scholarly journals Effect of Aspergillus spp., on Liver, Kidney and Intestines of WNIN Rat (Rattus norvegicus) Fed on Fungus Inoculated Rice (Oryza sativa. L) – An Electron Microscope Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 76-89
Author(s):  
P. Madhusudhana Chary ◽  
Vijayalakshmi Venkatesan ◽  
Dharmapuri Raghunatha Rao
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Rice Grains ◽  
Rice Samples ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
And Control

Aims: This present study was conceived with two objectives.  The first aim of the study is to establish the ultrastructural variation of normal rice grain collected from different market sources. Also, the study is aimed to investigate the fungal (Aspergillus spp.,) infection in stored rice grain and Ultrastructural variation patterns in rice due to fungal infection by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Further, the changes in selected visceral organs (Liver, Kidney and Intestines) of Wistar NIN Rat when they were fed on fungal inoculated rice. Study Design: The study was completed in to the two phases. First Phase: Collection of different rice samples, preparation of contaminated rice inoculated with Aspergillus sp., Ultrastructure analysis of rice samples by using SEM. Second Phase: Animal experiments, Analysis of biochemical estimations in blood serum by spectrophotometer and ultrastructural studies in the selected visceral organs viz., Liver, kidney and intestines of rat by Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and Histopathological changes by Light microscope in rats fed   with inoculated rice powder with Aspergillus spp.,(treated) fungus. Control rats were fed with normal rice powder (control). Place and Duration of the Study:  SEM Facility, Extension and Training division ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Tarnaka, Hyderabad. Telangana state, India. Duration from 2013 to 2015. Methodology: Animal experiments with albino white Wistar Rat (Rattus norvigecus) weighing about approximately 120-140 grams of each rat and six (6) of each for treated group and control were taken for experimental purpose. Six rats were fed on inoculated rice with fungus Aspergillus sp., and 6 were fed without fungus inoculated rice for control. These animals were maintained under standard procedure as per the protocol of animal ethics. After 28 days of feeding, all the rats were sacrificed as per the regulations animal ethical guidelines. Tissues like liver, kidney and intestines of rats (treated and control) were processed and examined for histopathological and ultrastructural changes by using light and electron microscope. Blood serum from the treated and control rats were collected and processed for biochemical investigations by spectrophotometer. Results:  The hepatocytes in liver of the treatment group rats showed metachromatic granules (cytoplasmic) and nuclear pleomorphism (occurrence of more than one form of glycogen granules) existence in same species of more than one morphological type but it was absent in the control rats’ livers.  In electron microscope studies, swollen mitochondria and well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) were present in treated group rats as against normal mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in control rats were observed. The kidneys of treatment group showed patch like mononuclear cell infiltrations in the cortex including many apoptotic bodies in between the renal tubules. Intestines of treated group rat showed the damages in the inner walls of intestinal epithelium in between cells. TEM studies showed swollen mitochondria, absorptive cells of epithelium and endoplasmic reticulum tubules were highly expanded in the treated group rat intestines while normal appearance of the intestines with well developed epithelial  cells of  microvilli was observed in control rats. Conclusion:  Improper storage of rice grains in food godowns would cause damage to the rice grains due to fungal infections. Although fungal infected grain apparently normal in appearance, from the food safety point of view the grains are not fit for human consumption. Hence, using SEM in quality control and assurance of food safety of rice grains to assess the quality to declare fitness for human consumption is required at this juncture.

Microbiological Evaluation of Ready-to-Drink Tigernut Drinks Sold within Port Harcourt Metropolis, Rivers State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
Francis Sopuruchukwu Ire ◽  
Goziem Kim Benneth ◽  
Ndukwe Maduka
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
National Agency ◽  
Candida Sp ◽  
Penicillium Sp ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Rhizopus Sp ◽  
And Control ◽  
Corynebacterium Sp

