“Vicious Minds”

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 127-141
Author(s):  
Asya A. Filatova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Epistemology ◽  
Virtue Epistemology ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Specific Approach ◽  
Scientific Consensus ◽  
Epistemic Virtues ◽  
Intellectual Abilities ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Democratic Societies ◽  
High Degree

Virtue Epistemology (VE) offers a specific approach to the problem of knowledge. The condition for the possibility of knowledge is the presence of certain intellectual abilities or traits in the subject – epistemic virtues. The task of VE is to compile a list of epis - temic virtues, the development and cultivation of which should lead individuals to epistemic success with a high degree of probability. The vice epistemology arises as a branch of VE, which focuses not on virtues, but on vices that hinder achievement and deserve censure. Vices can be attributed to both individuals and communities. As a rule, those who tend to question the scientific consensus are considered to be vicious knowing communities: conspiracy theorists, denialists, religious fundamentalists, etc. The article argues that the logic of imputing blame for bad epistemic traits used in vice epistemology tends to turn from an epistemological tool into an ideological and political one. Since in the logic of the vice epistemology, "vicious minds" pose a threat not only to themselves, but also to the health of modern democratic societies, the eradication of vices is a primary political task. Using the theoretical framework of S. Fuller's social epistemology, the author shows how the rhetoric of vice epistemology is used today in the fight against anti-intellectualism and epistemic populism.

The New Evil Devil Problem and Deontological Internalism

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 95-109
Author(s):  
Mikhail G. Khort ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Epistemology ◽  
Evil Demon ◽  
The Third ◽  
Justified Belief ◽  
Epistemic Virtues ◽  
The Social ◽  
Introductory Part ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
New Evil Demon Problem

The article defends an internalist version of the virtue epistemology. This point contradicts many contemporary theories of epistemic virtues, as they are mostly externalistic. This is partly due to the fact that externalism is more consistent with cognitive science, situationism and the social epistemology. Another reason is that it was the externalists who revived interest in the aretic approach within the framework of modern epistemology. Nevertheless, the author shows that it is internalism that offers the best answer to the question about the essence of epistemic virtues. In the introductory part of the article, the classical definitions of internalism and externalism are given. It is explained that the author use an extended definition of internalism, which is characterized by the inclusion epistemic virtues in the structure of justification. The second part is devoted to critic of externalism. The New Evil Demon Problem is the instrument of analysis. The author shows that there are scenarios in which the function of justification as a reliable “guide” to truth cannot serve as a criterion for epistemic evaluation. Situations are possible in which the subject has a false but justified belief. Externalism cannot explain such scenarios, which motivates to abandon this approach. The third part of the article discusses internalism as a possible response to The New Evil Demon Problem. The author believes that justification should be considered as a deontological concept. The condition of reliability, which is an important element of externalism, must be replaced by the condition of correct motivation and epistemic debt. This means that the assessment of beliefs and subjects should be based on what motives they have and how they manifest them in cognition.

Offer of methods for minimizing key investment risks of “R-Pharm” JSC

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
N. A. Kabanova ◽  
I. K. Alekseeva
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Pharmaceutical Company ◽  
Simulation Modeling ◽  
Return On Investment ◽  
System Analysis ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Companies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
High Degree

The article is devoted to the assessment of potential investment risks of the pharmaceutical company “R-Pharm” JSC with the aim of identifying the highest priority risks and developing methods for minimizing them. The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that the pharmaceutical business is characterized by a high degree of social orientation and annually invests $ 140 billion in the development of production and research, which determines the need for a risk-based approach to ensure the return on investment. The subject of this article is the investment risks of pharmaceutical companies, and the subject of research is the domestic pharmaceutical company “R-Pharm”. In order to assess the potential investment risks of “R-Pharm” JSC, the authors used elements of simulation modeling and system analysis. The proposed methods to minimize key investment risks are aimed at improving the efficiency of investment activities and is recommended as an element of the strategic planning of the company.

Un estudio de caso en el análisis de la espiritualidad en el trabajo

Oikos ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (39) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Zahira Moreno Freites ◽  
María García Jiménez ◽  
Judith Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Personal Life ◽  
Theoretical Construct ◽  
Spiritual Beliefs ◽  
High Interest ◽  
Beliefs And Values ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Estudio De Caso

