scholarly journals Phytomass-Derived Multifunctional Activated Carbon as a “Wonder-Material”: A Paradigm Shift of Filth-to-Wealth

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Palanichamy Kalyani ◽  
Thakku Rangachari Banuprabha ◽  
Chinnamayan Sudharsana ◽  
Nazim Anvarsha
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
No Value ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Gas Storage ◽  
Recycling Of Wastes ◽  
Catalytic Supports

Activated carbon (AC) is a wonder-material that finds multifarious applications such as catalytic supports, removal of pollutants, electrodes in energy gadgets, gas storage etc. Surface area, chemical constituents and pore structures are a few traits required in the ACs which largely depend on the source of the precursors and processing methodologies adopted. In this context, the idea of recycling phytomass for producing ACs has attracted researchers seeing that the inexpensive and renewable nature of the phytomass can reduce the overall cost of producing ACs with diversified features and that it does not add CO2 to the atmosphere leading to global warming (plants release only the same amount of CO2 as they consumed while growing). Further, phytomass after their life possess no value but their conversion into ACs would be an economically profitable option leading to inexpensive ACs. As a consequent of these advantages this chapter has been planned and designed to provide certain interesting multifunctional aspects of low-cost phytomass derived ACs. The chapter is expected to provide research insights oriented towards identification of unexplored phytomass or wastes which could lead to carbon with novel properties tunable to the applications. Filth-to-wealth or in other words, recycling of wastes provides a strategy categorized under circular-bioeconomy, which is the want of the hour.

scholarly journals Preparation, Characterization and Utilization of Coconut Adsorbents as a Filter Media for Wastewater Treatment

2020 ◽  
pp. 129-138
Author(s):  
S. Kaviya ◽  
R. M. Jayabalakrishnan ◽  
M. Maheswari ◽  
S. Selvakumar
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Filter Media ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Process ◽  
Coir Fibre ◽  
Experimental Findings

The present study investigates the characterization of different coconut based low cost adsorbents like coconut shell biochar, zinc chloride impregnated coconut shell activated carbon, coir fibre and coir geotextile and their suitability characteristics as a filter bed in different wastewater treatment process. The characterization study helps to investigate their physical, chemical and morphological properties like proximate and ultimate analysis, iodine number, decolorizing power, SEM, Surface area using BET, Particle size and Zeta potential. The experiment results showed that among the different adsorbents activated carbon has high fixed carbon content (82.99 percent), more surface area (590.8 m2 g-1), low ash content (1.31 percent) with a decolorizing power of 240-300 mg g-1. The coir fibre and coir geotextile having neutral pH with negative surface charge easily adsorbs the positive cations from aqueous solutions at highest apparent density. The experimental findings suggest that the activated adsorbent which shows better results as an effective filter media for adsorption of organic compounds and pollutants from wastewater.

scholarly journals Optimisation of durian peel based activated carbon preparation conditions for dye removal

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
Phung Thi Kim Le ◽  
Kien Anh Le
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Dye Removal ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Impregnation Ratio ◽  
Carbon Production ◽  
Removal Capacity

Agricultural wastes are considered to be a very important feedstock for activated carbon production as they are renewable sources and low cost materials. This study present the optimize conditions for preparation of durian peel activated carbon (DPAC) for removal of methylene blue (MB) from synthetic effluents. The effects of carbonization temperature (from 673K to 923K) and impregnation ratio (from 0.2 to 1.0) with potassium hydroxide KOH on the yield, surface area and the dye adsorbed capacity of the activated carbons were investigated. The dye removal capacity was evaluated with methylene blue. In comparison with the commercial grade carbons, the activated carbons from durian peel showed considerably higher surface area especially in the suitable temperate and impregnation ratio of activated carbon production. Methylene blue removal capacity appeared to be comparable to commercial products; it shows the potential of durian peel as a biomass source to produce adsorbents for waste water treatment and other application. Optimize condition for preparation of DPAC determined by using response surface methodology was at temperature 760 K and IR 1.0 which resulted the yield (51%), surface area (786 m2/g), and MB removal (172 mg/g).

