Utilization of Medicines Available at Home by General Population of Rural and Urban Set Up of Western India

Typhoid is a life-threatening disease that has remained endemic in parts of Africa and Asia where its burden is elevated by the inefficiency of control efforts which have been hampered by lack of epidemiological data, among others. In Nigeria, such data is absent in most of the States like Gombe where the disease has been rife for a long time, hence, to bridge that knowledge gap, this study was set up to determine the host-associated risk factors for typhoid occurrence and recurrence in Gombe. A questionnaire that was designed and validated for this location was used to obtain data from 663 respondents using simple random sampling and analyzed using the Chi-square test for association and binomial logistic regression to obtain risk factors for typhoid occurrence and recurrence, respectively. The study revealed that occurrences were statistically significantly associated with the variables for vaccination (χ2 = 39.729, p < 0.01), having houseboy/girl (χ2 = 16.909, p < 0.01), typhoid patient at home (χ2 = 13.393, p < 0.01), hand washing before handling food (χ2 = 22.856, p < 0.01), consuming iced/frozen items (χ2 = 16.805, p < 0.01), boiling drinking water (χ2 = 49.633, p < 0.01), and eating commercially available foods/drinks (χ2 = 27.864, p < 0.01), while recurrences were statistically significantly predicted by „not sure of been vaccinated‟ (OR = 2.962, CI = 1.290 to 6.802, p < 0.01), „not having another typhoid patient at home‟ (OR = 1.799, CI = 0.998 to 3.244, p < 0.01), and „drinking unboiled water sometimes‟ (OR = 2.130, CI = 1.023 to 4.434, p < 0.01). It is believed that these findings will guide efforts by the Government for health interventions against typhoid in the study area, thus improving the quality of life for the population.

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How to Implement Safe, Efficient and Cost-Effective SARS-CoV-2 Testing in Urban and Rural Schools within One Month

COVID ◽

10.3390/covid1040057 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (4) ◽

pp. 717-727

Author(s):

Parastoo Kheiroddin ◽

Magdalena Gründl ◽

Michael Althammer ◽

Patricia Schöberl ◽

Linda Plail ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Data Transfer ◽

Cost Effective ◽

Testing System ◽

Successful Implementation ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Local Involvement ◽

Working Day ◽

Set Up ◽

The Individual ◽

Time Required

(1) Background: With vaccination and new variants of SARS-CoV-2 on the horizon, efficient testing in schools may enable prevention of mass infection outbreaks, keeping schools safe places and buying time until decisions on feasibility and the necessity of vaccination in children and youth are made. We established, in the course of the WICOVIR (Where Is the COrona VIRus) study, that gargle-based pool-PCR testing offers a feasible, efficient, and safe testing system for schools in Germany when applied by central university laboratories. (2) Objectives: We evaluated whether this approach can be implemented in different rural and urban settings. (3) Methods: We assessed the arrangements required for successful implementation of the WICOVIR approach in a variety of settings in terms of transport logistics, data transfer and pre-existing laboratory set-up, as well as the time required to establish the set-up. (4) Results: We found that once regulatory issues have been overcome, all challenges pertaining to logistics, data transfer, and laboratory testing on different platforms can be solved within one month. Pooling and depooling of samples down to the individual test result were achievable within one working day in all settings. Local involvement of the community and decentralized set-ups were keys for success. (5) Conclusion: The WICOVIR gargle-based pool-PCR system is so robust and simple that it can be implemented within one month in all settings now or in future pandemics.

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Health Profile of Aging Family Caregivers Supporting Adults With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities at Home

Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities ◽

10.1352/1934-9556-47.6.425 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 47 (6) ◽

pp. 425-435 ◽

Cited By ~ 36

Author(s):

Kiyoshi Yamaki ◽

Kelly Hsieh ◽

Tamar Heller

Keyword(s):

Health Status ◽

Developmental Disabilities ◽

General Population ◽

Middle Age ◽

Age Groups ◽

Blood Cholesterol ◽

Activity Limitations ◽

Intellectual And Developmental Disabilities ◽

Potential Health ◽

At Home

Abstract The health status of 206 female caregivers supporting adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities at home was investigated using objective (i.e., presence of chronic health conditions and activity limitations) and subjective (i.e., self-perceived health status) health measures compared with those of women in the general population in 2 age groups: middle age (Ages 40–59 years) and older ages (≥60 years). Prevalence of arthritis, high blood pressure, obesity, and activity limitations for the caregivers in both age groups was significantly higher than that for women in the general population. Middle-age caregivers reported a higher prevalence of diabetes and high blood cholesterol than their age peers from the general population. Despite the potential health challenges, the caregivers generally perceived their health better than that of women in the general population. Older caregivers' perceptions on their psychological well being, however, appeared to an exception. Implications regarding potential health risks for caregivers and residential services for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities are discussed.