Aims: Tigernut drink are made from tigernut tubers (Cyperus esculentus L.) and rich in nutrients. This drink is locally produced and widely consumed in Nigeria irrespective of social status. This study is aimed at evaluating the microbial quality and physicochemical property of tigernut drinks sold within Port Harcourt metropolis. Methodology: Thirty (30) samples of freshly prepared and packaged tigernut drinks were randomly purchased from different vendors in five locations of Port Harcourt metropolis (Agip Estate, Abuja Campus (Uniport), Choba, Mile 1 and Mile 2 Markets). The samples were analyzed using standard microbiological and physicochemical methods. SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) was used to analyze the data. Results: Results obtained showed that the pH of the samples ranged from 4.2 to 4.6 while the total heterotrophic bacterial count ranged from 6. 54-6.74 log10 CFU/mL. Total fungal count of tigernut drinks ranged from 6.0-6.2 log10 CFU/mL. A total of nine (9) bacterial genera namely Staphylococcus sp. (37.3%), Escherichia sp. (21.3%), Salmonella sp. (12%), Pseudomonas sp. (12%), Klebsiella sp. (4%), Bacillus sp. (4%), Micrococcus sp. (4%), Enterobacter sp. (2.7%) and Corynebacterium sp. (2.7%) were isolated from the samples. Six (6) fungal genera were also encountered in the drink sampled which include Rhizopus sp. (1.4%), Saccharomyces sp. (4.4%), Aspergillus sp. (30.9%), Fusarium sp. (26.5%), Penicillium sp. (30.9%) and Candida sp. (5.9%). The result revealed that Staphylococcus sp. had the highest percentage of occurrence (37.3%) followed by E. coli (21.3%), while Enterobacter sp. (2.7%) and Corynebacterium sp. (2.7%) recorded the least. Among the fungal isolates, Aspergillus sp. and Penicillium sp. had the highest percentage of occurrence (30.9%) whereas Rhizopus sp. had the least (1.4%). The results of this study revealed that all the samples from the five (5) locations were heavily contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms and found not suitable for human consumption based on the standard recommended by National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC). NAFDAC stipulated that mesophilic aerobic count of locally prepared beverages should be < 5.0 log10 CFU/mL. Conclusion: The huge contamination recorded in all the samples irrespective of the location could be linked to poor hygienic levels during processing. Therefore, good manufacturing practices, public health enlightenment campaign and strict regulations from relevant agencies are recommended to avoid foodborne infections, diseases and possible deaths which could result from consumption of such contaminated tigernut drinks.

The Measurement of Fluorophosphate-Reactive Esterase Sites in the Liver of Barbiturate Treated Rats Using Quantitative E.M. Autoradiography

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 102-103
Author(s):  
G. C. Budd
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Electron Microscope Autoradiography ◽  
Microscope Autoradiography ◽  
Sodium Phenobarbital ◽  
And Control

Male 100 gm Holtzman rats each received 100 mg/Kg of sodium phenobarbital intraperitoneally per day for 4 days. On the fourth day samples of fresh and glutaraldehyde fixed liver were reacted with 10-4 molar tritium labeled diisopropylfluorophosphate (3H-DFP) to permit the measurement of fluorophosphatereactive (FPR) esterase sites using quantitative electron microscope autoradiography (EMARG). The distribution and measured concentrations of FPR sites in the liver of barbiturate treated rats were compared with similar measurements obtained with untreated control rats. Measurements of the density of developed autoradiographic grains (grains/unit area) revealed that in both the treated and control preparations, the FPR sites were concentrated in the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and associated ground cytoplasm of the hepatocytes (RER and SER respectively).

CHANGES OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL INDEXES AND CHEMICAL ELEMENTS OF GRAIN OF RICE REGUL BY ITS PROCESSING INTO THE GROATS

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Т.Г. КОРОТКОВА ◽  
А.П. ДОНЕНКО ◽  
Ю.Н. СЕДОЙ
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
Rice Grains ◽  
Chemical Indicators ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Rice Samples ◽  
Permissible Levels ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Определены физико-химические показатели и содержание химических элементов четырех образцов риса сорта Регул, отобранных после основных стадий процесса переработки зерна риса-сырца в крупу на ООО «Южная рисовая компания» (ЮРК) (ст. Холмская, Краснодарский край), – очищенного риса-сырца, риса после шелушения, шлифования и полировки для выявления чистоты продукции. Установлено, что в результате переработки зерна риса в крупу снижается содержание жира, фосфора, общей золы и сырой клетчатки, энергетическая ценность рисовой крупы возрастает. Содержание химических элементов в рисовой крупе соответствует предельно допустимым уровням содержания токсичных элементов, определенным ТР ТС 015/2011 «О безопасности зерна». Основные металлы содержатся в наружных слоях зерновки, мг/кг: медь 1,6 ± 0,4; свинец 1,4 ± 0,4; цинк 1,9 ± 0,5; железо 95,0; марганец 5,2 ± 1,3; диоксид кремния 6,5%. В образцах риса после полировки они не обнаружены. Содержание свинца в рисовой крупе составляет менее 0,5 мг/кг. Технология производства рисовой крупы на ООО «ЮРК» обеспечивает удаление токсичных микропримесей и чистоту произведенной продукции. Physical and chemical indicators and content chemical elements for four samples of rice variety Regul selected after the main stages of the processing of raw rice grain into cereals at the LLC “South Rice Company” (SRC) (village Kholmskaya, Krasnodar region) to determine the purity of the products: purified raw rice, rice after peeling, grinding and polishing. It is established that as a result of processing grain of rice in croup, the content of fat, phosphorus, total ash and crude fiber decreases, the energy value of rice cereal increases. Content of chemical elements in the rice crop meets the maximum permissible levels of toxic elements in accordance with TR CU 015/2011 “An grain safety”. Basic metals are contained in the outer layers of the grains, mg/kg: copper 1,6 ± 0,4; plumbum 1,4 ± 0,4; zinc 1,9 ± 0,5; iron 95,0; manganese 5,2 ± 1,3; silicon dioxide 6,5%. In rice samples after polishing they are not found. The content of lead in rice grains is less than 0,5 mg/kg. The technology of rice grain production at LLC “SRC” provides removal of toxic micro-impurities and purity of the products.

