“The Ground Necessary”

2019 ◽  
pp. 76-124
Author(s):  
Julia Steele ◽  
Douglas Campana ◽  
David G. Orr
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Layout ◽  
General Outline ◽  
The Status ◽  
Wood Section ◽  
Valley Forge ◽  
Status Differences

In order to examine the spatial layout and organization of the encampment at Valley Forge, this chapter describes the results of a sampling from an archaeological transect through its Wayne’s Woods section. The transect started from a forward-moving area at the outskirts and continued along a defensive entrenchment, moving through soldiers’ huts, officers’ huts, and, finally, through the camp kitchens and sutlers’ area, which were the more centrally located sections of the camp. The research provided information about the status differences between soldiers and officers, including their diets, defensive entrenchments and earthworks, and routines and activities. It also demonstrated that organization of the Wayne’s Wood section followed the general outline of von Steuben’s orders.

Talking with Me or Talking at Me? The Impact of Status Characteristics on Doctor-Patient Interaction

2011 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Mitchell Peck ◽  
Sonya Conner
Keyword(s):  
Talcott Parsons ◽  
Patient Centered ◽  
Status Characteristics Theory ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Patient Interaction ◽  
Status Characteristics ◽  
The Status ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Status Differences

Over the last two decades, the way doctors and patients interact has changed. There has been a shift away from what Talcott Parsons described as a paternalistic model of interaction to a more collaborative, participatory, patient-centered model of interaction. Yet not all interactions between doctors and patients are collaborative. Using status characteristics theory, the authors hypothesized that medical encounters are more likely to be physician dominated when the status differences between doctors and patients are higher. They tested hypotheses about race, gender, and socioeconomic status differences between doctors and patients. The authors found support for the hypotheses, especially regarding status differences for race and gender. Doctor-patient interactions were most physician-centered when doctors had higher status than patients on race (white versus non-white) and gender (male versus female)

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Mogens Lærke
Keyword(s):  
Free Speech ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
General Outline ◽  
Public Speech ◽  
The Third ◽  
Collective Self ◽  
The Status ◽  
Systematic Character ◽  
History Of

The first part of Chapter 1 presents the polemical aim of the book, namely to do away with the understanding of Spinoza’s freedom of philosophizing as a legal permission to express whatever opinion one has—a right to “free speech” in the contemporary meaning—and show how it enshrines a vision of how to better regulate public speech in view of increased collective self-determination. The second part contains methodological reflections on the status of texts, contexts, and historical circumstances in the study of the history of philosophy, and explains two assumptions made about the structure and systematic character of the Tractatus theologico-politicus. This part also includes discussion of so-called esoteric readings of Spinoza. The third and final part is a general outline of the entire book, intended to provide the reader with some guidance to the global argument.

scholarly journals The perception of instability and legitimacy of status differences enhances the infrahumanization bias Among high status groups

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 358-366
Author(s):  
Cristina Mosso ◽  
Silvia Russo
Keyword(s):  
Social Identity ◽  
Intergroup Relations ◽  
High Status ◽  
Behavioural Responses ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Psychology Courses ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Status Differences

Previous research within the social identity framework has shown that perceptions of legitimacy and stability of status differences interactively determine cognitive, emotional, and behavioural responses to intergroup contexts. Whether such perceptions affect subtle forms of prejudice, namely infrahumanisation, is unknown. We examined if the perceptions regarding high status stability and legitimacy are associated to the infrahumanisation bias. We hypothesized that participants perceiving status differences as unstable and legitimate would report higher levels of infrahumanization than those who perceive status differences as stable and/or illegitimate. Participants (N = 439 Italian students enrolled in psychology courses) completed a structured paper-and-pencil questionnaire. We found that participants tended to attribute more negative secondary emotions to their ingroup (Italians) than to the outgroup (immigrants from Africa), indicating the presence of an infrahumanization bias. The results of a moderated regression aimed at predicting infrahumanization showed that high-status group members who perceived status differences as legitimate and unstable reported higher levels of infrahumanization than their counterparts did. The results attest the important and independent role of the perceptions related to the status for the debate on intergroup relations.

scholarly journals Stuck in the Middle: Using Middle-Status Conformity to Unravel Conflicting Results in Innovation Diffusion Patterns

