scholarly journals The Hypocritical Consciousness and the Emancipatory Aims of the Soviet Society

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vylius Leonavičius ◽  
Apolonijus Žilys
Keyword(s):  
Social Norms ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Material Values

The material and the post-material values of the young generation in the last Soviet decade are analysed according to the theory of human development and compared with the values of the rest of the society. They are further analysed in light of hypocritical dispositions that developed systematically during the Soviet period. The study uses the data of the European Value Survey of 1990. The youngest cohort more preferred post-material values and declared emancipatory aims, but also was more in favour of breaking social norms than the older generation.

scholarly journals “The New Man” On-Demand: A Student in Lithuanian Schools of the Late Soviet Years (1964–1988)

2021 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 99-117
Author(s):  
Akvilė Naudžiūnienė
Keyword(s):  
Social Stratification ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Socialist Republic ◽  
Soviet Socialist Republic ◽  
Disciplinary Practices ◽  
New Man

This article presents a socio-historical study that combines an analysis of the theoretical model of the “new man” in the late Soviet period (1964–1988) with an empirical study of personal experiences of people who were students at schools in the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (LSSR) during this period. The aim is to analyze how the teaching and learning process were organized during the late Soviet period in LSSR schools, how it was understood by the participants of this study, and what were the possible differences in the experiences of schoolchildren. Also, it is equally important to determine which of the schoolchildren’s experiences in this period could be qualified as “unifying experiences” that formed the mentality of the late Soviet period generation. These experiences are compared with the common Soviet vision of the “new man” education, which was also changing during the late Soviet period. While searching for the answer to how much of the theoretical “new man” model was adopted by this last Soviet generation in LSSR, we use a post-revisionist approach and focus on the narrative of everyday history – what it meant to be schoolchildren in Soviet schools. The research revealed that the formal institutionalization of collective life for schoolchildren through Pioneer or Komsomol organizations was ineffective in creating a collective community feeling between the young generation. During the late Soviet period in LSSR schools there were four main disciplinary practices: formal notices by writing or by word, unsanctioned physical punishments, preventive disciplinary practices, and informal shaming. The last informal disciplinary practice was considered by schoolchildren in todays perspective as the most effective means of discipline at schools. These practices reflected the model of monitoring each other in the adult Soviet society and formed the horizontal control system involving students, their parents, and teachers. The research revealed a preliminary informal social stratification of children in LSSR schools during the late Soviet period. It was not related to the vision of “the new man” education but encouraged an already existing division within the LSSR society. This was a complete departure from the ethical-moral visions of educating “the new man” in schools, which were based on the demolition of the established class division, enabling this “new man” to create a welfare of socialist society by their own hard work and heroic achievements.

scholarly journals Social attitudes of young Petersburgers

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-392
Author(s):  
Zinaida V. Sikevich ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Young People ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
The Body ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
The Government

The article presents an empirical analysis of social expectations and attitudes of the modern young generation using the example of St. Petersburg. The study of this phenomenon is based on three studies conducted under the author’s supervision in 1996, 2011 and 2019. The article is based on data from the 2019 study — 153 people. (Saint Petersburg, age group 18–29 years, quota sample by gender, all respondents are of Russian nationality). The questionnaire was compiled using the author’s methods, in particular, the method of symbolic associations with subsequent content analysis of verbal constructs. In the body of the article, the dynamics of changes in the social attitudes of young people is demonstrated based on empirical research data. The change affected the perception of the basic concepts of national identity, such as “Russia”, the “Russian state” and “Russian power”. While there is almost no dynamics in the attitude to Russia as a Homeland, there are significant changes in the opinions towards the state and power. In relation to the government, there was an increase in protest moods, which was found during the content analysis of symbolic associations in the 2019 study compared to the 1996 and 2011 studies. In the historical consciousness of young people there is a positive dynamic of ideas about the pre-revolutionary and Soviet period against the background of the lack of dynamics of ideas about modern Russian society. When comparing “Soviet society” and “modern society”, changes in symbolic associations were recorded in the direction of increasing the number of associations related to human relationships and reducing the number of political associations. The article presents empirical data on the content of the national idea expressed by young people. Illustrative material for the article includes tables and histograms.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eren Tasar
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
Church State Relations ◽  
Soviet Central Asia ◽  
State Relations ◽  
Previous Scholarship

