Mitigating gaseous emissions following land application of manure slurry in growing crops

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Johanna Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Injection Timing ◽  
Nh3 Emission ◽  
Low Emission ◽  
Application Techniques ◽  
Manure Slurry ◽  
Over Time

The agricultural sector contributes substantially to global pollution, as it accounts for a significant amount gaseous emission of ammonia (NH3), greenhouse gases, volatile organic ompounds (VOC), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Agriculture accounts for 75% of the global NH3 emission with the primary sources being production units for livestock, storage facilities and land application of animal manure. Regardless of continuously updated legislation and regulations, Denmark does not meet the targeted NH3 reduction agreed upon in the National Emission Ceilings Directive from the European Union. Field application of liquid animal manure (slurry) accounts for 28% of the NH3 emissions in Denmark. For decades research has been carried out in order to mitigate these emissions. Several factors affect the emission, such as soil, slurry, and crop type and conditions, meteorological conditions, and application method and rate. Furthermore, all of the parameters interact with each other, making it difficult to isolate and quantify singular effects. Different strategies are applied in order to mitigate emissions, including manure reatment prior to application, optimal field management (crop rotation allowing direct soil injection), timing of application, and low emission application techniques. In growing cereal crops most low emission application techniques apply slurry at the surface in bands. Although extensive research has been carried out, there is still a knowledge gap concerning the interaction effects. There is a need for a high precision measurement method that can quantify NH3 emission patterns and relatively small differences in cumulative emission in order to document the effects. The research in this Ph.D. thesis examines the mechanisms that have an impact on NH3 emission from surface applied manure in growing crops in order to investigate which circumstances will lead to successful or unsuccessful abatement using both well known and new application techniques. For this purpose, a system of dynamic chambers and online measurements of NH3 flux with Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy was developed. A series of field experiments were conducted with this system under a large variety of conditions. The measuring system allow for NH3 flux measurements with a low variation, high time resolution, and long measuring periods. In addition, a new method for quantification of the exposed surface area (ESA) of the slurry at the soil surface over time has been developed. It is demonstrated that the method can be used to gain further knowledge about the slurry-soil interaction after surface application of slurry. The results presented show that the interaction between soil type and application technique is important when assessing the low emission application techniques in terms of their success in reducing emission. Measurements of ESA proved useful as an explanatory variable to explain why different slurry treatments mitigate the emission under certain circumstances but not under other. The ESA results also highlights the importance of gaining further knowledge about slurry infiltration into the soil after application and haracterization of increased dry matter in the air-slurry boundary layer including quantification of a possible crust formation. Air temperature is known to have an important effect on NH3 emission. Analysis of data from 19 experiments reveals a positive response of cumulative NH3 emission to the emperature at application up to a temperature of approximately 14°C. After this, a further increase in temperature does not change the cumulative NH3 emissions. It is hypothesized that the absence of temperature effect over a certain point is caused by an increased resistance of NH3 transport due to increased dry matter at the slurry-air interface. When combining a Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer with the dynamic chambers, it is possible to measure, identify, and quantify emissions of non-methane VOC and H2S after field application of manure. The system allows for precise measurements of the emission dynamics over time and estimations of the odor activity value.

scholarly journals Effect of Flushing Milk and Acidic Whey on pH and Nitrogen Loss of Cattle Manure Slurry

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1222
Author(s):  
Thomas Sepperer ◽  
Alexander Petutschnigg ◽  
Konrad Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Loss ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Ammonium Nitrogen ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Nh3 Emission ◽  
Manure Slurry ◽  
Soil Measurements ◽  
By Products ◽  
The Eu

With the increasing demand for food worldwide, the use of fertilizers in the agricultural industry has grown. Natural fertilizers derived from the use of animal manure slurry, especially cattle and cow, are responsible for 40% of the agricultural ammonia emission. The EU defined the goal to reduce NH3 emission drastically until 2030, yet until today an overall increase has been observed, making it more difficult to reach the target. In this study, we used two by-products from the dairy industry, namely flushing milk and acidic whey, to lower the pH of cattle manure slurry and therefore mitigate the loss of nitrogen in the form of ammonia into the atmosphere, making it available in the soil. Measurements of pH, ammonium nitrogen, total Kjeldahl nitrogen, and lactic acid bacteria colonies were conducted in a lab-scale experiment to test the hypothesis. Afterwards, pH measurements were conducted on bigger samples. We found that whey effectively reduced the pH of manure below 5, therefore moving the ammonia/ammonium equilibrium strongly towards ammonium. Flushing milk on the other hand lowered the pH to a smaller extent, yet allowed for faster hydrolysis of urea into ammonium. The findings in this study present a suitable and environmentally friendly approach to help reach the climate goals set by the EU by using by-products from the same industry branch, therefore being a suitable example of circular economy.