Preparation and Characterization of Textile Sludge-Based Activated Carbon for Dyes Removal

2016 ◽  
Vol 818 ◽  
pp. 250-253
Author(s):  
Nurul Atiqah Najlaa Yac’cob ◽  
Norzita Ngadi ◽  
Roshanida Abd Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Reactive Black 5 ◽  
Adsorbent Dosage ◽  
Percentage Removal ◽  
Textile Sludge ◽  
Dyes Removal

An activated carbon derived from textile sludge was synthesized as an initiative of low cost adsorbent for removal of dyes. The surface area of this activated carbon was determined by Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET). From the BET results, it shows a high increment in the BET multi point area for textile sludge-activated carbon as compared to the textile sludge, which is 623.9557 m2/g and 58.9806 m2/g, respectively. The effects of initial adsorbent dosage were studied in the removal of Reactive Black 5 (RB5) and Methylene Blue (MB) dyes. RB5 and MB dyes solutions were used to represent anionic and cationic dyes respectively. It was concluded that the adsorbent dosage was proportional to the dyes removal for both RB5 and MB with percentage removal up to 99%.

Low voltage electrolyte-gated organic transistors making use of high surface area activated carbon gate electrodes

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (28) ◽  
pp. 5690-5694 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sayago ◽  
F. Soavi ◽  
Y. Sivalingam ◽  
F. Cicoira ◽  
C. Santato
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Low Voltage ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Reference Electrode ◽  
Organic Transistors ◽  
Gate Electrodes ◽  
External Reference

The use of high surface area, low cost, activated carbon gate electrodes enables low voltage (sub-1 V) operation in ionic liquid-gated organic transistors and renders unnecessary the presence of an external reference electrode to monitor the channel potential.

scholarly journals Coconut-based activated carbon fibers for efficient adsorption of various organic dyes

RSC Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (74) ◽  
pp. 42280-42291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Zhang ◽  
Ling-yu Tu ◽  
Yan Liang ◽  
Qi Chen ◽  
Ze-sheng Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Organic Dyes ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Micropore Volume ◽  
Activated Carbon Fibers ◽  
Large Specific Surface Area

Activated carbon fibers with high micropore volume and large specific surface area were prepared from abundant and low-cost coconut fibers, which show excellent adsorption performances towards various dyes.

scholarly journals Low cost activated carbon prepared from Dipterocarpus alatus fruit

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (SI3) ◽  
pp. first
Author(s):  
Yuvarat Ngernyen ◽  
Werawit Phiewruangnont ◽  
Narathorn Mahantadsanapong ◽  
Chantakorn Patawat ◽  
Ketsara Silakate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Pore Size ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Average Pore Size ◽  
Carbon Adsorbents ◽  
Average Pore ◽  
Maximum Surface ◽  
Dipterocarpus Alatus

Dipterocarpus alatus tree grows prolifically throughout Thailand and can be tapped to yield significant quantities of oil to be used as natural diesel. However, such practices lead to waste dried fruit dropping from the tree. At present, there is no utilization of this dropped fruit, therefore costeffective processes need to be applied to obtain higher value products from this waste. A possible to utilization is the conversion to activated carbon for adsorption applications including the removal of heavy metals, dyes, and other contaminants in water purification and other decontamination process. A major challenge of current commercial activated carbon is the high production cost and recently it has been shown that chemical activators comprise a significant proportion of these costs. This feasibility study investigates the use of Dipterocarpus alatus fruit as raw material to produce low cost activated carbon adsorbents. Activated carbon was prepared from Dipterocarpus alatus fruit: endocarp, mesocarp, and wing by chemical activation with ZnCl2, FeCl3, and KOH. Each part of the fruit was impregnated with 30 wt% activating agent at a ratio of 1:2 for 1 h and then carbonized at 500 oC for a further 1 h. The surface area, pore volume, and average pore size of the resulting carbons were characterized by nitrogen gas adsorption. Activation of mesocarp with ZnCl2, KOH, and FeCl3 gave activated carbons with the surface area of 447, 256, and 199 m2/g, respectively. In the same way, ZnCl2 activation gave a maximum surface area of 312 and 278 m2/g for wing and endocarp, respectively. All of the aforementioned samples have an average pore size of around 2 nm. In contrast, KOH and FeCl3 activation of wing and endocarp produced activated carbon with very low surface area (below 25 m2/g), but with an average pore size of 5- 14 nm. The maximum surface area of activated carbon prepared from Dipterocarpus alatus fruit was higher than some literature examples for activated carbon from other biomass. Consequently, Dipterocarpus alatus fruit demonstrated significant potential as a feedstock for the preparation of low cost activated carbons.

scholarly journals High-Level Oxygen Reduction Catalysts Derived from the Compounds of High-Specific-Surface-Area Pine Peel Activated Carbon and Phthalocyanine Cobalt

