scholarly journals Effect of incubation temperature and substrate moisture on embryonic development, hatchling phenotypes and post-hatching growth in the Reeves’ Turtle, Mauremys reevesii

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10553
Author(s):  
Yufeng Wei ◽  
Yangchun Gao ◽  
Dainan Cao ◽  
Yan Ge ◽  
Haitao Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hatching Success ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Carapace Width ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Potential Interaction ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Artificial Culture ◽  
Incubation Duration ◽  
Substrate Moisture

Background Reeves’ Turtles (Mauremys reevesii) are economically important in aquaculture in China. Understanding the effects of incubation temperature and substrate moisture on embryos and hatchlings is of great significance for improving the artificial culture of M. reevesii. However, available studies have not yet determined the thermal and hydric optima for M. reevesii eggs, and the potential interaction between the two factors. Methods In this study, eggs of M. reevesii were incubated at five temperature levels (23, 26, 29, 32 and 35 °C, fluctuation range ± 0.5 °C). In each temperature level, there were three substrate moisture levels (1:0.5, 1:0.9 and 1:1.2, weight ratio of vermiculite to water). Thus, a total of 15 combinations of temperature and moisture were used to examine the effects of incubation temperature and substrate moisture on incubation duration, hatching success, hatchling phenotypes, post-hatching growth and hatchling survival. Results Substrate moisture did not significantly affect most development parameters (except incubation duration and carapace width of hatchlings). Eggs incubated at low moisture level (1:0.5) had a longer incubation duration and produced hatchlings with smaller carapace widths than those incubated at medium (1:0.9) or high (1:1.2) moisture levels. Incubation temperature had a significant effect on incubation duration, hatching success, hatchling phenotypes and hatchling survival. Incubation duration decreased as incubation temperature increased. Eggs incubated at 23, 26 and 29 °C showed higher hatching success than those incubated at 32 and 35 °C. Hatchlings incubated at 32 °C were smaller in body size and mass than those incubated at 23, 26 and 29 °C. At 12 months of age, incubation temperature had no long-lasting effect on body mass, but hatchlings incubated at 23 and 35 °C had lower survival rates than those incubated at 26, 29 and 32 °C. For the development of embryos and hatchlings, the interaction between incubation temperature and substrate moisture was not significant. Conclusions Our results indicate that incubation temperature has a significant influence on the development of embryos and hatchlings of M. reevesii, while substrate moisture only significantly affects the incubation duration and carapace width of hatchlings. The combination of an incubation temperature of 29 ± 0.5 °C and a substrate moisture level of 1:1.2 represented optimal incubation conditions in this experiment. Such incubation conditions are helpful in obtaining higher hatching success, shorter incubation duration and higher survival rates for this aquaculture species.

The effect of the predicted air temperature change on incubation temperature, incubation duration, sex ratio and hatching success of loggerhead turtles

2011 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salih Hakan Durmuş ◽  
Çetin Ilgaz ◽  
Özgür Güçlü ◽  
Adem Özdemir
Keyword(s):  
Sex Ratio ◽  
Temperature Change ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Hatching Success ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Loggerhead Turtle ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Nesting Sites ◽  
Incubation Duration

AbstractMarine turtles are sensitive to temperature changes and thus are likely to be impacted by the predicted climate change. This study assesses the effect of the predicted air temperature change on incubation temperature, incubation duration, sex ratio and hatching success of the loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta at the Mediterranean nesting sites of Dalyan and Fethiye, Turkey. We recorded sand temperatures and used air temperatures at two nesting sites to estimate the sex ratio of hatchlings. The data showed that hatchling production was 59.1% and 77.7% at Dalyan in 2004 and 2009, respectively, and 72.2% and 72.3% at Fethiye at 2008 and 2009, respectively. Incubation temperature was positively correlated with both air temperature and distance to sea. Sex ratio estimation and incubation duration between the years 1993 and 2009 in Fethiye show polynomic trend lines. The best predictors of hatching success were distance to vegetation and wet depth of nest. We modelled the effects of incremental increases in the future air temperature of up to 10°C. We suggest that clutch death is not likely to begin until 3°C of warming, increasing from 5.3% to 100.0% with warming between 4°C and 10°C.

