scholarly journals A Comparison of Multiple Wearable Technology Devices Heart Rate and Step Count Measurements During Free Motion and Treadmill Based Measurements

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Montes ◽  
Richard Tandy ◽  
John Young ◽  
Szu-Ping Lee ◽  
James Navalta
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Wearable Technology ◽  
Step Count ◽  
Free Motion ◽  
Criterion Measure ◽  
Validity Testing ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

Introduction: Wearable Technology Devices are used to promote physical activity. It is unknown whether different devices measure heart rate and step count consistently during walking or jogging in a free motion setting and on a treadmill. Purpose: To compare heart rate and step count values for the Samsung Gear 2, FitBit Surge, Polar A360, Garmin Vivosmart HR+, Scosche Rhythm+ and the Leaf Health Tracker in walking and jogging activities. Methods: Forty volunteers participated. Devices were worn simultaneously in randomized configurations. 5-minute intervals of walking and jogging were completed in free motion and treadmill settings with matching paces. Heart rates at minutes 3, 4, and 5 were averaged for the devices along with the criterion measure, the Polar T31 monitor. Step count criterion measure was the mean of two manual counters. A 2x6 (environment vs device) repeated measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc was performed with significance set at p<0.05. Results: There was no significant interaction or main effects for walking heart rate. Jogging heart rate saw significant environment and device main effects. Walking step count had a significant interaction between the devices and the environment. Jogging step count had a significant device main effect. Conclusions: There may be some conditions such as heart rate measurements taken while walking or step count measurements taken while jogging/running that may only require treadmill-based validity testing.

The Effects of External Bracing on Joint Position Sense Awareness for the Chronically Unstable Ankle

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 279-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather D. Hartsell
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Position Sense ◽  
Joint Position Sense ◽  
Joint Position ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects

Context:The effect of externally bracing chronically unstable ankles on joint position sense awareness has had limited study yet is clinically relevant.Objective:To determine active joint position sense awareness, effects of bracing, and differences between flexible and semirigid braces.Design:Between-ankle-group (chronic and healthy), repeated-measures, including brace condition for the joint position of 15° inversion from subtalar neutral.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:24 subjects with healthy and 12 with chronically unstable ankles.Main Outcome Measures:Blindfolded subjects attempted to find a passively placedjoint position under conditions of unbraced, flexible, and semirigid braced. A 3-way repeated-measures ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test for significant interaction effects were conducted.Results:Significant main effects were observed for ankle status, brace, and gender, but no significant interaction effects.Conclusion:Chronically unstable ankles have greater error in joint position sense awareness. However, this deficit might be reduced by using an external semirigid brace.

scholarly journals Time Course and Magnitude of Tolerance to the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine on the Second Ventilatory Threshold

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 343
Author(s):  
Carlos Ruiz-Moreno ◽  
Beatriz Lara ◽  
Jorge Gutiérrez-Hellín ◽  
Jaime González-García ◽  
Juan Del Coso
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Ventilatory Threshold ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Ergogenic Effect ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Main Effects

Pre-exercise caffeine ingestion has been shown to increase the workload at ventilatory threshold, suggesting an ergogenic effect of this stimulant on submaximal aerobic exercise. However, the time course of tolerance to the effect of caffeine on ventilatory threshold is unknown. This study aimed to determine the evolution of tolerance to the ergogenic effect of caffeine on the ventilatory threshold. Methods: Eleven participants (age 32.3 ± 4.9 yrs, height 171 ± 8 cm, body mass 66.6 ± 13.6 kg, VO2max = 48.0 ± 3.8 mL/kg/min) took part in a longitudinal, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover experimental design. Each participant took part in two identical treatments: in one treatment, participants ingested a capsule containing 3 mg of caffeine per kg of body mass per day (mg/kg/day) for twenty consecutive days; in the other treatment, participants ingested a capsule filled with a placebo for the same duration and frequency. During these treatments, participants performed a maximal ramp test on a cycle ergometer three times per week and the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) was assessed by using the ventilatory equivalents for oxygen and carbon dioxide. Results: A two-way ANOVA with repeated measures (substance × time) revealed statistically significant main effects of caffeine (p < 0.01) and time (p = 0.04) on the wattage obtained at VT2, although there was no interaction (p = 0.09). In comparison to the placebo, caffeine increased the workload at VT2 on days 1, 4, 6 and 15 of ingestion (p < 0.05). The size of the ergogenic effect of caffeine over the placebo on the workload at VT2 was progressively reduced with the duration of the treatment. In addition, there were main effects of caffeine (p = 0.03) and time (p = 0.16) on VO2 obtained at VT2, with no interaction (p = 0.49). Specifically, caffeine increased oxygen uptake at VT2 on days 1 and 4 (p < 0.05), with no other caffeine–placebo differences afterwards. For heart rate obtained at VT2, there was a main effect of substance (p < 0.01), while the overall effect of time (p = 0.13) and the interaction (p = 0.22) did not reach statistical significance. Heart rate at VT2 was higher with caffeine than with the placebo on days 1 and 4 (p < 0.05). The size of the effect of caffeine on VO2 and heart at VT2 tended to decline over time. Conclusion: Pre-exercise intake of 3 mg/kg/day of caffeine for twenty days enhanced the wattage obtained at VT2 during cycling ramp tests for ~15 days of ingestion, while there was a progressive attenuation of the size of the ergogenic effect of caffeine on this performance variable. Therefore, habituation to caffeine through daily ingestion may reduce the ergogenic effect of this stimulant on aerobic exercise of submaximal intensity.