Precision Land Application of Animal Manure Slurry

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd England ◽  
Brian J. Holmes ◽  
Ronald T.Schuler ◽  
Robert Silha ◽  
Richard J. Straub
Keyword(s):  
Animal Manure ◽  
Land Application ◽  
Manure Slurry

scholarly journals Contribution of green organs to grain weight in dryland wheat from the 1940s to the 2010s in Shaanxi Province, China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingying Sun ◽  
Suiqi Zhang ◽  
Jiakun Yan
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Shaanxi Province ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Replacement Process ◽  
Defoliation Treatment ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Water Treatments ◽  
Over Time

AbstractEight dryland winter wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), which were widely cultivated from the 1940s to the 2010s in Shaanxi Province, China, were selected and grown in plots, and two water treatments (irrigation and drought) were used to identify the contribution of ears, leaves and stems to grain weight and grain number associated with cultivar replacement. The plant height and stem dry weight of the dryland wheat decreased significantly during the cultivar replacement process, but there was a remarkable increase in the dry matter translocation of stems under irrigation. Shaded-ear and defoliation treatment could decrease the grain number and grain weight, and the grain weight was more influenced. Both the leaf and ear are important photosynthetic sources for dryland wheat, and the contribution of ear assimilates showed a significant increase over time; however, the contribution of leaf assimilates showed a negative correlation with cultivation over time. The accumulation of stem assimilates and ear photosynthesis both increased the grain weight potential. In the future breeding process, cultivars with more assimilates stored in the stem and greater assimilative capacity of ears, especially a greater contribution of ear assimilates, are expected to increase the grain yield.

scholarly journals Maintenance requirement and deposition efficiency of lysine in pigs

2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 1269-1274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcos Speroni Ceron ◽  
Vladimir de Oliveira ◽  
Paulo Alberto Lovatto ◽  
Marcos Martinez do Vale
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Deposition Efficiency ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Nitrogen Intake ◽  
Average Body ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Average Body Weight

The objective of this work was to determine the maintenance requirement and the deposition efficiency of lysine in growing pigs. It was used the incomplete changeover experimental design, with replicates over time. Twelve castrated pigs with average body weight (BW) of 52±2 kg were kept in metabolism crates with a controlled temperature of 22ºC. The diets were formulated to supply 30, 50, 60, and 70% of the expected requirements of standardized lysine, and provided at 2.6 times the energy requirements for maintenance. The trial lasted 24 days and was divided into two periods of 12 days: seven days for animal adaptation to the diet and five days for sample collection. The increasing content of lysine in the diet did not affect dry matter intake of the pigs. The amount of nitrogen excreted was 47% of the nitrogen intake, of which 35% was excreted through feces and 65% through urine. The estimated endogenous losses of lysine were 36.4 mg kg-1 BW0.75. The maintenance requirement of lysine for pigs weighing around 50 kg is 40.4 mg kg-1 BW0.75, and the deposition efficiency of lysine is 90%.

scholarly journals Nitrate leaching and N2-fixation in grasslands of different composition, age and management

2004 ◽  
Vol 142 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. ERIKSEN ◽  
F. P. VINTHER ◽  
K. SØEGAARD
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Dry Matter Production ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Over Time