Circulatory Cells as Tumortropic Carrier for Targetability Improvement

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan Zou ◽  
Yajun Weng ◽  
Ping Yang
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Cell Function ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Controlled Drug Release ◽  
Membrane Receptors ◽  
Circulation Time ◽  
Targeting Efficiency

Background: How to achieve high targeting efficiency for drug delivery system is still one of the most important issues that tumor diagnosis and non-surgical therapies faced. Although nanoparticle-based drug delivery system made an amount of progress in extending circulation time, improving targetability, controlled drug release etc., yet the targeting efficiency remained low, and the development was limited to reduce side effects with overall survival rates unchanged or improved a little. Objective: This paper aims to review current researches on the cell-driven drug delivery systems, and discuss the potential obstacles and directions for cell-based cancer therapies and diagnosis. Methods: More than one hundred references were collected, and this paper focused on red blood cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, T lymphocytes, mesenchymal stem cells, cell membrane, artificial cells and extracellular vesicles, then summarized 1) the utilizable properties, 2) balancing cargo-loading amounts and cell function, 3) cascade strategies for targetability improvement. Main findings: circulatory cells and their derivatives were featured by good biocompatibility, long circulation time in blood, unique chemo-migration and penetration ability. On the base of backpack and encapsulation approach, cargo loading amounts and cell function could be balanced through regulating membrane receptors, particle material/size/shape/structure and incubation temperature, etc. The cell-driven drug delivery system met most of the demands that nanoparticle-based delivery system failed to for effective tumortropic delivery. Conclusion: Despite of new challenges, cell-driven drug delivery system generally brought great benefits to and shed a light on for cancer therapy and diagnosis.

scholarly journals Analysis of Environmental Variables and Carbon Input on Soil Microbiome, Metabolome and Disease Control Efficacy in Strawberry Attributable to Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 1638
Author(s):  
Shashika S. Hewavitharana ◽  
Emmi Klarer ◽  
Joji Muramoto ◽  
Carol Shennan ◽  
Mark Mazzola
Keyword(s):  
Disease Control ◽  
Fusarium Wilt ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Soil Microbiome ◽  
Charcoal Rot ◽  
Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation ◽  
Input Type ◽  
Incubation Duration

Charcoal rot and Fusarium wilt, caused by Macrophomina phaseolina and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. fragariae, respectively, are major soil-borne diseases of strawberry that have caused significant crop losses in California. Anaerobic soil disinfestation has been studied as an industry-level option to replace soil fumigants to manage these serious diseases. Studies were conducted to discern whether Gramineae carbon input type, incubation temperature, or incubation duration influences the efficacy of this disease control tactic. In experiments conducted using ‘low rate’ amendment applications at moderate day/night temperatures (24/18 °C), and carbon inputs (orchard grass, wheat, and rice bran) induced an initial proliferation and subsequent decline in soil density of the Fusarium wilt pathogen. This trend coincided with the onset of anaerobic conditions and a corresponding generation of various anti-fungal compounds, including volatile organic acids, hydrocarbons, and sulfur compounds. Generation of these metabolites was associated with increases in populations of Clostridium spp. Overall, carbon input and incubation temperature, but not incubation duration, significantly influenced disease suppression. All Gramineae carbon inputs altered the soil microbiome and metabolome in a similar fashion, though the timing and maximum yield of specific metabolites varied with input type. Fusarium wilt and charcoal rot suppression were superior when anaerobic soil disinfestation was conducted using standard amendment rates of 20 t ha−1 at elevated temperatures combined with a 3-week incubation period. Findings indicate that anaerobic soil disinfestation can be further optimized by modulating carbon source and incubation temperature, allowing the maximum generation of antifungal toxic volatile compounds. Outcomes also indicate that carbon input and environmental variables may influence treatment efficacy in a target pathogen-dependent manner which will require pathogen-specific optimization of treatment protocols.