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Improvement in Activities of Daily Living Using the Freehand: A System Designed for People with Tetraplegia

British Journal of Occupational Therapy ◽

10.1177/030802260306600305 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

pp. 113-117 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Julie Esnouf ◽

Paul Taylor ◽

John Hobby

Keyword(s):

Activities Of Daily Living ◽

Functional Ability ◽

Daily Living ◽

Tendon Transfer ◽

Hand Function ◽

International Classification ◽

Home Work ◽

Set Up ◽

Implanted Device ◽

At Home

The Freehand system is an implanted device for people with C5/6 tetraplegia, international classification 0, 1 and 2. The implant is designed to improve hand function, particularly in those who lack voluntary muscles suitable for tendon transfer. This study investigated how the Freehand system was being used at home, work and leisure. Twelve participants, who were assessed, implanted and trained with the Freehand system, were reviewed against their preoperative goals. Prior to surgery, eight activities of daily living goals that the participant would like to perform with the Freehand system were selected by him or her. Each task was assessed in three sections: the set-up of the task, the performance and the take-down. The amount of assistance for each section was recorded. This was repeated after training had been completed and daily use established. Each participant was also asked to state a preference on how the tasks would be completed, whether with the system or by the method prior to surgery. The results of this study show an improvement in the participants' functional ability in their selected goals when using the Freehand system. The preference for using the Freehand system to complete tasks applied to 84% of the total 96 tasks chosen by the 12 participants in this study.

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Masked Hypertension Determined by Self-Measured Blood Pressure at Home and Chronic Kidney Disease in the Japanese General Population: The Ohasama Study

Hypertension Research ◽

10.1291/hypres.31.2129 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 31 (12) ◽

pp. 2129-2135 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Hiroyuki TERAWAKI ◽

Hirohito METOKI ◽

Masaaki NAKAYAMA ◽

Takayoshi OHKUBO ◽

Masahiro KIKUYA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Chronic Kidney Disease ◽

Kidney Disease ◽

General Population ◽

Masked Hypertension ◽

Japanese General Population ◽

At Home

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Autism and Autistic-like Conditions in Swedish Rural and Urban Areas: a Population Study

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.149.1.81 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 149 (1) ◽

pp. 81-87 ◽

Cited By ~ 111

Author(s):

Suzanne Steffenburg ◽

Christopher Gillberg

Keyword(s):

Mental Retardation ◽

General Population ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Total Population ◽

Brain Dysfunction ◽

Infantile Autism ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Total Prevalence ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Mentally Retarded Children

The total population of children under 10 years in one Swedish urban area and one rural area was screened for infantile autism (IA) and autistic-like conditions (AC). A total prevalence of 6.6 per 10 000 was found, which is somewhat higher than in previous similar studies of the same region. Infantile autism accounted for two-thirds of the cases. Boys far outnumbered girls, but this was entirely accounted for by the IA group. The preponderance of autistic boys was less pronounced among the severely mentally retarded children. Mental retardation was seen in almost 90% of cases and only one child had an IQ exceeding 100; clinical and laboratory signs of brain dysfunction were also found in a majority of cases. Distribution by social class was no different in either patient group from the general population.

