Elution Behavior of Nizatidine Immediate Release Tablets According to Lactose and Microcrystalline Cellulose Content

Microcrystalline celluloses (MCC) were prepared from α-celluloses obtained from fluted pumpkin stalk and pod. The substrates were subjected to treatment with 2% (w/v) NaOH, 3.5% (w/v) NaOCl and 17.5% (w/v) NaOH solutions respectively to obtain alpha celluloses. Acid hydrolysis of the alpha-celluloses using 2.5 N hydrochloric acid were carried out. The study evaluates and compares the physicochemical properties of microcrystalline cellulose obtained from the pod and stalk of fluted pumpkin. Composition of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were also determined. Results showed cellulose; hemicellulose and lignin content of the pod husk and stalk were 49%, 26%, 9% and 41%, 24%, 26%, respectively. The morphology of the hydrolyzed MCCs’ were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the results revealed the stalk (FS-MCC) to have an individual rod-like shaped fiber when compared with flat-shaped large aggregated forms of the pod (FP-MCC). The particles sizes were also uneven with FP-MCC (6.689 µm) having larger particle sizes than FS-MCC (5.538 µm). The high cellulose content of the pod husk shows that the applications may be extended in the production of other cellulose derivatives while the high lignin content of the stalk reveals other alternative source of producing lignin in the making of textile dyes, coating and other agricultural chemical. Pod MCC (FP-MCC) had better physicochemical properties than the stalk MCC (FS-MCC).

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Characteristic of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Red Seaweed Eucheuma cottonii

Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia ◽

10.17844/jphpi.v22i3.28946 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 483-489

Author(s):

Edison Edison ◽

Andarini Diharmi ◽

Ela Davera Sari

Keyword(s):

Pharmaceutical Industry ◽

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Ash Content ◽

Chemical Compositions ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Red Seaweed ◽

High Cellulose ◽

Hcl Solution ◽

Eucheuma Cottonii

Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) is a modified of cellulose widely used as an additive in food and pharmaceutical industry. MCC is used in the pharmaceutical field as an excipient compound in the manufacture of tablets. Raw materials for MCC are of high cellulose content, such as Eucheuma cottonii seaweed. This study was aimed to determine the characteristics of MCC from seaweed E. cottonii. The MCC was obtained by hydrolyzing of α-cellulose from seaweed E. cottonii using HCl solution with three different concentrations: 2, 2.5 and 3 N. The chemical compositions (water, ash, protein, lipid, and carbohydrate) of red seaweed flour were determined. The moisture, ash, sensory, yield, and pH of the MCC were also analysed. The results showed that E. cottonii seaweed flour had moisture, protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrate content 3.88%, 0.85%, 2.4%, 3.44%, and 89.4% respectively. HCl concentrations had a significant effect on the moisture and ash content. The MCC had a yield of 35.8-38.00%, pH 5.73-6.82, moisture content 4.09.6, ash 0.94-4.90%. The characteristics of the MCC was in accordance with the standards of the British Pharmacopeia except the ash content.

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Systematic Development of Bicalutamide Immediate Release Pellets using Aeroperl and Non-MCC Extruder aid

Current Drug Therapy ◽

10.2174/1574885515999200424082315 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 ◽

Author(s):

Hardik Rana ◽

Hussain Hasan ◽

Mukesh Gohel ◽

Vaishali Thakkar ◽

Tejal Gandhi

Keyword(s):