Characterization of Rice Germplasms for Sufficient Selenium and Low Arsenic Accumulation in Grains

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 31-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandra Shekhar Nautiyal ◽  
Rudra Deo Tripathi ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Sanjay Dwivedi ◽  
Reshu Chauhan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
West Bengal ◽  
Inorganic Arsenic ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Contaminated Sites ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Rice Grain ◽  
Rice Grains ◽  
Arsenic Accumulation ◽  
Icp Ms

Arsenic (As) contamination of soil is a serious problem limiting the rice grain nutrients production. Aim of this study was to identify the low grain As and sufficient selenium (Se) accumulating cultivars which may be suitable for human consumption and cultivation in As prone areas. Field trials at As contaminated sites of West Bengal, India were conducted to assess total As, inorganic arsenic (iAs) and Se content in rice grains by using HPLC-ICP-MS. Over a period of two years, 89 rice cultivars were cultivated at three different sites in West Bengal (India) having variable soil-As level. Selenium and As content in rice grains of various cultivars revealed that the number of safe cultivars decreased with increasing soil As level and also showed negative corelation (R=-0.997 **) between grain As and Se accumulation. However, total As content showed a positive correlation (R=0.903 *) with grain iAs content, while Se content in rice grains was negatively affected by As uptake. Only ten cultivars viz., IET-4786, CN1646-5, CN1794-2, Dusmix-40, S. Sankar, IR-64, IET-19226, Nayanmoni, CN1643-3 and CN1646-2 accumulating low grain As had sufficient Se. Therefore, cultivation of these ten genotypes may reduce the risk of possible dietary human As exposure and thus may be recommended for the cultivation in As affected areas in India.

Residual Gas Reaction in the Electron Microscope: II The Design of a Gas-Control Chamber for Quantitative Observations

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 82-83
Author(s):  
Chester J. Calbick ◽  
Richard E. Hartman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Local Environment ◽  
Chamber Pressure ◽  
Objective Lens ◽  
Ion Pump ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Precise Knowledge ◽  
Differential Pumping ◽  
And Control

Quantitative studies of the phenomenon associated with reactions induced by the electron beam between specimens and gases present in the electron microscope require precise knowledge and control of the local environment experienced by the portion of the specimen in the electron beam. Because of outgassing phenomena, the environment at the irradiated portion of the specimen is very different from that in any place where gas pressures and compositions can be measured. We have found that differential pumping of the specimen chamber by a 4" Orb-Ion pump, following roughing by a zeolite sorption pump, can produce a specimen-chamber pressure 100- to 1000-fold less than that in the region below the objective lens.

Copper Localization in Cirrhotic Rat Liver by Scanning Electron Microscopy

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 38-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Russ ◽  
E. McNatt
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Copper Acetate ◽  
Lead Citrate ◽  
Dense Bodies ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Electron Mode ◽  
Scanning Electron

In order to study the retention of copper in cirrhotic liver, rats were made cirrhotic by carbon tetrachloride inhalation twice weekly for three months and fed 0.2% copper acetate ad libidum in drinking water for one month. The liver tissue was fixed in osmium, sectioned approximately 2000 Å thick, and stained with lead citrate. The section was examined in a scanning electron microscope (JEOLCO JSM-2) in the transmission electron mode.Figure 1 shows a typical area that includes a red blood cell in a sinusoid, a disse, and a portion of the cytoplasm of a hepatocyte which contains several mitochondria, peribiliary dense bodies, glycogen granules, and endoplasmic reticulum.

