on the basis of statistical analysis. Methods. I employ general scientific methods of research. Results. The analysis of the EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy enabled to conclude that the results of the recent research in circular economy barriers, eco-innovation, technology and infrastructure were successfully integrated into the framework of this document. Understanding the root causes holding back the circular economy development and the balanced combination of economic and administrative incentives strengthened the Action Plan, and it contributed to the circular economy development in the EU. Conclusions. The measures to stimulate the development of the circular economy proposed in the European Action Plan can be viewed as a prototype for designing similar strategies in other countries, including Russia. Meanwhile, a more detailed analysis of barriers to the circular economy at the level of individual countries and regions is needed.

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Potential Benefits and Constraints of Development of Critical Raw Materials’ Production in the EU: Analysis of Selected Case Studies

Resources ◽

10.3390/resources10070067 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 67

Author(s):

Katarzyna Guzik ◽

Krzysztof Galos ◽

Alicja Kot-Niewiadomska ◽

Toni Eerola ◽

Pasi Eilu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Case Studies ◽

Social Acceptance ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Local Level ◽

Ore Deposits ◽

Abandoned Mines ◽

Social Constraints ◽

Cost And Benefit Analysis ◽

The Eu ◽

Critical Raw Materials

Major benefits and constraints related to mineral extraction within the EU have been identified on the examples of selected critical raw materials’ deposits. Analyzed case studies include the following ore deposits: Myszków Mo-W-Cu (Poland), Juomasuo Au-Co (Finland), S. Pedro das Águias W-Sn (Portugal), Penouta Nb-Ta-Sn (Spain), Norra Kärr REEs (Sweden) and Trælen graphite (Norway). They represent different stages of development, from the early/grassroot exploration stage, through advanced exploration and active mining, up to reopening of abandoned mines, and refer to different problems and constraints related to the possibility of exploitation commencement. The multi-criteria analysis of the cases has included geological and economic factors as well as environmental, land use, social acceptance and infrastructure factors. These factors, in terms of cost and benefit analysis, have been considered at three levels: local, country and EU levels. The analyzed cases indicated the major obstacles that occur in different stages of deposit development and need to be overcome in order to enable a new deposit exploitation commencement. These are environmental (Juomasuo and Myszków), spatial (Juomasuo) as well as social constraints (Norra Kärr, Juomasuo). In the analyzed cases, the most important constraints related to future deposit extraction occur primarily at a local level, while some important benefits are identified mainly at the country and the EU levels. These major benefits are related to securing long-term supplies for the national industries and strategically important EU industry sectors.

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How Far Away Are World Economies from Circularity: Assessing the Capacity of Circular Economy Policy Packages in the Operation of Raw Materials and Industrial Wastes

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13084394 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (8) ◽

pp. 4394

Author(s):

Margarita Ignatyeva ◽

Vera Yurak ◽

Alexey Dushin ◽

Vladimir Strovsky ◽

Sergey Zavyalov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Waste Management ◽

South Korea ◽

Circular Economy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

New Guidelines ◽

The 1960S ◽

Degree Level ◽

The Eu

Nowadays, circular economy (CE) is on the agenda, however, this concept of closed supply chains originated in the 1960s. The current growing quantity of studies in this area accounts for different discourses except the holistic one, which mixes both approaches—contextual and operating (contextual approach utilizes the thorough examination of the CE theory, stricture of the policy, etc.; the operating one uses any kind of statistical data)—to assess the capacity of circular economy regulatory policy packages (CERPP) in operating raw materials and industrial wastes. This article demonstrates new guidelines for assessing the degree level of capacity (DLC) of CERPPs in the operation of raw materials and industrial wastes by utilizing the apparatus of the fuzzy set theory. It scrupulously surveys current CERPPs in three regions: the EU overall, Finland and Russia; and assesses for eight regions—the EU overall, Finland, Russia, China, Greece, France, the Netherlands and South Korea—the DLC of CERPPs in operating raw materials and industrial wastes. The results show that EU is the best in CE policy and its CERPP is 3R. The following are South Korea and China with the same type of CERPP. Finland, France and the Netherlands have worse results than EU with the type of CERPP called “integrated waste management” because of the absence of a waste hierarchy (reduce, recover, recycle). Russia closes the list with the type of CERPP “basic waste management”.

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The Hyperloop System and Stakeholders: A Review and Future Directions

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13158430 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 8430

Author(s):

Lambros Mitropoulos ◽

Annie Kortsari ◽

Alexandros Koliatos ◽

Georgia Ayfantopoulou

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Online Search ◽

Future Directions ◽

Transport Mode ◽

High Speeds ◽

Current State ◽

Comprehensive Literature Review ◽

Planning Processes ◽

Holistic Assessment ◽

The Eu

The hyperloop is an innovative land transport mode for passengers and freight that travels at ultra-high speeds. Lately, different stakeholders have been engaged in the research and development of hyperloop components. The novelty of the hyperloop necessitates certain directions to be followed toward the development and testing of its technological components as well the formation of regulations and planning processes. In this paper, we conduct a comprehensive literature review of hyperloop publications to record the current state of progress of hyperloop components, including the pod, the infrastructure, and the communication system, and identify involved EU stakeholders. Blending this information results in future directions. An online search of English-based publications was performed to finally consider 107 studies on the hyperloop and identify 81 stakeholders in the EU. The analysis shows that the hyperloop-related activities are almost equally distributed between Europe (39%) and Asia (38%), and the majority of EU stakeholders are located in Spain (26%) and Germany (20%), work on the traction of the pod (37%) and the tube (28%), and study impacts including safety (35%), energy (33%), and cost (30%). Existing tube systems and testing facilities for the hyperloop lack full-scale tracks, which creates a hurdle for the testing and development of the hyperloop system. The presented analysis and findings provide a holistic assessment of the hyperloop system and its stakeholders and suggest future directions to develop a successful transport system.