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3429
Author(s):  
Lei Zhao ◽  
Ziwei Lan ◽  
Wenhao Mo ◽  
Junyu Su ◽  
Huazhu Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Specific Surface Area ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Specific Area ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
High Catalytic Activity

Non-platinum carbon-based catalysts have attracted much more attention in recent years because of their low cost and outstanding performance, and are regarded as one of the most promising alternatives to precious metal catalysts. Activated carbon (AC), which has a large specific surface area (SSA), can be used as a carrier or carbon source at the same time. In this work, stable pine peel bio-based materials were used to prepare large-surface-area activated carbon and then compound with cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) to obtain a high-performance cobalt/nitrogen/carbon (Co-N-C) catalyst. High catalytic activity is related to increasing the number of Co particles on the large-specific-area activated carbon, which are related with the immersing effect of CoPc into the AC and the rational decomposed temperature of the CoPc ring. The synergy with N promoting the exposure of CoNx active sites is also important. The Eonset of the catalyst treated with a composite proportion of AC and CoPc of 1 to 2 at 800 °C (AC@CoPc-800-1-2) is 1.006 V, higher than the Pt/C (20 wt%) catalyst. Apart from this, compared with other AC/CoPc series catalysts and Pt/C (20 wt%) catalyst, the stability of AC/CoPc-800-1-2 is 87.8% in 0.1 M KOH after 20,000 s testing. Considering the performance and price of the catalyst in a practical application, these composite catalysts combining biomass carbon materials with phthalocyanine series could be widely used in the area of catalysts and energy storage.

Activated Carbon Production by Co-Pyrolysis of Vacuum Residue and Gum Rosin

2020 ◽  
Vol 988 ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
Anisa Maulida ◽  
Dijan Supramono
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Liquid Crystalline ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Holding Time ◽  
Vacuum Residue ◽  
Atom Ratio ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Gum Rosin ◽  
Crystallite Sizes

Vacuum residue (VR) is potential to be used as a feedstock for mesophase pitch (MP) production because of its low cost and aromatic content. MP, which is a liquid-crystalline state of VR, may be used as precursor of activated carbon (AC). Gum rosin containing conjugated double bonds may be added to and can improve crystallinity and pore surface area in further processes of carbonisation and activation. In the present study, co-pyrolysis was carried out in a stirred tank reactor at 450°C with holding time for 120 minutes. The amount of gum rosin mixed with VR was varied 0, 5, 10 and 15% wt of VR. The precursor products had C/H mole ratio of about 2.43, 2.37, 2.28, and 2.01 by increasing gum rosin added. Subsequently, this precursor underwent carbonization at 700°C with holding time for 120 minutes under N2 flow and activation. KOH solution was used as activating agent to the precursor of activated carbon. Activated carbon gave higher surface area and lower C/H atom ratio with increasing gum rosin added during co-pyrolysis. With gum rosin addition, surface areas of ACs were 120.81, 194.56, 312.36, dan 462.19 m2/g, respectively, and crystallite sizes increased from 8 to 22 Å.

scholarly journals Fabrication of open type carbonizer for the preparation of activated carbon from rice husk

BIBECHANA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
A Kumari Dhami ◽  
A Rajbhandari Nyachhyon
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Freundlich Isotherm ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Open Type ◽  
Methylene Blue Number ◽  
Monolayer Coverage

Activated carbon has been prepared from rice husk using laboratory fabricated open type carbonizer. The raw rice husk powder was named as RRH whereas chemically activated rice husk was named as CARH. Both samples were characterized by methylene blue number (MBN), iodine number (IN) and surface area. The MBN and IN of RRH was found to be 83 mg/g and 415 mg/g whereas CARH was 99 mg/g and 716 mg/g respectively which indicate the presence of mesoporosity and microporosity of the samples. The surface area of RRH was found to be  206 m2/g while CARH was found to be 531 m2/g. XRD analysis showed that the prepared materials were amorphous with some crystalline state while FTIR spectra showed the presence of different functional groups such as hydroxyl, carbonyl, Si-O-Si bond and aromatic group on the material. The adsorption properties of prepared samples were studied by using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Langmuir adsorption isotherm model was found to be best fitted. It showed that prepared materials have homogenous surface with monolayer type of adsorption. The maximum monolayer coverage (Qm) for RRH was found to be 55 mg/g and for CARH 143 mg/g. Thus, results revealed that laboratory fabricated low cost open type carbonizer is suitable for the preparation of activated carbon. BIBECHANA 18 (2021) 10-18

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