Accounting for the Spread of Quechua and Aymara between Cuzco and Lake Titicaca

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
BILL SILLAR
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Archaeological Evidence ◽  
Native Languages ◽  
Lake Titicaca ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
The Social ◽  
Titicaca Basin

This chapter explores broad social changes that may account for how Quechua and Aymara entered the Lake Titicaca and Cuzco regions so that they eventually replaced all other native languages. It starts with a brief overview of the topography and ecology of the area that provides the landscape upon which people developed their subsistence base and over which they moved. It then reviews what is known about the distribution of Aymara, Quechua, and Puquina in the region at the start of the colonial period. Based on this, the chapter presents a broad overview of the archaeological evidence for social development and change from the Formative to the early colonial period, in order to consider the social processes that led to the pattern of language use encountered by the Spanish. It is argued that the scale of social change wrought by the Wari Empire in the Vilcanota Valley is commensurate with the introduction and uptake of a new language, which is most likely to have been Quechua. But documentary evidence suggests the llama herders of the Lupaca, Canas, and Collagua were well-established Aymara speakers by the time of the earliest Spanish records. The social processes surrounding llama herding must be considered to account for the spread of Aymara into the Titicaca Basin.

Glocalising the theory of generations: The case of Spain

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 333-357
Author(s):  
Manuela Caballero ◽  
Artemio Baigorri
Keyword(s):  
Social Change ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Collective Identities ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
American Society ◽  
A Current

This work poses difficulties in the use of the generation concept as a social research instrument, due to its complex and multidimensional nature. A complexity by which is not a concept widely used in a current Sociology that focuses more on the mathematisation. But some social processes cannot be reduced to algorithms. For the theoretical review we have used contributions from Sociology, Philosophy and History, because it is of a transversal disciplinary nature, and we have applied it to the identification of Spanish generations in the 20th century. Inspired by Ortega’s theses and Strauss and Howe empirical development implemented for American society, the resulting model presents six generations with different collective identities that reflect the social changes in the history of Spain during the last century. A model that, after being tested in sectorial investigations, may constitute a useful new tool for the analysis of social change.

scholarly journals Legacies of Slavery and Popular Traditions of Freedom in Southern Senegal (1860–1960)

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 72-99
Author(s):  
Alice Bellagamba
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Economic Well Being

This study examines the historical linkages that developed between experiences of enslavement, the legacies of slavery, and ideas of freedom before and after abolition in the early twentieth century in an area of southern Senegal known today as the Kolda region. In the Fulfulde language, spoken by the majority of the population, there are several terms and expressions to talk about freedom. The first is ndimaaku, which people tend to equate with nobility and dignity. This is the freedom of the olden days of slavery, when the capacities and qualities of the male or female freeborn stood in stark contrast to those of the slave, and being free meant not having been a slave in the first place. The second term is heɓtaare, i.e., freedom in the sense of tranquility, economic well-being, and a general ease in life and social relations. The expression jeyaal-hoore mun conveys a sense of independence, self-mastery and autonomy, while heɓtugol hoore mun literally means to retrieve one’s head, the center of individual thought and capacity for independent action. Politically, heɓtugol hoore mun stands for the end of colonial rule and the achievement of national independence. Socially, it refers to the emancipation of subordinated groups, like the youth and women, and it describes slaves who freed themselves from their masters. Drawing from archival sources and oral history, this essay attempts to reconstruct the discursive reconfigurations of local ideas of freedom within the context of the political and social changes that affected the Kolda region in the late nineteenth century, the early colonial period, and the years before decolonization. Each historical period had its own actors, dynamics and complexities in which slavery and then legacies of slavery played a role in the definition of freedom and the entitlement of people to its benefits. As demonstrated here, however, liberation paved the way for other forms of subjugation.

MECHANISMS OF SOCIAL INFLUENCE THROUGH THE APPRECIATIONS OF THE CRIME FRAUDAGE BY THE „GRANDSON” AND „THE POLICE” METHODS

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (30) ◽  
pp. 192-209
Author(s):  
Anna Różańska ◽  
Beata Pastwa-Wojciechowska
Keyword(s):  
Social Influence ◽  
Social Development ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Crime Detection ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Methods Of Operation

The purpose of this work is to show the phenomenon of fraud committing methods “grandson” and “policeman”. The offence of fraud is an act of high social harm, which victims become elderly, living alone or being alone in home at the time of committing the offence. In the literature of the subject for a long time it is shown that the elderly are preferred by offenders age group, as they show the limitations in the functioning of the physical, mental and social development. The offender, using a number of mechanisms of social influence and changing the way it operates, lead older people to huge losses, not only the material but also psychological (a letdown for help anytime soon or loss of faith in the pure intentions of other people) and social (loss of confidence in the people and deepening insulation). Note one more accuracy, namely, if the elderly betting on victims of crime is a constant element of the activities of the perpetrators, the offender themselves change their methods of operation, adapting them to the social changes and knowledge about our operation. Perpetrators have a great understanding, what needs are most important for potential victims, and they still improve their knowledge in the area of tools to influence social development. Changes in the behavior of the perpetrators within these methods affect crime detection by law enforcement and the implementation of preventive measures adversely. Practice of criminal in Poland lasts several years, and the offenders, by modifying the method of operation, made the crime a steady source of illicit income.