Grass-legume associations may offer a way of improving the N efficiency of dairy farming, but may also have an adverse impact on the environment by increasing leaching losses. Nitrate leaching from four cropping sequences with different grassland frequency and management (long-term grazed, long-term cut, cereals followed by 1 and 2-year grazed leys) were investigated on a loamy sand in central Jutland for both unfertilized grass-clover (perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)/white clover (Trifolium repens L.)) and fertilized perennial ryegrass (300 kg N/ha) swards during 1997–2002. Furthermore, 1 year (2001) of N2 fixation in 1-, 2- and 8-year-old grass-clover pastures was determined. Nitrate leaching from grazed unfertilized grass-clover was always considerably lower than from grazed fertilized ryegrass. The effect of grassland age on nitrate leaching was insignificant in grass-clover but clear in grazed ryegrass, where levels increased dramatically with sward age. In production years 6–8, leaching from grass-clover was only 9–13% of the comparable losses from ryegrass. Under the cutting regime grass-clover showed a significant reduction in both yield and N-removal with increasing sward age, whereas for ryegrass these figures did not show any decreasing trend. N2 fixation was lower in 8-year-old swards compared with fully established 2-year-old swards as a consequence of lower dry matter production, lower clover content and a lower proportion of clover-N derived from the atmosphere. The results from the present study indicate that the higher leaching losses observed in fertilized grass compared with unfertilized grass-clover systems were caused by (1) a reduction in N2-fixation in grass-clover over time and (2) a reduction in dry matter production in grass-clover over time, lowering the grazing intensity and the recycling of grassland N via animal excreta.

DRY MATTER, ETHER EXTRACT, ASH AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF TOE HORN-WALL FROM CROSSBRED BOARS AS INFLUENCED BY NUTRITION AND AGE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 473-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. LEPINE ◽  
E. T. KORNEGAY ◽  
H. S. BARTLETT ◽  
D. R. NOTTER
Keyword(s):  
Energy Level ◽  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Vitamin Intake ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Fe And Mn ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Over Time

The effects of dietary energy level (ad libitum and 75% of ad libitum) and mineral-vitamin intake (100 and 150% of NAS-NRC daily recommendations) on dry matter, ether extract, ash and mineral composition of hard horn-wall taken from front and rear and inside and outside toes were studied in crossbred boars necropsied at 15-day intervals from 85 to 295 days on test starting at 35 days of age. With the exception of Ca and P contents which were higher for restricted-fed boars, restricted energy level and elevated mineral-vitamin intake had little or no effect on horn-wall composition, when expressed on a weight-corrected basis. Horn-wall dry matter, ether extract and Zn content increased over time while ash, P, Mg, Cu, Mn and Fe content decreased with little change in Ca content. Front toes had a lower ether extract, Fe and Mn content than hind toes, and outside toes had a higher content of P, Mg and Mn and a lower content of Cu and Zn than outside toes. Toe size (area and volume) was directly correlated with dry matter, Ca, P, Mg and Zn content, but was inversely correlated with ash, Cu, Fe and Mn content of horn-wall. There appeared to be no relationship between toe size and ether extract content of horn-wall. Horn-wall composition changes occurred over time with only minor effects of nutrition treatments. Although composition of horn-wall varied due to location and size of toe, there appeared to be no relationship between horn-wall composition and toe lesion scores. Key words: Swine, nutrition, toe horn-wall composition, minerals

Influence of biotin supplementation on hoof growth and integrity in long-fed F1 Wagyu/Black Angus feedlot steers of known genotype

2008 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 615
Author(s):  
R. J. Lawrence ◽  
R. Elliott ◽  
B. W. Norton ◽  
M. B. Thoefner ◽  
I. Loxton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Line Width ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
White Line ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Feedlot Steers ◽  
Lesion Number ◽  
Claw Lesions ◽  
Biotin Supplementation ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Related Increase