This introduction describes the main arguments and historiographical interventions undertaken in the present work. The majority of previous scholarship on Islam in Soviet Central Asia has treated the Communist anti-religious campaigns of the 1920s and 1930s as representative of the entire Soviet period. By contrast, this book argues that Stalin’s normalization of church-state relations in 1943–1944 allowed a permanent space for Islam to exist in Soviet society. This space rapidly became the site of an accommodation between Islam and Communism for many Central Asians. The introduction concludes with a discussion of the advantages and limitations of the sources employed throughout the book.

scholarly journals Theoretical and Practical Interaction Between Legal Ideology and Legal Propaganda in the Soviet Society

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-368
Author(s):  
Anzhelika V Gavrilova ◽  
Egor A Bogolyubov
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Legal Education ◽  
Public Organizations ◽  
The State ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Legal Ideology ◽  
Ideological Influence

The main function of any ideology is to legitimize the established order of things as true, universal and unshakable. The ideological form is aimed at the formation of the addressee's specific stereotypes of behavior corresponding to the trajectory of officially recognized ideas, values, axioms, principles, norms of law. Legal ideology is a conceptualized expression of normative, political and universal methods of legal understanding. As the methods of ideological influence can be identified scientific-doctrinal and official-legal nomination, legal propaganda, legal education, legal education, etc. Legal propaganda is the systematic and purposeful dissemination in society of certain legal ideas, values, norms and programs of behavior in order to control the addressee and control his thinking and behavior, has a coercive nature in order to prevent deviation from the absolute standards of behavior. Propaganda is often one of the main means of political manipulation. At present," legal propaganda" as the most radical concept has given way to softer methods of ideological influence - "legal education" and " legal upbringing". Legal literacy and legal awareness of citizens in modern Russia is an important area of public policy, the implementation of which is entrusted to the Federal and regional public authorities, local governments, professional legal communities and public associations of lawyers, in close collaboration with civil society structures in the form of social partnerships. The involvement of public organizations for legal education of the population through legal propaganda in order to implement the state policy was actively developed in the Soviet period. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze the phenomenon of the Soviet legal ideology in the context of legal propaganda by public organizations. The study was conducted within the framework of socio-cultural approach. That approach allowed expanding the idea of the place and role of legal propaganda in the Soviet society as a product of the state ideology focused on the identification of Soviet cultural values, its reglamentation and practical realisation.

The value aspect of human development in Russia

2021 ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Eduard Sobolev
Keyword(s):  
Social Inequality ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Value System ◽  
National Human

The article examines how the moral values inherent to human-oriented economy are being shaped in actual Russian society. For this purpose, the author analyzes the peculiarities and contradictions of the value aspect that were characteristic of the national human potential during the Soviet period as compared to the values of modern Russians.  An assessment is made of feasibility and prospects for partial regeneration of the Soviet value system including non-acquisitiveness, disapproval of social inequality, respect for education, and striving for challenging job.

scholarly journals Prishvin and Trotsky: a Man “like a pharmacist” in the novel “The World Cup”, journalism and the Writer’s Diary

2021 ◽  
pp. 164-177
Author(s):  
A. M. Podoksenov ◽  
V. A. Telkova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Period ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
World Cup ◽  
Russian Art ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
First Time

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the subject of the article is the question of the influence of L. D. Trotsky [Bronstein], who was one of the key leaders of Bolshevism, who headed the October Revolution, on the worldview and creativity of M. M. Prishvin, which has not yet been considered in the European studies. It is shown that in Russian art it is difficult to find an artist of the word, whose work would be to the same extent conditioned by the influence of the ideological and political context. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time an attempt was made to show how, through individual characters in his works, Prishvin in an artistic and figurative form reflected the characteristic features of behavior, everyday habits, the style of thinking and speech of Trotsky. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of previously unpublished due to censorship restrictions of the writer’s works: the story “The World Cup”, journalism of the revolutionary years and the 18-volume Diary, which became available to the reader only in the post-Soviet period. It is shown that, depicting Trotsky as a “pharmacist” who, according to his recipes, is trying to create the future of a huge country, Prishvin seeks not only to artistically reflect his moral appearance and personality traits, but also to convey the features of the ideological and political struggle in Soviet society.