Augmented Experiences: Investigating the Feasibility of Virtual Reality as Part of a Workplace Wellbeing Intervention

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Naylor ◽  
Ben Morrison ◽  
Brad Ridout ◽  
Andrew Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Negative Affect ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Positive And Negative Affect ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Exploratory Experiment ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This exploratory experiment tested the effect of two virtual reality (VR) relaxation interventions on measures of physiological arousal and affect, compared to a control. Forty-nine participants were randomly assigned to one of three conditions, all using the Oculus Rift. Participants wore a heart rate (HR) monitor and completed pre- and post-test surveys, including the positive and negative affect schedule, Likert-type and open feedback questions. Mixed repeated measures ANOVAs revealed significant reductions in HR and affect over time across all conditions, with a significant interaction identified for the breathing condition’s effect on negative affect. Participants were able to identify feeling relaxation, as well as influencing factors. Further, the majority expected, and supported, the introduction of VR interventions in their workplace and/or college, with privacy being a common concern. These results demonstrate the potential of VR augmented relaxation interventions with recommendations for further study provided. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS VR can potentially provide wellbeing interventions with a uniquely immersive quality Results suggest interactive and immersive VR experiences may facilitate relaxation and reduce stress Participants believe there may be substantial benefits to having VR wellbeing interventions at work and college.

Changes in Mood during Exercise

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul D. O'Halloran ◽  
Robert J. Kirkby ◽  
Kate E. Webster
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Negative Mood ◽  
Testing Procedure ◽  
Mood States ◽  
Profile Of Mood States ◽  
Baseline Assessment ◽  
Maximum Heart Rate ◽  
Recreational Runners ◽  
Post Hoc

The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in mood during exercise. Twenty recreational runners were administered the instrument, Profile of Mood States, at 5, 15, 25, and 35 minutes during a 40-minute treadmill run. Half of the sample ran at 65% of their age-predicted maximum heart rate and half ran at 85% of their age-predicted maximum heart rate. An additional 10 runners were assessed during an equivalent period of quiet reading. Analysis by a series of 2-way Repeated Measures ANOVAs with post hoc tests revealed that mood did not change during the condition in which participants ran at 65% of their maximum heart rate. During the run conducted at 85% of maximum heart rate, levels of fatigue were significantly higher, relative to prerun levels, by 15 minutes into the run and remained elevated at each of the subsequent assessment points (at 25 and 35 minutes and 10 minutes following the run). No alterations in mood were reported during the control condition. It was also noteworthy that mood was generally more negative at the assessment designed to familiarise participants with the testing procedure than it was at the later precondition (baseline) assessment. The present findings supported reports linking negative mood with demanding physical activity and emphasised the importance of using a familiarisation assessment of mood prior to preexercise measures.

scholarly journals Estimating peak oxygen uptake based on postexercise measurements in swimming

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 588-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Chaverri ◽  
Xavier Iglesias ◽  
Thorsten Schuller ◽  
Uwe Hoffmann ◽  
Ferran A. Rodríguez
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Elite Swimmers ◽  
Modelling Procedure ◽  
Accurate Procedure ◽  
Post Hoc