Biotin was supplemented at three levels (0, 10 and 20 mg/steer.day) to 108 F1 Wagyu/Black Angus steers of known genotype, which were fed a wheat-based ration, to evaluate the effect on hoof growth, wear and integrity within feedlot pens. One hundred and eight steers of known sire lines were assigned to three biotin treatments (0, 10 and 20 mg/steer.day) with each treatment replicated four times using an unfasted liveweight of 410.5kg (s.e. ± 2.27, s.d. ± 24.41). A subset of 36 steers was randomly selected for monitoring of hoof growth on seven occasions, over a period of 301 days. Front hooves from selected steers within turn-off group were collected at the abattoir and investigated for hoof integrity through claw lesions, white line width and dry matter of both white line and hoof. Hoof growth rates over time remained relatively consistent. In contrast, hoof wear rates increased (P < 0.001) in association with rainfall and exceeded rates of hoof growth. Biotin supplementation did not affect (P > 0.05) hoof growth or wear. Examination of collected hooves revealed lesions present on both lateral and medial claws. Biotin supplementation had no effect (P > 0.05) on lesion number, white line width of the lateral and medial claws, or hoof and white line dry matter of the medial claw. In contrast, Grandsire had an effect on total hoof length at measurement periods 0, 167, 251 and 301 (P < 0.05), and also on white line width of both lateral (P = 0.015) and medial (P = 0.002) claws. Rainfall and related increase in pen moisture weakened hoof integrity by increasing hoof moisture content and hoof wear. Genotype appears to play a role in hoof integrity.

TANNINS IN GOAT DIETS MODIFY MANURE TURNOVER IN A SUBTROPICAL SOIL

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-669 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARIKO INGOLD ◽  
SASKIA SCHMIDT ◽  
HERBERT DIETZ ◽  
RAINER GEORG JOERGENSEN ◽  
EVA SCHLECHT ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Nutrient Release ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Animal Manure ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Nutrient Pools ◽  
Subtropical Soil ◽  
Goat Manure ◽  
K Release

SUMMARYQuality of animal manure as a nutrient source for crops and as a soil conditioner depends on how fast the organic matter is decomposed, releasing plant nutrients or building up the soil organic matter (SOM) pool. This turnover process is governed by manure composition, soil temperature, soil moisture and secondary metabolites in the manure such as tannins. To investigate the turnover and nutrient release from tannin-containing manure, a litterbag experiment was conducted in an irrigated lowland soil of northern Oman. A standardized quebracho tannin extract (QT) was either added to the goats’ diet and defecated with manure (QTf), or added to manure in a QT water suspension (QTc) prior to field application. Litterbags were installed within a two-year field experiment at 10-cm depth at the beginning of a consecutive sweet corn and radish cultivation, followed by their recovery every 2-–6 weeks until crop harvests. The litterbags contained pure goat manure (control) and the two types of QT-amended goat manure. Generally, QT increased OM remaining in litterbags at sampling by up to 22% compared with the control. QT reduced relative C, N, P and K release by 10% to 63% compared with the control, but effects were contradictory under sweet corn and radish. While under radish, both QT treatments reduced or tended to reduce C, N, P and K release from manure, QTc even increased N and P release under sweet corn. QTf, on the other hand, did not affect C, P and K release under sweet corn, whereas N release was reduced by 36–63% under both crops. As quebracho tannins in goat manure slowed down organic matter decomposition and reduced nutrient release, they may be useful agents in manure application to increase SOM pools and soil nutrient pools. However, the immobilization particularly of N by tannins can reduce the availability of this nutrient to crops.

Soil pH and Cation Exchange Capacity Affects Sunflower Tolerance to Sulfentrazone

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory W. Kerr ◽  
Phillip W. Stahlman ◽  
J. Anita Dille
Keyword(s):  
Cation Exchange ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Cation Exchange Capacity ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Treated Soil ◽  
Sunflower Plant ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis ◽  
Over Time

Effects of soil pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC) on sunflower tolerance to sulfentrazone were investigated in a greenhouse study. Variables were soil pH (7.0, 7.3, 7.5, and 7.8), soil CEC (8.2, 13.7, 18.4, and 23.3 cmol/kg), and sulfentrazone rate (0, 105, 158, and 184 g ai/ha). Sulfentrazone-induced leaf chlorosis was affected by soil pH at 12 d after planting (DAP), but plants recovered, and earlier differences were not visible 9 d later. At 12 DAP, leaf chlorosis was 3 or 4% more severe in soils with pH 7.3 or higher compared with soils with pH 7.0 when averaged over both sulfentrazone rate and soil CEC. Leaf chlorosis resulting from sulfentrazone rates of 105, 158, and 184 g/ha was 17, 25, and 35% less at 23 cmol/kg than at 8.2 cmol/kg, respectively. Differences in chlorosis among sulfentrazone rates were greatest in soil with low CEC and lessened as soil CEC increased. Plants regained normal color over time, and newly emerging leaves were not affected. However, plant dry weights were reduced when sulfentrazone rate was ≥158 g/ha. Averaged over sulfentrazone rate and soil pH, sunflower dry weights were less when soil CEC was 8.2 compared with a CEC of 13.7 cmol/kg or higher, indicating a greater response at low CEC. Sunflower plant dry matter was not different in sulfentrazone-treated soil with a CEC above 13.7 cmol/kg. At the ranges tested, soil CEC had a considerably greater effect than did pH on sunflower tolerance to sulfentrazone.