scholarly journals Priority approach as an effective tool for managing social development of personnel in the context of social management in enterprises

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.3) ◽  
pp. 650
Author(s):  
Olena Chupyr ◽  
Liudmyla Kalinichenko ◽  
Anastasiya Ustilovska
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Quantitative Method ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Efficient Operation ◽  
Highly Efficient ◽  
The Social ◽  
A Priority ◽  
Social Management

To ensure a stable, highly efficient operation of enterprises, it is necessary to create a scientifically based system for managing all aspects of their activities, in particular, pay special attention to the planning of social processes. The essence of social management determines its formation and functioning as a system. In order to avoid scattering of the funds allocated for social development of personnel, it is necessary to determine the primary social objectives and appropriate funds for their implementation. In this regard, a model of a scientifically based system for planning social development of personnel has been proposed, using a priority approach to social management based on assessing the level of social development of personnel, which will help focus on the objectives that are most important for the enterprise and concentrate financial resources in the most important areas of its social development. It is necessary to plan the expenses for social development of the enterprise with a real consideration for the opinions of the personnel, which is possible through defining the social priorities by the quantitative method on the basis of processing the results of a survey of employees.  

scholarly journals SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF RUSSIANS NUCLEAR POWER CITIES (THE CASE OF DESNOGORSK)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-13
Author(s):  
В. Лазаренко ◽  
V. Lazarenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Nuclear Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Young Population ◽  
The Social ◽  
The City ◽  
Post Soviet Period

<p>The article presents an assessment of social development of Desnogorsk in comparison with other cities in Smolensk region. According to the research, Desnogorsk is a leader on a numbers of social development parameters. However, some parameters are lower than the average values. The social development of Desnogorsk is higher than that of the other cities in the region, but it has been declining since 1996 and now it is gradually approaching the average regional level. The main reason is the transfer of social responsibility from the city-forming enterprise to the city administration and the rapid population decline of the city. In the post-Soviet period there began an out-migration from Desnogorsk, mainly among young population. It is primarily caused by the monopropellant economy and the optimization of the industry. The socio-economic gap between the employees of nuclear power plants and other residents is gradually increasing. Desnogorsk displays the lowest level of labor mobility, if compared to other cities in the region. The low level of labor migration together with the migration outflow indicates a low adaptation of the population to economic and social changes.</p>

Reversible Social Processes, Historical Memory, and the Production of History

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 341-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Roberts
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Social History ◽  
Gender Relations ◽  
Textile Industry ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Household Dynamics ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sudan I

In my research on gender relations and household dynamics in the handicraft textile industry of the western Sudan, I have been frustrated by the silences in the oral record concerning changes during the early colonial period. Whereas I have been able to reconstruct the social history of the precolonial era, including the changes induced by increased use of slave labor, my informants have been silent on what I would consider equally significant changes in the early colonial period.Using colonial sources, I have been able to reconstruct the broad contours of the period following the end of slavery, which hint at profound changes in the nature of the textile industry, gender relations, and household dynamics. These would, I anticipated on the basis of my previous fieldwork, be exactly the kind of transformative social change which would be recalled in the oral record. They ought to have become a central part of the social construction of the meaning of historical processes. But, as far as I have been able to determine, this has not been the case. Detail on gender relations and the productive processes appear again in my informants' accounts for the period just before and after World War II, drawn from personal experience. This paradox—apparently richer evidence in the oral record for an earlier era than for a chronologically closer one—has implications for both fieldwork strategies and for social history.

scholarly journals The society as a mimetic field: the dynamics of the social

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
Aleksey I. Pavlovskij ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Dynamic Process ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Further Development

The article discusses the feasibility and vistas of re-defining the concept «society» in an effort to make it fit for studying the current situation. The constant mobility of actors and the new virtual reality transcend the boundaries between social groups, which calls methodological capacity of any static and especially essentialistic understanding of the phenomenon called «society» into question. The author starts from defining society through communication acts, but at the same time distinguishes between them by the level of mutual understanding attained through communication, which makes it possible to scrutinize the internal structure of the term in question. Understanding of communication acts as a medium of memetic influence that shapes a person’s agency and ensures synchronicity between persons, adequate for a certain level of mutual understanding, enables the author to view society as a dynamic process, as a memetic field amid constantly changing and diverse challenges. The landscape contour of the challenges adds constant disturbing differentiations that guarantee continual social changes. By contrasting practical and discursive minds, the author discriminates non-reflexive mimetic processes of practical knowledge transfer from their reflexive comprehension. Thus, the author distinguishes two levels in social processes, incompatibility between which adds complexity to social dynamics. Using this understanding of the social, the author shows how in certain conditions a person may identify with a certain social group. In conclusion, the paper formulates three main practical questions the answers to which will let us assess the possibilities for further development of society.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MEGALITIK DI SITUS-SITUS PERTAHANAN TRADISIONAL MASA KOLONIAL AWAL DI MALUKU