Drug Release ◽

Propylene Glycol ◽

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

Immediate Release ◽

Phase Solubility ◽

Disintegration Time ◽

Solubility Study ◽

Short Period ◽

Phase Solubility Study ◽

Pellet Formulation

Background: The Microcrystalline Cellulose is called as a gold standard for the manufacture of pellets. The poor disintegration leads to incomplete drug release restricts the use of MCC in the immediate-release formulation. Objective: The present work aims to explore non-MCC extruder aid for pellet formulation and solubility modulation potential of Aeroperl® 300 Pharma. Methods: Bicalutamide (BCL) was selected as a model BCS class-II drug. The solubility of BCL was assessed in different vehicles like polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and Tween by carrying out phase solubility study. The suitable vehicle was selected based on the higher solubility of BCL. The vehicle was further adsorbed on newer adsorbent Aeroperl® 300 Pharma to formulate liquisolid granules. The liquisolid granules were further incorporated into the pellet using mannitol and microcrystalline cellulose as an extruder aid. Box-Behnken design was adopted for optimization of formulation considering MCC: mannitol ratio, concentration of HPMC and spheronizer speed as independent factors whereas drug release at 30 min, disintegration time and aspect ratio were selected as dependent variables. The pellets were evaluated for different evaluation parameters. Results: Propylene glycol was selected for the formulation of liquisolid technique based on the results of the phase solubility study. Propylene glycol containing BCL was adsorbed on Aeroperl 300 Pharma. The optimized batch was selected exploring the Design-Expert software by considering limits of different responses. Pellet had excellent flowability. Friability was found to be within the range (<1%). Pellets were found to be spherical and had pores on the surfaces. Conclusion: Liquisolid granules containing newer solubilizer Aeroperl was found to be a promising approach for the improvement in the solubility of the drug. The use of mannitol with MCC has a profound effect on disintegration time, without altering flow property and other parameters. No patents were reported on the combination of Bicalutamide, mannitol and Aeroperl. The critical finding of the present work is to use mannitol as an extruder aid to fasten the disintegration leads to complete drug release within a short period of time. Aeroperl and Mannitol, MCC: mannitol ratio, concentration of HPMC and spheronizer speed was found to be significant and had the potential effect in pellet formulation.

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Extraction of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Washingtonia Fibre and Its Characterization

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13183030 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (18) ◽

pp. 3030

Author(s):

Naved Azum ◽

Mohammad Jawaid ◽

Lau Kia Kian ◽

Anish Khan ◽

Maha Moteb Alotaibi

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

Physicochemical Analysis ◽

Crystalline Cellulose ◽

Desert Plant ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Morphological Examination ◽

Structural Part ◽

Economic Production ◽

Almost All

Washingtonia is a desert plant with great sustainability and renewability in nature and is abundantly cultivated across global urban regions. Its fibre biomass comprises cellulose as the major structural part, and this is why it can be potentially utilized as an alternative biomaterial for manufacturing microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) products that can be widely applied in industrial fields. In the present study, NaOH-treated Washingtonia fibre (WAKL), NaClO2-treated Washingtonia fibre (WBLH), and Washingtonia microcrystalline cellulose (WMCC) were extracted through combined treatments of alkalization, bleaching, and acidic hydrolysis, respectively. The obtained chemically treated fibre samples were subjected to characterization to investigate their morphology, physico-chemistry, and thermal stability. In a morphological examination, the large bunch WAKL fibre reduced into small size WMCC fibrils, evidencing that the lignin and hemicellulose components were greatly eliminated through chemical dissolution. The elemental composition revealed that almost all impurities of anions and cations had been removed, particularly for the WMCC sample, showing its high purity of cellulose content. Additionally, the WMCC sample could attain at 25% yield, giving it the advantage for feasible economic production. Furthermore, the physicochemical analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared-ray (FTIR), indicated the presence of a crystalline cellulose region within the WMCC structure, which had promoted it with high crystallinity of 72.6% as examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). As for thermal analysis, WMCC showed greater thermal stability comparing to WAKL and WBLC samples at high temperature. Therefore, Washingtonia fibre can be a reliable biosubstituent to replace other plant material for MCC production in the future.

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Characterization of microcrystalline cellulose extracted from walnut and apricots shells by alkaline treatment

Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society ◽

10.2298/jsc200806011m ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 11-11

Author(s):

Yasmine Mahmoud ◽

Zitouni Safidine ◽

Naima Belhaneche-Bensemra

Keyword(s):

Chemical Composition ◽

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

Paper Industry ◽

Crystallinity Index ◽

Alkaline Treatment ◽

Agricultural Wastes ◽

Morphological Properties ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray

In this study, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was isolated from walnut and apricot shells (WS and AS) as agricultural wastes in order to use it as reinforcement in polymer composites. The microcrystalline cellulose was extracted by alkaline treatment and bleached by peroxide as an environmentally friendly treatment, called walnut cellulose (WC) and apricot cellulose (AC). The chemical composition of the samples was set according to the Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPP). After treatments, the alpha-cellulose content increased by about 23 % for the two used cellulose sources. The structural and morphological properties of the samples were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the attenuated total reflectance mode (ATR-FTIR), optical microscopy (OM), X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The crystallinity index values evaluated for WC and AC via X-ray diffraction were respectively 86.4 and 80.3 %. The alkaline soluble fractions of walnut (ASW) and apricot (ASA) shells were recovered and characterized by OM and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Furthermore, their chemical composition was analyzed. The characterization and the properties of the WC and AC were similar to those of commercial MCC and MCC prepared in literature from wood and some agricultural wastes.