scholarly journals DESEMPENHO DE Lactuca sativa (ALFACE) DIANTE DO AUMENTO DA DENSIDADE DE CULTIVOS CONSORCIADOS EM HORTAS AGROFLORESTAIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (19) ◽  
pp. 202033
Author(s):  
Aruana Vargas Couto ◽  
Arcângelo Loss ◽  
Giorgini Augusto Venturieri
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Species Succession ◽  
De Se ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Regulation Services ◽  
Over Time

Lactuca sativa (ALFACE) PERFORMANCE DURING INCREASE IN THE DENSITY OF INTERCROPPED IN AGROFOREST GARDENSRENDIMIENTO DE Lactuca sativa (ALFACE) DURANTE EL AUMENTO DE LA DENSIDAD DE LOS CULTIVOS INTERCALADOS EN LOS JARDINES AGROFORESTALESRESUMOFoi realizado um experimento para verificar se a consorciação de um número crescente de cultivos olerícolas, escolhidos de acordo com a lógica da sucessão de espécies no espaço ao longo do tempo, afetaria a produção de matéria seca de Lactuca sativa (alface) em hortas agroflorestais. O delineamento experimental foi em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com um fator em três níveis, e quatro repetições. A eficiência dos consórcios foi estimada pela matéria seca de L. sativa. Os resultados mostraram que o aumento do número de espécies consorciadas e consequente densidade de plantio não influenciou o parâmetro avaliado. Isto evidencia uma vantagem cultural conferida pelos consórcios sucessionais testados, uma vez que foram conduzidos sem a aplicação de insumos sintéticos e tóxicos, além de se obter uma produção de alimentos de qualidade diferenciada dos convencionais e prestar serviços ecossistêmicos de regulação. Não houve perdas produtivas para L. sativa decorrentes do adensamento dos cultivos.Palavras-chave: Agrofloresta; Sucessão Ecológica; Agricultura Sintrópica.ABSTRACTAn experiment was carried out to verify if the intercropping of a growing number of vegetables, chosen according to the logic of species succession over time, would affect the production of dry matter of Lactuca sativa (lettuce) in agroforestry gardens. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with one factor at three levels and four replications. Consortium efficiency was estimated by L. sativa dry matter. The results showed that the increase of the number of intercropping species and consequent planting density did not influence the evaluated parameter. This evidences a cultural advantage conferred by the successional consortiums tested, since without the application of synthetic and toxic inputs, besides obtaining a production of quality differentiated of food conventional and providing ecosystem regulation services. There were no productive losses for L. sativa due to the densification of crops.Keywords: Agroforestry; Ecological Succession; Syntropic Agriculture.RESUMENSe llevó a cabo un experimento para verificar si el cultivo intercalado de un número creciente de verduras, elegidos de acuerdo con la lógica de sucesión de especies a lo largo del tiempo, afectaría la producción de materia seca de Lactuca sativa (lechuga) en jardines agroforestales. El diseño experimental fue un diseño de bloques completos al azar con un factor en tres niveles y cuatro repeticiones. La eficiencia del consorcio fue estimada por la materia seca de L. sativa. Los resultados mostraron que el aumento del número de especies intercaladas y la consiguiente densidad de siembra no influyeron en el parámetro evaluado. Esto evidencia una ventaja cultural conferida por los consorcios sucesionales probados, ya que se realizaron sin la aplicación de insumos sintéticos y tóxicos, además obtener producción de alimentos de calidad diferenciada de los convencionales y la prestación de servicios de regulación del ecosistema. No hubo pérdidas productivas para L. sativa debido a la densificación de los cultivos.Palabras clave: Agroforestería; Sucesión Ecológica; Agricultura sintrópica. 

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document