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-193
Author(s):  
Syahruddin Mansyur
Keyword(s):  
Social Status ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Early Colonial ◽  
The Social

This study was conducted at three sites; Bukit Amaiha, Bukit Wawani, and Bukit Kapahaha. These sites had correlation in settlement, traditional defense and megalithic sites. The result shows that the dolmen is a product of megalithic culture found on traditional defense sites on the island of Ambon. The influence on megalithic culture on traditional defense sites caused by the strong megaliths concept in the early colonial period in Maluku. Megalithic concept in Bukit largest Amaiha related to people effort to maintain the social status of their leader. On the other hand, it also related to their effort to gain cosmological legitimacy between leaders and community at Bukit Wawani.Penelitian ini dilakukan di tiga situs yaitu; situs Bukit Amaiha, situs Bukit Wawani, dan situs Bukit Kapahaha. Ketiga situs inididuga memiliki korelasi antara situs pemukiman, situs pertahanan tradisional dan situs megalitik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa batu meja adalah produk budaya megalitik yang banyak ditemui di situs-situs pertahanan tradisional di wilayah Pulau Ambon dan sekitarnya. Pengaruh megalitik pada situs-situs pertahanan tradisional yang ada di wilayah ini adalahkarena masih kuatnya konsep megalitik pada masa kolonial awal di Maluku. Konsep megalitik di Situs Bukit Amaiha berkaitan dengan upaya untuk mempertahankan status sosial seorang pemimpin. Sementara itu, di situs Bukit Wawani berkaitan dengan upaya untuk memperoleh legitimasi kosmos antara pemimpin dan komunitasnya.

scholarly journals La alegoría de Santiago Apóstol una muestra de arte rupestre colonial en la cordillera puneña

2019 ◽  
pp. 50-59
Author(s):  
Roberto Guillermo Ramos Castillo
Keyword(s):  
Rock Art ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Lake Titicaca ◽  
Palabras Clave ◽  
Titicaca Basin ◽  
Lake Titicaca Basin

Las investigaciones sobre el arte rupestre de la cuenca del lago Titicaca han tomado un inusitado interés debido a las recientes experiencias de catalogación realizadas en las tres ecozonas de la región Puno –Cordillera, Altiplano y Amazonia– las que, a su vez, han reportado nuevos sitios con este tipo de representaciones parietales, pertenecientes todas al periodo prehispánico y específicamente al arcaico. El presente trabajo analiza, sin embargo, uno de los escasos ejemplos de arte rupestre del periodo colonial de la región, específicamente aquel relacionado con la iconografía y los atributos del Apóstol Santiago El Mayor. Palabras clave: Arte rupestre, cruz, espada, iconografía, Santiago Apóstol   AbstractResearch of rock art in the Lake Titicaca basin in recent years have taken an unusual interest. Due to recent cataloguing experiences of study in the three Eco zones in the region of Puno: Mountain range, highland and Amazonia, which in time have reported new sites with this type of frescos representations - assigned chronologically to the pre-Hispanic period and, associated with archaic. However, this work, one of the few examples of rock art of the colonial period in the region, specifically related with the iconography and the attributes of Apostle James the Greater. Keywords: rock art, cross, sword, iconography, Apostle James

scholarly journals Post-Truth Society? An Eliasian Sociological Analysis of Knowledge in the 21st Century

Sociology ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 003803852199403
Author(s):  
Dominic Malcolm
Keyword(s):  
Science And Technology Studies ◽  
Sociology Of Knowledge ◽  
Social Processes ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Sociological Analysis ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Social ◽  
Public Exposure ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Analysis Of Knowledge

This article draws on Elias’s sociology of knowledge to delineate the social processes that have culminated in the development of the post-truth phenomenon. It argues that technological and social changes have led to a complex commingling of increased emotion and increasingly ‘rational’ debating techniques. These have been accompanied by an increasing human capacity to consider issues on multiple ‘levels’ and anticipate the varied ways in which different audiences could perceive particular propositions. While these changes explain the polarisation of views characteristic of post-truth, the theory of informalisation is invoked to explain the relative absence of shame at the public exposure of ‘untruths’. The article expands debates in communication and science and technology studies to locate post-truth as an emergent form of knowledge contingent upon new forms of communication, a re-structuring of social interdependencies and changes in modes of thinking. In so doing, it advances the sociological analysis of knowledge.

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