RESUMENEsta investigación examina la espiritualidad y su consideración en el ambiente laboral, específicamente en los trabajadores de la Dirección de Educación Estadal del Municipio Palavecino, Estado Lara, Venezuela. El estudio de tipo descriptivo y cualitativo permitió analizar materiales teóricos relacionados con la espiritualidad en el trabajo, tomando el concepto de espiritualidad de Mitroff y Denton (1999) como marco teórico para esta investigación, además de los aportes de Pérez (2007) y Robles (2011) que exploran el tema y permitieron la elaboración de un constructo teórico para esta investigación. Los resultados evidencian que existe un alto interés por el tema de la espiritualidad tanto en la vida personal como en el trabajo y puede tratarse abiertamente en el ámbito laboral, a pesar de las limitaciones sobre el tema, su principal beneficio es que favorece el equilibrio en todos los aspectos de la vida.Palabras clave: espiritualidad, ambiente laboral, creencias y valores espirituales.An study of case on the analysis of spirituality at the workABSTRACT This research examines spirituality and its consideration in the workplace, specifically on workers of the Directorate of Education of the Municipality Palavecino State Authority, State Lara, Venezuela. The study of descriptive and qualitative analysis allowed theoretical materials related to spirituality at work, taking the concept of spirituality Mitroff and Denton (1999 ) as the theoretical framework for this research, along with the contributions of Perez (2007) and Robles ( 2011) that explore the issue and allowed the development of a theoretical construct for this research. Los results show that there is a high interest in the topic of spirituality both in personal life and at work and can openly addressed in the workplace, despite the limitations on the subject, its main benefit s that it favors the balance in all aspects of life .Keywords: spirituality, work environment, spiritual beliefs and values. Um estudo de caso na análise da espiritualidade no trabalho RESUMO Esta pesquisa analisa a espiritualidade e sua consideração no local de trabalho, especificamente nos trabalhadores do Departamento de Educação Estadual do Município Palavecino, Estado de Lara, Venezuela. O estudo de análise descritiva e qualitativa permitiu investigar materiais teóricos relacionados à espiritualidade no trabalho, tomando o conceito de espiritualidade de Mitroff e Denton (1999) como marco teórico para esta pesquisa, juntamente com as contribuições de Pérez (2007) e Robles ( 2011) que exploram o tema e permitiram o desenvolvimento de uma construção teórica para esta pesquisa. Os resultados mostram que existe um alto interesse pela temática da espiritualidade tanto na vida pessoal como no trabalho e pode-se tratar abertamente no espaço de trabalho, apesar das limitações sobre o assunto, seu principal benefício é que favorece o equilíbrio em todos os aspectos da vida.Palavras-chave: espiritualidade, ambiente de trabalho, crenças e valores espirituais.

The Subject Matter of Intellectual Property

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justine Pila
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Trade Mark ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Essential Properties ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
The Relationship

This book offers a study of the subject matter protected by each of the main intellectual property (IP) regimes. With a focus on European and UK law particularly, it considers the meaning of the terms used to denote the objects to which IP rights attach, such as ‘invention’, ‘authorial work’, ‘trade mark’, and ‘design’, with reference to the practice of legal officials and the nature of those objects specifically. To that end it proceeds in three stages. At the first stage, in Chapter 2, the nature, aims, and values of IP rights and systems are considered. As historically and currently conceived, IP rights are limited (and generally transferable) exclusionary rights that attach to certain intellectual creations, broadly conceived, and that serve a range of instrumentalist and deontological ends. At the second stage, in Chapter 3, a theoretical framework for thinking about IP subject matter is proposed with the assistance of certain devices from philosophy. That framework supports a paradigmatic conception of the objects protected by IP rights as artifact types distinguished by their properties and categorized accordingly. From this framework, four questions are derived concerning: the nature of the (categories of) subject matter denoted by the terms ‘invention’, ‘authorial work’, ‘trade mark’, ‘design’ etc, including their essential properties; the means by which each subject matter is individuated within the relevant IP regime; the relationship between each subject matter and its concrete instances; and the manner in which the existence of a subject matter and its concrete instances is known. That leaves the book’s final stage, in Chapters 3 to 7. Here legal officials’ use of the terms above, and understanding of the objects that they denote, are studied, and the results presented as answers to the four questions identified previously.

scholarly journals Hubert Maitland Turnbull, 1875-1955

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 289-304 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Original Work ◽  
Medical Schools ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Hospital Medical ◽  
London Hospital ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Morbid Anatomy ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Attention To Detail

Hubert Maitland Turnbull, who died on 29 September 1955 some eight years after retirement from the Chair of Morbid Anatomy at the London Hospital Medical College, occupied a position of eminence in British pathology. Not only was he greatly esteemed by his colleagues at the London but his influence extended widely throughout the medical schools of this and other countries of the Commonwealth. This was due not so much to his ability as an initiator and director of research, even though he was responsible for a considerable amount of valuable original work during his forty years at the London Hospital, but to a particular genius for accuracy of observation and meticulous attention to detail which he possessed in high degree and applied with almost religious fervour to everything that he did. Entering pathology at a time when many in this country held that morbid anatomy was a dead subject, Virchow, in their opinion, having left little new territory to be explored, Turnbull set himself to revolutionize morbid anatomical practice and to raise the subject to the level of a science. And so well did he succeed that he proved a source of inspiration not only to his fellow pathologists and those young graduates who chose to emulate him, but also to the much wider circle of clinicians who sought the privilege of working for a time in his department as a prelude to specialization in some other branch of medicine.