Nest temperature´s influence on morphology of Dermochelys coriacea hatchlings incubated in hatcheries in Oaxaca, Mexico

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús García-Grajales ◽  
Juan Francisco Meraz ◽  
José Luis Arcos García ◽  
Eustacio Ramírez Méndez
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Carapace Width ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Dermochelys Coriacea ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Data Logger ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Low Weight ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

The influence of nest incubation temperatures on the carapace shape and morphological traits of Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli 1761) hatchlings incubated in two hatcheries of Oaxaca, Mexico was evaluated. This study was carried out from October 2016 through May 2017. On each beach, there are community groups consisting of volunteers without association with universities, that protect and relocate the nests to increase hatching success. In each translocated nest, a data logger was placed in the centre of the egg mass. Hatchlings were collected as they emerged from each nest. The carapaces of the hatchlings were photographed and subjected to geometric morphometric analysis; later, hatchlings were weighed and their bodies were measured. The mean temperature of 12 nests in each hatchery were recorded, with no significant differences between hatcheries. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed an overlapping of the carapace shape under different duration of temperature. Temperature had a significant influence on hatchling morphology. Higher mean incubation temperatures produced hatchlings with low weight, smaller appendage; narrower carapace width and shorter flippers length. Lower mean incubation temperatures produced hatchlings that had greater weight, greater appendage width, wider carapace width and longer flipper length. Results indicate that the D. coriacea hatchlings incubated in hatcheries demonstrate morphology that varies in relation to nest incubation temperature in a similar way to hatchlings produced in natural environments.

scholarly journals Utilization of Trash Fish for Cultivation of Crablet Mud Crab (Scylla serrata)

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 110-114
Author(s):  
Heppi Iromo ◽  
Dori Rachmawani ◽  
Abdul Jabarsyah ◽  
Zainuddin Zainuddin
Keyword(s):  
Carapace Width ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Scylla Serrata ◽  
Mud Crab ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Weight Growth ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Trichiurus Lepturus ◽  
Trash Fish ◽  
In The Wild

The high demand for mud crabs in North Kalimantan causes catch to increase in the wild. If it is not balanced with efforts to increase its aquaculture of mud crab, in the future there will be a decline in population. This study aims to determine the growth and survival rate of mud crab seed (crablet, Scylla serrata) in the application method of different types of trash fish. This research used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The Crablet used carapace width average 0.07-0.09 cm and weigh average 0.05-0.07 g with total 150 crablets. The treatments applied by trash fish were (A) Tilapia Fish (Oreochromis mossambicus), (B) Longfin Herrings Fish (Ilisha elongata), (C) Sword Fish (Trichiurus lepturus) and (D) Snails (Telescopium telescopium). The results were The best weight growth of crablet occurs in the treatment of T. lepturus (P>0.05) and  the highest of survival rates of crablet were found in treatment T. telescopium (P<0.05)  than the other. The trash fish were used turned out to be able survival of crablet mud crab (Scylla serrata).

scholarly journals Examination and optimization of lignocellulolytic activity of S. gausapatum F28 on beechwood sawdust supplemented with molasses stillage

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-75
Author(s):  
Jelena Jovic ◽  
Jian Hao ◽  
Ljiljana Mojovic
Keyword(s):  
Manganese Peroxidase ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Hydrolytic Activity ◽  
Optimization Techniques ◽  
Cultivation Conditions ◽  
Beet Molasses ◽  
Response Optimization ◽  
Substrate Moisture ◽  
Lignocellulolytic Activity ◽  
Positive Effect