Ultrastructural comparison of prolactin adenomas of pituitary in men and women

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 346-347
Author(s):  
R.C. Caughey ◽  
U.P. Kalyan-Raman
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Pituitary Adenomas ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Transmission Electron

Prolactin producing pituitary adenomas are ultrastructurally characterized by secretory granules varying in size (150-300nm), abundance of endoplasmic reticulum, and misplaced exocytosis. They are also subclassified as sparsely or densely granulated according to the amount of granules present. The hormone levels in men and women vary, being higher in men; so also the symptoms vary between both sexes. In order to understand this variation, we studied 21 prolactin producing pituitary adenomas by transmission electron microscope. This was out of a total of 80 pituitary adenomas. There were 6 men and 15 women in this group of 21 prolactinomas.All of the pituitary adenomas were fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, rinsed in Millonig's phosphate buffer, and post fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide. They were then en bloc stained with 0.5% uranyl acetate, rinsed with Walpole's non-phosphate buffer, dehydrated with graded series of ethanols and embedded with Epon 812 epoxy resin.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum in perfusion and immersion-fixed Leydig cells

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 82-83
Author(s):  
R.T.F. Bernard ◽  
R.H.M. Cross
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Random Mixture ◽  
Transmission Electron

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is involved in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, and changes in the organisation and abundance of this organelle are regularly used as indicators of changes in the level of steroidogenesis. SER is typically arranged as a meshwork of anastomosing tubules which, with the transmission electron microscope, appear as a random mixture of cross, oblique and longitudinal sections. Less commonly the SER appears as swollen vesicles and it is generally suggested that this is an artefact caused during immersion fixation or during immersion of poorly-perfused tissue.During a previous study of the Leydig cells of a seasonally reproducing bat, in which tissue was fixed by immersion, we noted that tubular SER and vesicular SER often occured in adjacent cells and sometimes in the same cell, and that the abundance of the two types of SER changed seasonally. We came to doubt the widelyheld dogma that vesicular SER was an artefact of immersion fixation and set out to test the hypothesis that the method of fixation does not modify the ultrastructure of the SER.

POSSIBILITY TO REDUCE THROMBOCYTOPENIA AFTER CHEMORADIOTHERAPY IN ONCOLOGICAL PATIENTS

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 466-469
Author(s):  
Luiza Korytova ◽  
Aleksey Meshechkin ◽  
Oleg Korytov ◽  
V. Krasnikova
Keyword(s):  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Median Number ◽  
Blood Analysis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Level Control ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Oncological Patients ◽  
Level Increase ◽  
And Control

Objective was to establish efficiency of sodium nucleospermat in correcting thrombocytopenia after chemoradiotherapy in oncological patients. Methods and materials. The study included data on 32 patients that had undergone combined treatment from January till May 2016. After detecting thrombocytopenia patients were randomized into two groups (16 patients in each): treated group, where patients received sodium nucleospermat, and control group, where sodium nucleospermat was not used. Thrombocyte level control was done on 5th, 10th and 15th day after treatment was over. Results and discussion. All 16 patients showed positive dynamics in increasing thrombocyte level after Sodium nucleospermat injection course was finished. This was proven by first (5th day) blood analysis. On average thrombocyte level after sodium nucleospermat treatment has risen to normal, at 161х109/1. Only 3 patients from this group had to pause radiotherapy for 5 days. Control group patients, which did not receive sodium nucleospermat, showed evidence of thrombocyte level recovery by 10th day only. On average thrombocyte level increase was insignificant, and median number was 111*109/l. Low thrombocyte level was main reason to pause radiotherapy for 11 (69%) patients in control group. Conclusion. Sodium nucleospermat allowed raising thrombocyte level to the lower normal range, which surpassed by 40%-50% in control group patients. Use of sodium nucleospermat did not show any cases of allergic reactions, toxicity or complications in oncological patients.

scholarly journals A Legionnaires’ Disease Cluster in a Private Building in Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6922
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Ricci ◽  
Maria Cristina Rota ◽  
Maria Grazia Caporali ◽  
Antonietta Girolamo ◽  
Maria Scaturro
Keyword(s):  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Legionnaires Disease ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Private Homes ◽  
And Control

Legionnaires’ disease (LD) is a severe pneumonia caused by bacteria belonging to the genus Legionella. This is a major public health concern and infections are steadily increasing worldwide. Several sources of infection have been identified, but they have not always been linked to human isolates by molecular match. The well-known Legionella contamination of private homes has rarely been associated with the acquisition of the disease, although some patients never left their homes during the incubation period. This study demonstrated by genomic matching between clinical and environmental Legionella isolates that the source of an LD cluster was a private building. Monoclonal antibodies and sequence-based typing were used to type the isolates, and the results clearly demonstrated the molecular relationship between the strains highlighting the risk of contracting LD at home. To contain this risk, the new European directive on the quality of water intended for human consumption has introduced for the first time Legionella as a microbiological parameter to be investigated in domestic water systems. This should lead to a greater attention to prevention and control measures for domestic Legionella contamination and, consequently, to a possible reduction in community acquired LD cases.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document