Bio-ethanol (2nd Generation Ethanol): A Solution to Ever Polluting Gasoline to Climate in India

Environmentally sustainable energy sources are called for due to contemporaneous development in industries along with the rapid pace of urbanization. Ethanol produced from biomass can be deliberated as a clean and safest liquid fuel and an alternative to fossil fuels as they have provided unique environmental, strategic economic benefits. For the past decade, it has been noticed that there is an increasing trend found in bio ethanol production which has created a stimulus to go for advancement in bio ethanol production technologies. Several feed stocks have been used for the bio ethanol production but the second generation bio ethanol has concentrated on the lignocellulosic biomass. Plenteous lignocellulosic biomass in the world can be tapped for ethanol production, but it will require significant advances in the ethanol production process from lignocellulosic because of some technical and economic hurdles found in commercial scale. This review will encompass the current status of bio ethanol production in terms of their economic and environmental viability along with some research gaps as well as policy implications for the same.

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Recent Developments and Current Status of Commercial Production of Fuel Ethanol

10.20944/preprints202111.0297.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tuan-Dung Hoang ◽

Nhuan Nghiem

Keyword(s):

Carbon Dioxide ◽

Ethanol Production ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Commercial Production ◽

Turn Of The Century ◽

Current Status ◽

Production Processes ◽

Commercial Scale ◽

The World ◽

Recent Developments

Ethanol produced from various biobased sources (bioethanol) has been gaining high attention lately due to its potential to cut down net emissions of carbon dioxide while reducing burgeoning world dependence on fossil fuels. Global ethanol production has increased more than six-fold from 18 billion liters at the turn of the century to 110 billion liters in 2019 (1,2). Sugar cane and corn have been used as the major feedstocks for ethanol production. Lignocellulosic biomass has recently been considered as another potential feedstock. This paper reviews recent developments and current status of commercial production of ethanol across the world. The review includes the ethanol production processes used for each type of feedstock, both currently practiced at commercial scale and newly developed technologies, and production trends in various regions and countries in the world.

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Selection and identification of xylose-fermenting yeast strains for ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass

Boletim do Centro de Pesquisa de Processamento de Alimentos ◽

10.5380/bceppa.v36i1.59557 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Juliana Alves Araújo ◽

Thiago Lucas de Abreu-Lima ◽

Solange Cristina Carreiro

Keyword(s):

Ethanol Production ◽

Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Reference Strain ◽

Molecular Techniques ◽

Replica Plating ◽

Fermentative Capacity ◽

Edible Crops ◽

Plant Exudates ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass is of economic interest due to the pressure to reduce fossil fuels consumption and land use for non-edible crops. Xylose is one of the main sugars obtained by hydrolysis of hemicellulose fraction of biomass, but industrial yeasts cannot ferment it. This work aimed to select, characterize and identify xylose-fermenting yeasts from Brazilian microorganisms collections with potential use in ethanol production. Xylose assimilation was tested by replica plating, and fermentation was tested with Durham tubes. Xylose-fermenting strains had their fermentative capacity quantified and compared to a reference strain (Scheffersomyces stipitis UFMG-IMH 43.2) and were identified by molecular techniques. Three strains isolated from plant exudates were able to ferment xylose and showed fermentative parameters similar to the reference strain. Two strains were identified as Candida parapsilosis and one was identified as Meyerozyma guilliermondii. The findings show the potential biotechnological use of these microorganisms.

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Recent Developments and Current Status of Commercial Production of Fuel Ethanol

Fermentation ◽

10.3390/fermentation7040314 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 314

Author(s):

Tuan-Dung Hoang ◽

Nhuan Nghiem

Keyword(s):

Ethanol Production ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Commercial Production ◽