Traffic Restraint as a Transport Planning Policy 1: A Framework for Analysis

1974 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 565-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Wigan
Keyword(s):  
Marginal Cost ◽  
Road Pricing ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Planning Program ◽  
Transport Planning ◽  
Planning Policy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Practical Algorithm ◽  
Traffic Restraint ◽  
Convergence Stability

This paper summarises the program of work carried out at TRRL up to 1971 on traffic restraint treated as a policy for transport planning. The special techniques required were developed and are described here. The theoretical framework within which local traffic effects can be treated at a strategic level is developed using marginal cost road pricing as an example, and the necessarily stringent pricing establishing the convergence, stability, and repeatability of the results is described for a practical algorithm which can readily be used in other transport planning program systems. The application of these techniques to analyse the comparative effects of different traffic restraint policies, and the variations on the techniques required to handle several groups of travellers who react differently to restraint measures, are the subject of companion papers to appear later in this journal.

scholarly journals AN ALTERNATIVE APPROACH TO IDENTIFY KEY INDUSTRIES: ISSUES TO SELECTION CRITERIA

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-598
Author(s):  
Abul Quasem Al-Amin ◽  
Abdul Hamid Jaafar
Keyword(s):  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Public Investment ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
The Public ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Sectoral Planning ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Key Industries ◽  
High Degree

Within a process of modeling exercise, this study aimed to understand appropriate selection criteria to identify key industries. There are many key sector identification linkage measures in the subject matter and sensitivity issue among them can be tricky because many of these measures differ only slightly but can result in outcomes that are quite dissimilar. With this background, we proposed an alternate approach that helps to resolve this issue. The proposed approach utilizes in this study by five sub-methods and high degree of the frequency of their occurrences in sub-methods to determine the key sectors. The study approach is applied to Malaysia as the public sector investment remains a large share in the national economy, like other developing countries, and the correct identification is still a challenge for sectoral planning. The experiences from this study can be used to guide appropriate public investment in Malaysia and elsewhere with similar economic forms.

scholarly journals The epistemology of democracy: The epistemic virtues of democracy

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-70
Author(s):  
Snjezana Prijic-Samarzija
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social System ◽  
Epistemic Justification ◽  
Collective Intelligence ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
The Political ◽  
Epistemic Values ◽  
Epistemic Virtues ◽  
Political Justification

The new and vibrant field of the epistemology of democracy, or the inquiry about the epistemic justification of democracy as a social system of procedures, institutions, and practices, as a cross-disciplinary endeavour, necessarily encounters both epistemologists and political philosophers. Despite possible complaints that this kind of discussion is either insufficiently epistemological or insufficiently political, my approach explicitly aims to harmonize the political and epistemic justification of democracy. In this article, I tackle some fundamental issues concerning the nature of the epistemic justification of democracy and the best theoretical framework for harmonizing political and epistemic values. I also inquire whether the proposed division of epistemic labour and the inclusion of experts can indeed improve the epistemic quality of decision-making without jeopardizing political justification. More specifically, I argue in favour of three theses. First, not only democratic procedures but also the outcomes of democracy, as a social system, need to be epistemically virtuous. Second, democracy?s epistemic virtues are more than just a tool for achieving political goals. Third, an appropriate division of epistemic labour has to overcome the limitations of both individual and collective intelligence.

scholarly journals Double Vision, Phosphenes and Afterimages

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-32
Author(s):  
Işık Sarıhan
Keyword(s):  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Double Vision ◽  
Phenomenal Experience ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Mind

Pure representationalism or intentionalism for phenomenal experience is the theory that all introspectible qualitative aspects of a conscious experience can be analyzed as qualities that the experience non-conceptually represents the world to have. Some philosophers have argued that experiences such as afterimages, phosphenes and double vision are counterexamples to the representationalist theory, claiming that they are non- representational states or have non-representational aspects, and they are better explained in a qualia-theoretical framework. I argue that these states are fully representational states of a certain kind, which I call “automatically non-endorsed representations”, experiential states the veridicality of which we are almost never committed to, and which do not trigger explicit belief or disbelief in the mind of the subject. By investigating descriptive accounts of afterimages by two qualia theorists, I speculate that the mistaken claims of some anti-representationalists might be rooted in confusing two senses of the term “seeming”.

scholarly journals Jesse Shera, The Wars and The Pietá

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Porto Bozzetti ◽  
Gustavo Saldanha
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social Epistemology ◽  
Information Science ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Approach ◽  
Theoretical Formulation ◽  
Social Nature ◽  
The Future ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Subject

The purpose of this paper, considering the relevance of Shera thoughts and its repercussions, is to reposition, in epistemological-historical terms, Jesse Shera’s approaches and their impacts according to a relation between life and work of the epistemologist. Without the intention of an exhaustive discussion, the purpose is to understand some unequivocal relations between the Shera critique for the context of its theoretical formulation and the consequences of this approach contrary to some tendencies originating from the technical and bureaucratic roots of the field (before and after World War II). It is deduced that Shera, rather than observing the sociopolitical reality and technical partner in which the texture of alibrary-based thought (but visualized by him as documentaryinformational), establishes, in his own praxis, social epistemology as a sort of "critique of the future," that is, as a praxis of the reflexive activity of the subject inserted in this episteme. In our discussion, the epistemological-social approach represents a vanguard for the context of its affirmation, a reassessment for the immediate decades to its presentation(years 1960 and 1970) and a critique for the future of what was consolidated under the notion of information Science, anticipating affirmations of "social nature" of the 1980s and 1990s in the field of information.

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