scholarly journals “Khrushchev Constitution”: The path of a new constitutionalism

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Anas G. Gataullin ◽  
◽  
Dinar R. Zaynutdinov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Party System ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
Economic Management ◽  
Soviet State ◽  
Basic Law ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Thaw Period ◽  
Post Soviet Period ◽  
Draft Constitution

Introduction. Scientific research on the process of preparing and developing the draft Constitution of the USSR in 1964 began to appear only in the post-Soviet period. In Soviet times, this topic was banned, and the project itself, being in the archive, was not available for research. The study of the “Khrushchev Constitution” only started in the post-Soviet period. Since the constitutional reforms carried out in the last decade (2008, 2014, 2020) caused a heated discussion in the scientific community, the study of the draft Constitution of the USSR in 1964 is gaining new relevance, allowing us to look at the process of development of domestic constitutionalism more comprehensively. Theoretical analysis. The study on the development of Russian constitutionalism results in new theoretical material that can be used in Russian state building. The purpose of the publication is to summarize the experience of constitutional design of the Khrushchev Thaw period. The tasks of the research: finding the reasons for the emergence of a new need to develop the Basic Law; defining the attitude of Soviet society to the institution of the presidency; analyzing the content of the draft Constitution of the USSR in 1964. Еmpirical analysis. The end of the era of Stalinism and the beginning of the Khrushchev Thaw period required a conceptual revision of the foundations of the constitutional order in the Soviet state. During the reign of N. S. Khrushchev, there were clear trends towards decentralizing economic management and public administration, and a return to the idea of “socialist legality” became relevant. To solve these problems, the creation of an appropriate legislative base was required, which was supposed to proceed from the Basic Law of the country. However, the existing Constitution of the USSR in 1936 could not provide support for a broad liberalization of the state-party system. As a result of the challenges of the new era, the idea of adopting a new Basic law, called the “Khrushchev Constitution”, arose. Results. This article examines the development of Soviet constitutionalism during the reign of N. S. Khrushchev and concludes that the draft Constitution of the USSR of 1964 made a significant contribution to the formation of the constitutional image of the Soviet state until its collapse. In addition, the content of the “Khrushchev Constitution” allows us to emphasize its much greater democratic potential, in contrast to the USSR Constitutions of 1936 and 1977.

scholarly journals Family as a Source of Forming Axiological System of Youth. Coherence Between Value Systems of Parents and Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 144-155
Author(s):  
Mariola Wojciechowska
Keyword(s):  
Family Values ◽  
Value Systems ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
Significant Similarity ◽  
Value System ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Common ◽  
Material Values

The paper examines the importance of the family as an educational environment for the formation of the value system of the young generation. It is an outcome of cyclical research on the values of the younger and older generation in the Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship in Poland. The research data refer to the value examination questionnaire "100 Sentences - 100 Opinions" by Mirosław J. Szymański and the Value Scale by Milton Rokeach. The results confirm significant similarity of axiological systems for both respondent groups. The comparison of research results from three study stages (1994, 2003 and 2017) proves that the values systems in both younger and older generation are more constant than variable. Therefore, it can be concluded that in spite of disruptions experienced by a contemporary family, it is still considered the source of principles and values for a younger generation. The author proves that the first positions in the young people's and their parents axiological systems are held by the allocentric and prosocial values. This is also confirmed by the appreciation of the value of "true friendship" and "mature love”. It is beyond doubt that these values make it possible today to establish close and rewarding relationships that are extremely helpful to the sense of security and recognition. Furthermore, the studies prove that the participants in both research groups perceived the civic and material values as least important. The research studies a rather moderate acceptance by the respondents of the views representing family values. Young people in particular, still refer to the family with reluctance, criticising the various areas of the family's life, and they do not hesitate to point out the factors that disorganise the life of this community. They also clearly indicate their expectations of the family and, as can be anticipated, construct their own visions of the family. Although there are some changes in the order of values, they are not clear enough to suggest that the hierarchy of values and reference to family values of younger and older respondents has changed significantly over the years. The results with regard to the meaning of the family as a source of the young generation's values somewhat undermine the common theses about the little impact of family socialisation on the development and upbringing of the young generation and the loss of the family's basic duties.