This study provides detailed analysis of the lignocellulolytic activity of a new isolate Stereum gausapatum F28, Serbian autochthonous fungi, on beechwood sawdust supplemented with cheap waste, sugar beet molasses stillage. Advanced multiple response optimization techniques were applied to improve ligninolytic and reduce hydrolytic activity as a requirement for potential biorefinery use. The applied techniques were supposed to select cultivation conditions that would give manganese peroxidase and laccase activities above 0.84 and 0.12 U g-1 substrate, respectively, and cellulase and xylanase activities below 1.12 and 1.4 U g-1 substrate. The optimal cultivation conditions that met the set requirements included molasses stillage concentration of 10 %, substrate moisture content of 53 %, incubation temperature of 23.5?C, and pH 5.2. The research showed that the addition of molasses stillage had positive effect on the enzyme production and that the optimal stillage concentration differed depending on the enzyme type (for laccase it was <5 %, manganese peroxidase ~12 %, cellulase ~21 %, xylanase ~16 %), which should be taken into consideration when optimizing the desired process.

scholarly journals Effects of constant incubation regimes on eggs and hatchlings of the egg-laying skink, Oligosoma suteri

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kelly Maree Hare
Keyword(s):  
Hatching Success ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Maternal Influence ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
Sprint Speed ◽  
Fitness Traits ◽  
Incubation Temperatures

<p>The conditions under which reptilian eggs are incubated affect survival probability and physiological attributes of the progeny. The egg-laying skink, Oligosoma suteri, is the only endemic oviparous lizard in New Zealand. No controlled laboratory incubation had previously been undertaken, and thus no information was available on the requirements for successful captive incubation. I studied the effects of incubation regime on the eggs and hatchlings of O. suteri to four months of age. Oligosoma suteri eggs (n = 174) were randomly distributed among three constant incubation temperatures (18°C, 22°C and 26°C) and two water potentials (-120 kPa and -270 kPa). Hatching success and hatchling survival were greatest at 22°C and 26°C, with hatchlings from 18°C incubation suffering from physical abnormalities. Incubation regime and maternal influence did not affect sex of individuals, with equal sex ratios occurring from each incubation treatment. Hatchlings from the 22°C and -120 kPa incubation treatments were larger, for most measurements, and warmer incubation temperatures resulted in increased growth rates. Juveniles from 22°C and 26°C and individuals with greater mass per unit length (condition index) sprinted faster over 0.25 m. Sprint speed was positively correlated with ambient temperature. At four months of age sprint speed decreased in 18°C individuals and individuals incubated at 26°C and -270 kPa compared to their performance at one month. The results suggest that the most successful captive incubation regime for O. suteri is 22°C and -120 kPa. This study also shows that temperature-dependent sex determination does not occur in O. suteri, but that fitness traits are influenced by incubation temperature.</p>

Going back to the roots: finding a strategy for the management of nesting loggerhead sea turtles in New Caledonia

2018 ◽  
Vol 66 (6) ◽  
pp. 394
Author(s):  
Tyffen C. Read ◽  
Marion Petit ◽  
Marion Magnan ◽  
David Booth
Keyword(s):  
Hatching Success ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
New Caledonia ◽  
Loggerhead Turtle ◽  
Sea Turtle ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Morning Glory ◽  
Root Penetration ◽  
Loggerhead Sea Turtles ◽  
Emergence Success

Incubation temperature plays a vital role in sea turtle life history because it influences embryonic growth, sex determination and hatchling attributes such as body size, residual yolk size, self-righting ability, crawling speed and swimming speed. For these reasons there is concern that predicted increases in air temperature, as a result of global warming, will increase nest temperatures and result in decreased hatching success, decrease or cease male hatchling production, and decreased hatchling quality. In a previous study examining incubation temperature at a loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) rookery located at La Roche Percée, New Caledonia, high nest temperatures and root invasion by beach morning glory (Ipomoea pes-caprae) were found to adversely affect hatching success and locomotor performance. In the current study, we relocated loggerhead turtle nests into shaded hatcheries. Shading nests decreased sand and nest temperatures and was predicted to increase male hatchling production slightly, but nest emergence success was decreased due to invasion of cottonwood (Hibiscus tiliaceus) roots into some nests. Using shaded structures is a viable and affordable management option to counteract the high sand temperatures found on some sea turtle nesting beaches, but these shade structures need to be located some distance from trees and other plants to ensure that root penetration into nests does not adversely affect nest emergence success.