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Analisis Kualitas Layanan, Kemampuan Dan Kinerja Pengurus Pokjar Terhadap Kepuasan Mahasiswa di UPBJJ-UT Palangka Raya

Anterior Jurnal ◽

10.33084/anterior.v19i1.1178 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 121-129

Author(s):

Rahmaddian Rahmaddian ◽

Stefani Made Ayu A.K ◽

Deni Surapto

Keyword(s):

Organizational Development ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Study Groups ◽

University Education ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Wide Range ◽

Attainment Gap ◽

And Performance ◽

Set Up

Open University of Palangka Raya (UPBJJ-UT of Palangka Raya) has acknowledged the education-attainment gap between rural and urban areas, and officials have determined ways to connect with students in the far corners of Central Kalimantan. UPBJJ-UT of Palangka Raya has set up study groups (PokJar) through which non urban students acquire university education. Due to its wide range of locations and heterogeneous student populations, PokJar is established through management partnership that constitutes a governing body that oversees the district-wide operation and the delivery of the continuing education programs. On this optimistic basis, the service provided by PokJar administrators becomes central to optimizing quality education in a learning environment where the administrators and students are physically separated. However, the complexity of PokJar service and administrator performance may link to negative perceptions among students. Recognizing the nature of challenges facing PokJar management is expected to usher in the planning of improvement crucial to organizational development that is effective, efficient, accountable, responsive and transparent. This study taps into the quality service, the competence and performance of PokJar administrators of UPBJJ-UT of Palangka Raya in terms of student-perceived values using PLS-SEM method. The overall results address favorable responses, strongly suggesting a good measure of how PokJar administrators� service, competence and performance meet student expectation.

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Immunological Characterization of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 Coinfected Young Individuals

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells10113187 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 3187

Author(s):

Claudia Vanetti ◽

Daria Trabattoni ◽

Marta Stracuzzi ◽

Antonella Amendola ◽

Clara Fappani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

General Population ◽

Crucial Role ◽

Rna Virus ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Specific Antibodies ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Set Up

While the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or COVID-19 disease progression in the general population has been largely assessed, its impact on HIV-positive individuals remains unclear. We present clinical and immunological data collected in a cohort of HIV-infected young individuals during the first wave of COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 RNA, virus-specific antibodies, as well as the expression of factors involved in the anti-viral immune response were analyzed. Moreover, we set up an in vitro coinfection assay to study the mechanisms correlated to the coinfection process. Our results did not show any increased risk of severe COVID-19 in HIV-positive young individuals. In those subjects who contracted SARS-CoV-2 infection, an increase in IL-10 expression and production was observed. Furthermore, in the in vitro coinfection assay, we revealed a reduction in SARS-CoV-2 replication associated to an upregulation of IL-10. We speculate that IL-10 could play a crucial role in the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection in HIV-positive individuals. These results might help defining clinical management of HIV/SARS-CoV-2 co-infected young individuals, or putative indications for vaccination schedules in this population.

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Knowledge, attitude and practices about tetanus toxoid immunisation amongst general population of an urban semi-slum area: a cross-sectional interview-based study from Western India

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20171784 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 4 (5) ◽

pp. 1684 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Pruthvi H. Patel ◽

Aniruddha A. Malgaonkar ◽

S. Kartikeyan

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Tetanus Toxoid ◽

Cold Chain ◽

Western India ◽

Slum Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Face To Face ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Tetanus Immunisation ◽

Type Of Injury

Background: Members of the public are frequently unaware of tetanus immunisation schedules and its importance in preventing tetanus. This community-based, cross-sectional, complete enumeration, interview-based study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices about tetanus toxoid immunisation amongst the general population in an urban semi-slum area located about 30 kms from Mumbai city in Western India.Methods: Respondents comprised adult residents of either sex, who gave written informed consent to participate in the study. After obtaining approvals, the study was explained during routine home visits and the respondents were interviewed at a time convenient to them. A direct face-to-face interview was conducted using a semi-structured proforma and their responses were recorded and statistically analysed.Results: Of the 161 participants (90 males; 71 females), 16.15% were illiterates. 95.65% thought that a single tetanus toxoid injection was adequate to prevent tetanus while none knew that pregnant women are immunised to protect newborns against tetanus. 67.08% were unaware about the need for maintaining cold chain for storage of tetanus toxoid. 96.89% had received only one injection of tetanus toxoid, irrespective of the type of injury or previous immunisation status. The belief that an adult requires tetanus toxoid after every injury exhibited education-wise significant difference (p=0.02).Conclusion: Sustained and focussed health education efforts are necessary to combat misconceptions regarding tetanus toxoid immunisation.

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