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-54
Author(s):  
Andrew Guy Earle
Keyword(s):  
Innovation Diffusion ◽  
Hybrid Model ◽  
Organizational Innovation ◽  
Innovation Adoption ◽  
Competition Model ◽  
Interface Model ◽  
Status Competition ◽  
The Status ◽  
Status Differences ◽  
Middle Status

Studies of diffusion have found conflicting patterns of inter-organizational innovation adoption. This paper uses the concept of middle-status conformity to propose a model of diffusion that helps to make sense of these conflicting results. This model is developed by combining the status-competition model (Podolny, 1993) with the audience-candidate interface model (Zuckerman, 1999). The integration of these models yields two distinct diffusion patterns characterized by status differences in originating and adopting organizations. Additionally, five empirically testable propositions are developed in order to lay the groundwork for testing this hybrid model.

A Social Model of Persistent Mood States

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Long Doan
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Response ◽  
General Social Survey ◽  
Emotional Reaction ◽  
Mood States ◽  
Social Model ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Status Differences ◽  
Social Causes

Researchers have used moods to explain a variety of phenomena, yet the social causes of a mood are unknown. In this article, I present a social model of persistent mood states that argues that interactional characteristics such as the status differences between actors, the perceived responsibility of the other actor, and the reason for an emotional response influence the persistence of an emotional response to a situation. The mechanisms through which these factors cause an emotion to become a mood are the intensity of the emotional reaction and how much the actor reflects on the situation as a result of the interaction. I use data from the 1996 General Social Survey to test this model for anger; the results of the analyses provide support for many aspects of the model. The proposed model is a first step in explaining social factors that cause persistent mood states, and I discuss possible directions for future scholarship.

Study on the Status of Offshore Oil Storage Technology and Non-Pollution Oil Storage Technology Underwater

2011 ◽  
Vol 110-116 ◽  
pp. 4151-4155
Author(s):  
Xin Jie Chu
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Reference Value ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
General Outline ◽  
Water Separation ◽  
Storage Technology ◽  
Oil Storage ◽  
The Status ◽  
Offshore Oil

With the rapid development of offshore oil and gas exploitation and production at marginal oilfields, production facilities of non-pollution oil storage underwater are sorely needed to reduce production costs. The paper gives a general outline of the modes of offshore oil Storage and the status of oil Storage technology underwater. Several modes of oil storage underwater on oil/water separation and replacement are discussed. The scheme on the monitoring system of non-pollution oil storage underwater is put forward. The study is of reference value for the development at offshore marginal oilfields.

Racism

Sociology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas F. Pettigrew
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Racial Group ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Cultural Racism ◽  
Unequal Access ◽  
Status Differences

Racism is a doctrine that holds that the world’s human population consists of various “races” that are the primary determinants of human traits and capacities. This doctrine typically regards one’s own race as superior to other races. Intergroup hatred and discrimination generally accompanies racist doctrines. Social science investigates racism at three interrelated levels. First, individual racism involves those individuals who hold racist beliefs. Here racist ideas often overlap with such concepts as prejudice, xenophobia, bigotry, and intolerance. But the key distinguishing feature of individual racism is that the group differences are viewed as innate and unchangeable. If assimilation or conversion is viewed as possible, then intolerance is involved but not racism. Second, situational racism occurs when racist behavior is shaped by the social context. This occurs when face-to-face situations are patterned, based on racist beliefs, to place one group in an inferior position in intergroup interaction. This occurs, for example, when one racial group in a situation possesses most of the resources that emphasize the status differences between the groups. Finally, third, structural and cultural racism results when a society’s institutions are shaped by racist beliefs and results in group discrimination. Indeed, racism’s effects can invade virtually all of a society’s institutions. Thus, racism differentiates human beings from one another by presumed “races,” and this leads to unequal access to resources and opportunities as well as to other forms of inequality such as gender-, ethnic-, and class-based inequity. Much of the research on racism has focused on anti-Black racism in the United States; but non-American references with other racist targets are included.

scholarly journals Issuing a Refusal: How Female Saudi Speakers of Arabic Say No

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Samah Saleh Alaboudi
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status ◽  
Completion Test ◽  
Refusal Strategies ◽  
Status Differences