To assess the validity of postexercise measurements in estimating peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2peak) in swimming, we compared oxygen uptake (V̇O2) measurements during supramaximal exercise with various commonly adopted methods, including a recently developed heart rate — V̇O2 modelling procedure. Thirty-one elite swimmers performed a 200-m maximal swim where V̇O2 was measured breath-by-breath using a portable gas analyzer connected to a respiratory snorkel, 1 min before, during, and 3 min postexercise. V̇O2peak(-20–0) was the average of the last 20 s of effort. The following postexercise measures were compared: (i) first 20-s average (V̇O2peak(0–20)); (ii) linear backward extrapolation (BE) of the first 20 s (BE(20)), 30 s, and 3 × 20-, 4 × 20-, and 3 or 4 × 20-s averages; (iii) semilogarithmic BE at 20 s (LOG(20)) and at the other same time intervals as in linear BE; and (iv) predicted V̇O2peak using mathematical modelling (pV̇O2(0–20)]. Repeated-measures ANOVA and post-hoc Bonferroni tests compared V̇O2peak (criterion) and each estimated value. Pearson’s coefficient of determination (r2) was used to assess correlation. Exercise V̇O2peak(-20–0) (mean ± SD 3531 ± 738 mL·min−1) was not different (p > 0.30) from pV̇O2(0–20) (3571 ± 735 mL·min−1), BE(20) (3617 ± 708 mL·min−1), or LOG(20) (3627 ± 746 mL·min−1). pV̇O2(0–20) was very strongly correlated with exercise V̇O2peak (r2 = 0.962; p < 0.001), and showed a low standard error of the estimate (146 mL·min−1, 4.1%) and the lowest mean difference (40 mL·min−1; 1.1%). We confirm that the new modelling procedure based on postexercise V̇O2 and heart rate measurements is a valid and accurate procedure for estimating V̇O2peak in swimmers and avoids the estimation bias produced by other methods.

scholarly journals Utility of the Actiheart Accelerometer for Estimating Exercise Energy Expenditure in Female Adolescent Runners

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 487-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeanne F. Nichols ◽  
Hilary Aralis ◽  
Sonia Garcia Merino ◽  
Michelle T. Barrack ◽  
Lindsay Stalker-Fader ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Female Adolescent ◽  
Treadmill Running ◽  
Exercise Energy Expenditure ◽  
Post Hoc

There is a growing need to accurately assess exercise energy expenditure (EEE) in athletic populations that may be at risk for health disorders because of an imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure. The Actiheart combines heart rate and uniaxial accelerometry to estimate energy expenditure above rest. The authors’ purpose was to determine the utility of the Actiheart for predicting EEE in female adolescent runners (N = 39, age 15.7 ± 1.1 yr). EEE was measured by indirect calorimetry and predicted by the Actiheart during three 8-min stages of treadmill running at individualized velocities corresponding to each runner’s training, including recovery, tempo, and 5-km-race pace. Repeated-measures ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc comparisons across the 3 running stages indicated that the Actiheart was sensitive to changes in intensity (p < .01), but accelerometer output tended to plateau at race pace. Pairwise comparisons of the mean difference between Actiheart- and criterion-measured EEE yielded values of 0.0436, 0.0539, and 0.0753 kcal · kg−1 · min−1 during recovery, tempo, and race pace, respectively (p < .0001). Bland–Altman plots indicated that the Actiheart consistently underestimated EEE except in 1 runner’s recovery bout. A linear mixed-model regression analysis with height as a covariate provided an improved EEE prediction model, with the overall standard error of the estimate for the 3 speeds reduced to 0.0101 kcal · kg−1 · min−1. Using the manufacturer’s equation that combines heart rate and uniaxial motion, the Actiheart may have limited use in accurately assessing EEE, and therefore energy availability, in young, female competitive runners.

Relation of Name Frequency to the Perception of Social Class in Given Names

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 623-626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Joubert
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Social Class ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Class Status ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
The Relationship

In a study of the relationship between name frequency and perceived social class, 116 college students rated the perceived social class of a list of either 60 male names or 60 female names. Each list consisted of equal numbers of common, less common, dated, or rare names. An analysis of variance indicated significant main effects of sex of name and frequency of name as well as a significant interaction between those two variables. The respondents rated the men's names as higher in social class than the women's names. Post hoc comparisons indicated that rare names of either sex were rated as lower in class status than were common, less common, or dated names. While dated women's names were rated lower than were common and less common women's names, dated men's names were not adversely affected in a comparison with common or less common men's names.

scholarly journals Cardiovascular and Perceived Effort in Different Head‐Out Water Exercises: Effect of Limbs’ Action and Resistance Equipment

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
Mário J. Costa ◽  
Lúcia Cruz ◽  
Ana Simão ◽  
Tiago M. Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Cardiovascular Response ◽  
Lower Limbs ◽  
Maximal Heart Rate ◽  
Double Product ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Water Exercises