Incubation conditions as potential factors limiting the northern distribution of snapping turtles, Chelydra serpentina

1994 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele L. Bobyn ◽  
Ronald J. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Hatching Success ◽  
Species Range ◽  
Local Adaptations ◽  
Northern Distribution ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Substrate Moisture ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Incubation Temperatures ◽  
Two Populations

We incubated snapping turtle eggs at extreme levels of temperature and moisture to test the hypothesis that incubation conditions limit the species' range by affecting hatching success and posthatching survival and growth. We also tested for local adaptations to cold incubation conditions by comparing the responses of embryos and hatchlings from a population near the northern limit of the species' range with those from a population farther south. Eggs of 20 clutches from two Ontario populations were incubated at 21.1 or 25.3 °C at one of three substrate moisture levels (−150, −300, −800 kPa), and hatchling survival and growth were monitored in the laboratory for 23 months. Hatching success, hatchling survival, and posthatching growth were lowest among turtles from eggs incubated at 21.1 °C. They were also uncoordinated and had poor control of their buoyancy. Hatching success was reduced in the drier substrates, but posthatching survival and growth were not affected by substrate moisture. Embryo and hatchling survival were lower in turtles from the southern population (which may be related to contaminants in the eggs) but hatchlings from that population grew the fastest. Hatching success at 21.1 °C or in the driest substrate did not differ between the two populations, but embryos from the northern population did show a greater increase in mortality at 21.1 °C relative to 25.3 °C than embryos from the more southerly population. The effects of lower incubation temperatures may be the most important factor limiting the northern distribution of this species, because lower temperatures during incubation and a shorter growing season probably reduce both the quantity and quality of hatchling turtles produced at northern sites.

Effect of temperature on survival and rate of virogenesis of African horse sickness virus in Culicoides variipennis sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) and its significance in relation to the epidemiology of the disease

1996 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 715-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin P. Wellby ◽  
Matthew Baylis ◽  
Peter Rawlings ◽  
Philip S. Mellor
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
African Horse Sickness ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
African Horse Sickness Virus ◽  
Culicoides Variipennis

AbstractCulicoides variipennis sonorensis Wirth & Jones and C. nubeculosus (Meigen) were orally infected with African horse sickness virus (AHSV) type 9 and subsequently incubated at 10, 15, 20 and 25°C (R.H. 80%±10%). A time course of infection rates and virus titres was recorded by assaying flies individually or in pools, and survival rates of flies were also estimated. Survival rates at 10, 15 and 20°C were very similar and 80–90% of flies remained alive after 14 days; at 25°C after the same period survival was reduced to 40%. None of the C. nubeculosus became persistently infected with AHSV, but the virus took longer to clear as the incubation temperature dropped. At temperatures of 10, 15, 20 and 25°C virus was undetectable on days 12, 8, 5, and 4 days post infection (dpi), respectively. In C. v. sonorensis both the infection rate and rate of virogenesis were related to temperature. At 25°C a maximum mean titre of 104.3 TCID50/fly was reached by 9 dpi and the infection rate remained between 60 and 80%. At 20°C virogenesis was slower and a maximum mean titre of 104.3 TCID50/fly was reached only after 23 days; the infection rate was also reduced to 50–70%. At 15°C there was an overall decline in virus titre with time, although between 12 and 15 dpi some pools of flies contained 103.0–104.0 TCID50/fly, demonstrating that virogenesis can occur. The infection rate at this temperature decreased dramatically to 0–15% after 9 dpi. At 10°C there was no detectable virogenesis and all pools tested at 13 dpi were negative. The apparent infection rate dropped to 0–5% between 13 and 35 days post infection. However, when surviving flies were then returned to 25 °C for 3 days the infection rate increased to 15.5%. It therefore appears that at low temperatures the virus does not replicate but infectious virus may persist at a level below that detectable by the usual assay systems. The implications of these findings for the epidemiology of AHS are discussed.

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