The study examines the refusal strategies used by Saudi female speakers of Arabic. More specifically, the study aims at exploring the most frequently used refusal strategies by those speakers and how directness might have an effect on that use. A modified version in Arabic of a Discourse Completion Test (DCT) that was originally developed and used by Beebe et al. (1990) is used to elicit the data. The written questionnaire consists of nine situations. The initiating acts are three requests, three invitations and three offers which were designed to elicit refusals. The situations specify the context and the social status of interlocutors. The data is analyzed using a modified version of a classification scheme of refusal strategies developed be Beebe et al. (1990). The analysis focuses on the semantic formulas used for each situation and the frequency of each refusal strategy. The results reveal that the order of the semantic formulas in the responses of the participants differed across the initiating acts and the status differences. ‘Excuse/Reason’, an indirect refusal strategy, is used the most by the participants in their refusals. The excuses/reasons that the participants give tend to be lacking detail and of an uncontrollable nature. ‘Negative Ability’ is another frequently used strategy. Although a direct strategy, the participants still show their awareness of the need to lessen the threat that their refusal poses on the interlocutor by using other indirect strategies and adjuncts to accompany the direct one. The participants used more indirect refusal strategies than direct which might indicate that the participants are trying to mitigate their refusals by being less direct.

Can You Really Study an Army on the Internet? Comparing How Status Tasks Perform in the Laboratory and Online Settings

2021 ◽  
pp. 008117502110142
Author(s):  
Bianca Manago ◽  
Trenton D. Mize ◽  
Long Doan
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Behavioral Experiments ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Expectation States ◽  
Status Characteristics ◽  
The Status ◽  
Expectation States Theory ◽  
Online Setting ◽  
Status Differences

Laboratory experiments have a long history within sociology, with their ability to test causality and their utility for directly observing behavior providing key advantages. One influential social psychological field, status characteristics and expectation states theory, has almost exclusively used laboratory experiments to test the theory. Unfortunately, laboratory experiments are resource intensive, requiring a research pool, laboratory space, and considerable amounts of time. For these and other reasons, social scientists are increasingly exploring the possibility of moving experiments from the lab to an online platform. Despite the advantages of the online setting, the transition from the lab is challenging, especially when studying behavior. In this project, we develop methods to translate the traditional status characteristics experimental setting from the laboratory to online. We conducted parallel laboratory and online behavioral experiments using three tasks from the status literature, comparing each task’s ability to differentiate on the basis of status distinctions. The tasks produce equivalent results in the online and laboratory environment; however, not all tasks are equally sensitive to status differences. Finally, we provide more general guidance on how to move vital aspects of laboratory studies, such as debriefing, suspicion checks, and scope condition checks, to the online setting.

The study of interfacial reactions of nickel thin films on GaAs

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 156-157
Author(s):  
L.J. Chen ◽  
Y.F. Hsieh
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Interfacial Reactions ◽  
Metal Contacts ◽  
Nickel Thin Films ◽  
Thin Foils ◽  
The Status ◽  
Si Doped ◽  
Electron Microscopes

One measure of the maturity of a device technology is the ease and reliability of applying contact metallurgy. Compared to metal contact of silicon, the status of GaAs metallization is still at its primitive stage. With the advent of GaAs MESFET and integrated circuits, very stringent requirements were placed on their metal contacts. During the past few years, extensive researches have been conducted in the area of Au-Ge-Ni in order to lower contact resistances and improve uniformity. In this paper, we report the results of TEM study of interfacial reactions between Ni and GaAs as part of the attempt to understand the role of nickel in Au-Ge-Ni contact of GaAs.N-type, Si-doped, (001) oriented GaAs wafers, 15 mil in thickness, were grown by gradient-freeze method. Nickel thin films, 300Å in thickness, were e-gun deposited on GaAs wafers. The samples were then annealed in dry N2 in a 3-zone diffusion furnace at temperatures 200°C - 600°C for 5-180 minutes. Thin foils for TEM examinations were prepared by chemical polishing from the GaA.s side. TEM investigations were performed with JE0L- 100B and JE0L-200CX electron microscopes.

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