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the cardiovascular and perceived effort of head‐out water exercises selecting different limb strategies and using resistance equipment. Ten young women were randomly assigned to perform at 132 bpm during five minutes different head‐out aquatic exercises: (i) horizontal arms abduction (Ab); (ii) horizontal arms abduction with dumbbells (AbD); (iii) frontal kick (Fk); (iv) frontal kick with leggings (FkLeg), and; (v) aquatic skiing (Ski). Cardiovascular effort was measured by monitoring the heart rate, blood pressure and double product. Perceived effort was assessed by the Borg’s scale. Within‐routines comparison was computed using repeated‐ measures ANOVA followed‐up by the Bonferroni post‐hoc test. Considering the percentage of the maximal heart rate, participants reached 72.88 ± 12.90% in the FkLeg, 65.99 ± 10.91% in the Fk, 62.62 ± 7.20% in Ski, 57.27 ± 11.58% in AbD and 57.12 ± 12.09% in Ab. Comparing exercises, higher heart rates were observed in the FkLeg (140.40 bpm) than Ab (110.30 bpm) or AbD (110.00 bpm). Significant differences were found in the systolic blood pressure when compared to the Fk (120.60 mmHg) and Ab (104.50 mmHg). Double product was higher in the FkLeg (16990) showing a meaningful difference when compared to Ab (11608) or AbD (12001). The highest perceived effort was found in the FkLeg (15.80) with meaningful variations compared to Ab (11.70), the Fk (13.70) and Ski (10.40). Thus, different head‐ out water exercises result in different intensities. The actions by lower limbs promote a higher cardiovascular response, whereas the upper limbs actions trigger a lower exertion. Moreover, exercising the four limbs concurrently seems to be less intense than using only two limbs with an aid.

scholarly journals The Influence of Body Position on Determining Aerobic Exercise Intensity for Healthy Individuals

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (22) ◽  
pp. 11773
Author(s):  
Rogério de Siqueira Peters ◽  
Maria do Socorro Luna Cruz ◽  
Claudio Hernández-Mosqueira ◽  
Cristian Martinez-Salazar ◽  
Fernando Policarpo Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Stress Test ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Baseline Heart Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Post Hoc

To verify the influence of the resting heart rate (RHR) measurement on different positions in the calculation of VO2max intensities in young individuals of both sexes. Methods: A cross-sectional study with a correlational design with a sample of 22 men and 11 women, aged 27.8 ± 6.5 years and 29.0 ± 8.6 years, respectively, healthy, active and sedentary, who performed the stress test on a treadmill until fatigue. For the treatment of the data, a repeated measures ANOVA was carried out with Bonferroni’s post hoc test. Results: The comparison of the mean values of baseline heart rate (Bhr) between the groups of women and men showed significant differences (t = 2.329; gl 31; p = 0.027). However, no significant differences were noted for lying (t = 0.057; gl 31; p = 0.95), sitting (t = 0.196 gl 31; p = 0.85) or standing (t = −0.290; gl 31; p = 0.77). But in the analysis of the intensities of the RHR in different positions, the calculations with baseline and lying HR were significantly different (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The determination of aerobic training intensities by RHR method must observe the heart rate measurement at rest in the sitting and/or standing positions minutes before the training session.

scholarly journals Assessing Heart Rate Using Consumer Technology Association Standards

Technologies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Joel D. Reece ◽  
Jennifer A. Bunn ◽  
Minsoo Choi ◽  
James W. Navalta
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Activities Of Daily Living ◽  
Daily Living ◽  
Sedentary Lifestyle ◽  
Wearable Technology ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Criterion Measure ◽  
Mean Absolute Percent Error ◽  
Absolute Percent Error ◽  
Acceptable Agreement

It is difficult for developers, researchers, and consumers to compare results among emerging wearable technology without using a uniform set of standards. This study evaluated the accuracy of commercially available wearable technology heart rate (HR) monitors using the Consumer Technology Association (CTA) standards. Participants (N = 23) simultaneously wore a Polar chest strap (criterion measure), Jabra Elite earbuds, Scosche Rhythm 24 armband, Apple Watch 4, and Garmin Forerunner 735 XT during sitting, activities of daily living, walking, jogging, running, and cycling, totaling 57 min of monitored activity. The Apple Watch mean bias was within ±1 bpm, and mean absolute percent error (MAPE) was <3% in all six conditions. Garmin underestimated HR in all conditions, except cycling and MAPE was >10% during sedentary, lifestyle, walk-jog, and running. The Jabra mean bias was within ±5 bpm for each condition, and MAPE exceeded 10% for walk-jog. The Scosche mean bias was within ±1 bpm and MAPE was <5% for all conditions. In conclusion, only the Apple Watch Series 4 and the Scosche Rhythm 24 displayed acceptable agreement across all conditions. By employing CTA standards, future developers, researchers, and consumers will be able to make true comparisons of accuracy among wearable devices.

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