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Nanocrystalline Cellulose from Microcrystalline Cellulose of Date Palm Fibers as a Promising Candidate for Bio-Nanocomposites: Isolation and Characterization

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14185313 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (18) ◽

pp. 5313

Author(s):

Amina Hachaichi ◽

Benalia Kouini ◽

Lau Kia Kian ◽

Mohammad Asim ◽

Hassan Fouad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Date Palm ◽

Crystallinity Index ◽

Nanocrystalline Cellulose ◽

Crystalline Cellulose ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Hydrolysis Time ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Date Palm Fibers

Date palm fiber (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a natural biopolymer rich in lignocellulosic components. Its high cellulose content lends them to the extraction of tiny particles like microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). These cellulose-derived small size particles can be used as an alternative biomaterial in wide fields of application due to their renewability and sustainability. In the present work, NCC (A) and NCC (B) were isolated from date palm MCC at 60 min and 90 min hydrolysis times, respectively. The isolated NCC product was subjected to characterization to study their properties differences. With the hydrolysis treatment, the yields of produced NCC could be attained at between 22% and 25%. The infrared-ray functional analysis also revealed the isolated NCC possessed a highly exposed cellulose compartment with minimized lignoresidues of lignin and hemicellulose. From morphology evaluation, the nanoparticles’ size was decreased gradually from NCC (A) (7.51 nm width, 139.91 nm length) to NCC (B) (4.34 nm width, 111.51 nm length) as a result of fragmentation into cellulose fibrils. The crystallinity index was found increasing from NCC (A) to NCC (B). With 90 min hydrolysis time, NCC (B) showed the highest crystallinity index of 71% due to its great cellulose rigidity. For thermal analysis, NCC (B) also exhibited stable heat resistance, in associating with its highly crystalline cellulose structure. In conclusion, the NCC isolated from date palm MCC would be a promising biomaterial for various applications such as biomedical and food packaging applications.

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PREPARASI DAN KARAKTERISASI MIKROKRISTALIN SELULOSA (MCC) BERBAHAN BAKU TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT (TKKS)

Alotrop ◽

10.33369/atp.v2i1.4672 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Fepri Effendi ◽

Rina Elvia ◽

Hermansyah Amir

Keyword(s):

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Particle Diameter ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Degree Of Crystallinity ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Industrial Processing ◽

Second Stage ◽

Hydrolysis Of

[PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE (MCC) MADE FROM EMPTY PALM OIL BUNCHES (TKKS)] Empty Palm bunches (TKKS) is solid waste from industrial processing of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) that have a high cellulose content. This research aims to synthesize Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) from TKKS and determine the characteristics of the MCC produced. The manufacturing process begins with the MCC delignifikasi multistage pulping TKKS using mixed of 3.5% HNO3 and NaNO2 in temperatures of 90 ?C for 2 hours, followed by heating of a mixture of 2% NaOH and Na2SO3 2 % at temperature 50?C for 2 hours. The second stage of the lignification process is done using NaOH 17.5 %, followed by hydrolysis towards ?-Cellulose lignification results with heating in the aqueous solution of HCl at concentrations of 3, 3.5 and 4 M for 30, 45 and 60 minutes. From the results obtained from the hydrolysis of the optimum yield of 80.73 %, i.e., MCC that use concentration of HCl 3 M for 30 minutes. MCC produced then analyzed using FTIR, XRD, and PSA. FTIR absorption for MCC results showed an of waves number on a 3375.43 cm-1 and 2899,01cm-1, indicating the presence of hydroxyl OH and CH.The results of the analysis with the PSA suggests that MCC has generated a measure of particle diameter 0.5281 µm. Using XRD analysis results that MCC has a degree of crystallinity of 86,79 %. And the results of testing the content of carbohydrates in MCC produced shows levels of carbohydrates of 88.36 %.