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Effect of Fly Ash on Compressive Strength, Drying Shrinkage, and Carbonation Depth of Mortar with Ferronickel-Slag Powder

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11031037 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 1037

Author(s):

Se-Jin Choi ◽

Ji-Hwan Kim ◽

Sung-Ho Bae ◽

Tae-Gue Oh

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Fly Ash ◽

Construction Industry ◽

Bituminous Coal ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Drying Shrinkage ◽

The Other ◽

Test Results ◽

Slag Powder ◽

Ferronickel Slag

In recent years, efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions have continued worldwide. In the construction industry, a large amount of CO2 is generated during the production of Portland cement, and various studies are being conducted to reduce the amount of cement and enable the use of cement substitutes. Ferronickel slag is a by-product generated by melting materials such as nickel ore and bituminous coal, which are used as raw materials to produce ferronickel at high temperatures. In this study, we investigated the fluidity, microhydration heat, compressive strength, drying shrinkage, and carbonation characteristics of a ternary cement mortar including ferronickel-slag powder and fly ash. According to the test results, the microhydration heat of the FA20FN00 sample was slightly higher than that of the FA00FN20 sample. The 28-day compressive strength of the FA20FN00 mix was approximately 39.6 MPa, which was higher than that of the other samples, whereas the compressive strength of the FA05FN15 mix including 15% of ferronickel-slag powder was approximately 11.6% lower than that of the FA20FN00 mix. The drying shrinkage of the FA20FN00 sample without ferronickel-slag powder was the highest after 56 days, whereas the FA00FN20 sample without fly ash showed the lowest shrinkage compared to the other mixes.

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Actions Speak Louder Than Words? The Untapped Potential of V4 Parliaments in EU Affairs

East European Politics and Societies and Cultures ◽

10.1177/08883254211012770 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 088832542110127

Author(s):

Karolina Borońska-Hryniewiecka ◽

Jan Grinc

Keyword(s):

Early Warning System ◽

Warning System ◽

Veto Players ◽

The Political ◽

Political Dialogue ◽

Eu Policy ◽

Green Card ◽

Policy Ideas ◽

Policy Making Process ◽

The Eu

This article offers the first ever comparative analysis of the involvement of V4 parliaments in the sphere of European Union (EU) affairs. Its underlying research objective is to determine what conditions V4’s parliamentary participation in various EU-oriented activities such as domestic scrutiny of the government’s EU policy, the political dialogue with the Commission, the Early Warning System for subsidiarity control, and the green card initiative. Based on the actual scrutiny output, parliamentary minutes, and data from questionnaires, we address the questions: (1) To what extent domestic legislatures act as autonomous as opposed to government-supporting actors in these arenas? (2) Do they mostly act as EU veto players, or try to contribute constructively to the EU policy-making process by bringing alternative policy ideas? (3) What are their motivations for engaging in direct dialogue with EU institutions in addition to domestic scrutiny? and (4) How MPs envisage their own EU-oriented roles? While the article reveals that V4 parliaments mostly act as gatekeepers in the sphere of EU affairs, it also casts a new light on the previous literature findings related to the EU-oriented performance of the Czech and Polish lower chambers. We conclude that, generally, V4 parliaments refrain from fully exploiting their relatively strong formal prerogatives in EU affairs—a fact that can be partly explained by the composition of their ruling majorities.

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Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Ultramafic Rocks from Rachoni Magnesite Mine, Gerakini (Chalkidiki, Northern Greece)

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min10110934 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 934

Author(s):

Evangelos Tzamos ◽

Micol Bussolesi ◽

Giovanni Grieco ◽

Pietro Marescotti ◽

Laura Crispini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Mining Area ◽

Ultramafic Rocks ◽

Northern Greece ◽

Icp Ms ◽

Time In Literature ◽

History Of ◽

First Time ◽

The Eu

The importance of magnesite for the EU economy and industry is very high, making the understanding of their genesis for the exploration for new deposits a priority for the raw materials scientific community. In this direction, the study of the magnesite-hosting ultramafic rocks can be proved very useful. For the present study, ultramafic rock samples were collected from the magnesite ore-hosting ophiolite of the Gerakini mining area (Chalkidiki, Greece) to investigate the consecutive alteration events of the rocks which led to the metallogenesis of the significant magnesite ores of the area. All samples were subjected to a series of analytical methods for the determination of their mineralogical and geochemical characteristics: optical microscopy, XRD, SEM, EMPA, ICP–MS/OES and CIPW normalization. The results of these analyses revealed that the ultramafic rocks of the area have not only all been subjected to serpentinization, but these rocks have also undergone carbonation, silification and clay alteration. The latter events are attributed to the circulation of CO2-rich fluids responsible for the formation of the magnesite ores and locally, the further alteration of the serpentinites into listvenites. The current mineralogy of these rocks was found to be linked to one or more alteration event that took place, thus a significant contribution to the metallo- and petrogenetic history of the Gerakini ophiolite has been made. Furthermore, for the first time in literature, Fe inclusions in olivines from Greece were reported.

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