scholarly journals Otherworldliness and Otherscopeness as Metaphors of Social and Cultural Development of a Contemporary

2015 ◽  
pp. 74-80
Author(s):  
Vera A. Fortunatova ◽  
Elena V. Valeeva
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Young Generation ◽  
External Reality ◽  
Modern Education ◽  
New Meanings ◽  
New Type ◽  
Classical Characteristic ◽  
Spiritual State

A borderline state of the culture is reflected today in human social practices, revealing some new meanings. They are connected not only with the external reality but also with the spiritual state of society; they go into a special sphere of otherness in relation to the previous stages of human development. The transition beyond the bounds of actual existence into the space of consciousness objects creates a new type of otherworldly (average) man. The otherwordliness is, first of all, a classical characteristic, often forgotten and unclaimed by the young generation of Russians. When we say classics, we mean not only the art but also the manners, perceptions and, especially, ethics. The otherscopeness is a goal of the innovational development; it is reflected in the new ideal transmitted and created by the modern education, whose specifics the article is devoted to.

scholarly journals Fonds of Regional Planning Agencies as a Most Valuable Source on the Dynamics and Standards of Living of the Urban Population of Eastern Siberia: 1954–84

2021 ◽  
pp. 1088-1105
Author(s):  
Natalia V. Gonina ◽  
◽  
Ruslan V. Pavlyukevich ◽  
Lyudmila N. Slavina ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Regional Planning ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
The State ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Soviet Society ◽  
Eastern Siberia ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Irkutsk Region ◽  
Standards Of Living ◽  
Administrative Unit

The article reviews archival fonds containing collections of the planning committees in three biggest Siberian cities: Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, and Novosibirsk. The Gosplan of the USSR acted as one of the pillars of the Soviet economic system, and hence of the Soviet society. This organization, by virtue of its official duties, was to possess the most complete information on the state of national economy, as well as on characteristics, needs, and requirements of the population living in towns and villages of the vast country. Despite the importance of this organization, which had its cells in every administrative unit of the country, its activities have been poorly studied by historians and urbanists. This is especially true of the territory of Eastern Siberia. This situation is due to the fact that its fonds have been classified until recently when most archives have lifted these restrictions. However, the huge volume of the fonds (fonds 1478 and 1300 of the State Archive of the Krasoyarsk Krai are among the largest in the region) and their poor organization complicate working with these collections. Nevertheless, they allow a comprehensive disclosure of the issues of the Soviet city. Turning to urban studies, a historian may feel lost in front of the huge volume of dynamically changing facts, phenomena, processes. Despite rigid unified structure of the Gosplan, the quality of its collections in the local archives depended largely on local managers and employees. Among three largest cities of Siberia (Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk), only Novosibirsk possesses a great number of documents, well sorted and organized, supplied with reference material. The Krasnoyarsk fond is rich in information, especially analytical. However, its organization is chaotic, collections remaining as they was transferred to the archive. Irkutsk has the poorest collection and, being scattered over several archives, it is poorly accessible to researchers. Moreover, the State Archive of the Irkutsk Region has no modern digitized guide to its Soviet period fonds. In general, given the informational value of the planning agencies fonds in the cities of Eastern Siberia, two things should be noted. First, it is necessary to make them more accessible to researchers through transfer and digitization. Second, it is necessary to write a history of regional planning commissions and biographies of their leaders. Working with materials of these fonds should be the first step for any researcher concerned with socio-economic development of Eastern Siberia.

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