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COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE RELEASE PROPERTIES OF VERAPAMIL HCL AND CARBAMAZEPINE FROM MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE II PELLETS

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2017v9i10.21297 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 182

Author(s):

John Rojas ◽

David Correa

Keyword(s):

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Product Yield ◽

Immediate Release ◽

Cellulose Ii ◽

Drug Solubility ◽

Microscopy Analysis ◽

Pelletization Aid ◽

Verapamil Hcl ◽

Low Solubility

Objective: To study microcrystalline cellulose II (MCCII) as new pelletization aid for a high and low solubility drugs such as verapamil. HCl and carbamazepine, respectively.Methods: Approximately, 30 g of MCCII and drug mixtures were hydrated passed through a # 20 mesh sieved and spheronizated at a frequency of 6 Hz and residence time of 480 s. A microscopy analysis was used to evaluate the shape and size descriptors. Pellets properties such as compressibility, friability, density, flowability and product yield were also evaluated. Drug release properties were tested according to the USP specifications and compared to those of MCCI.Results: The wetting level of the excipients depended on drug loading and drug solubility. Thus, a high drug loading (>50%) rendered pellets having a low yield, flowability and caused a detriment on size descriptors. Likewise, the regular morphology and strength of MCCII-based pellets was highly affected by increasing drug loads. Verapamil. HCl pellets were less friable and compressible and showed better flowability than carbamazepine pellets. Regardless of drug loading and drug solubility, MCCII-based pellets released more than 80% of verapamil. HCl within 10 min, whereas released more than 75% of carbamazepine within 15 min. Conversely, MCCI pellets had a satisfactory verapamil. HCl release, but ~30% carbamazepine release within 1h.Conclusion: MCCII proved to be a better excipient than MCCI to yield beads having optimal pellet characteristics and rendered an immediate release profile for verapamil. HCl and carbamazepine.

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Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose Isolated from Conocarpus Fiber

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12122926 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 2926

Author(s):

H. Fouad ◽

Lau Kia Kian ◽

Mohammad Jawaid ◽

Majed D. Alotaibi ◽

Othman Y. Alothman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Physicochemical Analysis ◽

Cellulosic Biomass ◽

High Yield ◽

Crystalline Cellulose ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

X Ray ◽

Treated Fiber

Conocarpus fiber is an abundantly available and sustainable cellulosic biomass. With its richness in cellulose content, it is potentially used for manufacturing microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), a cellulose derivative product with versatile industrial applications. In this work, different samples of bleached fiber (CPBLH), alkali-treated fiber (CPAKL), and acid-treated fiber (CPMCC) were produced from Conocarpus through integrated chemical process of bleaching, alkaline cooking, and acid hydrolysis, respectively. Characterizations of samples were carried out with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier Transform Infrared-Ray (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric (TGA), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). From morphology study, the bundle fiber feature of CPBLH disintegrated into micro-size fibrils of CPMCC, showing the amorphous compounds were substantially removed through chemical depolymerization. Meanwhile, the elemental analysis also proved that the traces of impurities such as cations and anions were successfully eliminated from CPMCC. The CPMCC also gave a considerably high yield of 27%, which endowed it with great sustainability in acting as alternative biomass for MCC production. Physicochemical analysis revealed the existence of crystalline cellulose domain in CPMCC had contributed it 75.7% crystallinity. In thermal analysis, CPMCC had stable decomposition behavior comparing to CPBLH and CPAKL fibers. Therefore, Conocarpus fiber could be a promising candidate for extracting MCC with excellent properties in the future.

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Castor Oil and Microcrystalline Cellulose Based Polymer Composites with High Tensile Strength

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.399-401.1531 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 399-401 ◽

pp. 1531-1535 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Shi Da Miao ◽

You Yan Liu ◽

Ping Wang ◽

Song Ping Zhang

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Polymer Composites ◽

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

Castor Oil ◽

Mechanical Tests ◽

Phenyl Isocyanate ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

High Cellulose

Castor oil and microcrystalline cellulose were employed as biomass feedstock to produce bio-based polymer composites with increased tensile strength. The polymer composites were prepared by curing castor oil with 4,4'-methylenebis (phenyl isocyanate) (MDI) in the presence of microcrystalline cellulose (MC) or modified MC (MMC). The MMC was prepared by reacting MDI with MC to introduce isocyanate groups to the surface of MC. X-ray diffraction spectra suggested the good retention of the crystalline structure of MC or MMC in the composites. SEM analysis showed the well dispersion of MC or MMC in the composites. All of these factors are critical to reinforcing the composites. Mechanical tests of the composites revealed that the reinforcing effect of MMC was more significant than MC at high cellulose content such that the highest tensile strengths of 4.87 MPa was obtained for the composite containing 43% (wt) of MMC. That is almost 5 times higher than that of neat castor oil-based polyurethane.

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