Turn Of The Century ◽

Current Status ◽

Production Processes ◽

Commercial Scale ◽

The World ◽

Recent Developments ◽

Current Production

Ethanol produced from various biobased sources (bioethanol) has been gaining high attention lately due to its potential to cut down net emissions of carbon dioxide while reducing burgeoning world dependence on fossil fuels. Global ethanol production has increased more than six-fold from 18 billion liters at the turn of the century to 110 billion liters in 2019, only to fall to 98.6 billion liters in 2020 due to the pandemic. Sugar cane and corn have been used as the major feedstocks for ethanol production. Lignocellulosic biomass has recently been considered as another potential feedstock due to its non-food competing status and its availability in very large quantities. This paper reviews recent developments and current status of commercial production of ethanol across the world with a focus on the technological aspects. The review includes the ethanol production processes used for each type of feedstock, both currently practiced at commercial scale and still under developments, and current production trends in various regions and countries in the world.

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Assessing desalination as a sustainable alternative using a multiple criteria decision support model

Water Practice & Technology ◽

10.2166/wpt.2008.078 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

M. B. Fernandes ◽

M. C. Almeida ◽

A. G. Henriques

Keyword(s):

Decision Support ◽

Energy Production ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Cost Benefit Analysis ◽

Cost Benefit ◽

High Energy ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Multiple Criteria ◽

Water Production ◽

Decision Support Model

Desalination technologies provide an alternative for potable water production, having significant potential for application where fresh water scarcity exists. Potential benefits have to be balanced with other factors, such as high costs, high energy consumption, and significant environmental impacts, for the understanding of real risks and gains of desalination within the context of integrated water resources management. Multiple factors can be considered when analysing the viability of a desalination project but often a limited approach is used. The complexity in the analysis lies in finding the alternatives that obey to multiple objectives (e.g. reduced environmental impact, social acceptance, less cost associated). In this paper, development of a methodology based on multiple criteria decision support system for the evaluation and ranking the potential of desalination technologies is described and applied to a Portuguese case study. Relevant factors to the selection of desalination technologies were identified using SWOT analysis and the MACBETH (Measuring Attractiveness by a Categorical Based Evaluation Technique) approach was applied. Technical alternatives considered include reverse osmosis and multi-effect desalination (MED), together with energy production by fossil fuels or solar energy. Production of water by conventional approaches was also considered. Results, for non-economic benefits, show higher score for MED solar but, in the cost-benefit analysis, conventional methods of water production have higher ranking since costs of renewable energies are not yet competitive. However, even if not preferred in economic terms, desalination is ranked significantly above the conventional approaches for non-economic criteria.

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How Do Women Overcome Gender Inequality by Forming Small-Scale Cooperatives? The Case of the Agricultural Sector in Uganda

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13041797 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1797

Author(s):

Amber Theeuwen ◽

Valérie Duplat ◽

Christopher Wickert ◽

Brian Tjemkes

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Gender Equality ◽

Gender Inequality ◽

Family Business ◽

Agricultural Sector ◽

Economic Benefits ◽

Policy Implications ◽

Small Scale ◽

Business Relationships ◽

Female Farmers

In Uganda, the agricultural sector contributes substantially to gross domestic product. Although the involvement of Ugandan women in this sector is extensive, female farmers face significant obstacles, caused by gendering that impedes their ability to expand their family business and to generate incomes. Gender refers to social or cultural categories by which women–men relationships are conceived. In this study, we aim to investigate how gendering influences the development of business relationships in the Ugandan agricultural sector. To do so, we employed a qualitative–inductive methodology to collect unique data on the rice and cassava sectors. Our findings reveal at first that, in the agricultural sector in Uganda, inter-organization business relationships (i.e., between non-family actors) are mostly developed by and between men, whereas intra-organization business relationships with family members are mostly developed by women. We learn that gendering impedes women from developing inter-organization business relationships. Impediments for female farmers include their restricted mobility, the lack of trust by men, their limited freedom in communication, household duties, and responsibilities for farming activities up until sales. Our findings also reveal that these impediments to developing inter-organization business relationships prevent female farmers from being empowered and from attainting economic benefits for the family business. In this context, the results of our study show that grouping in small-scale cooperatives offers female farmers an opportunity to overcome gender inequality and to become economically emancipated. Thanks to these cooperatives, women can develop inter-organization relationships with men and other women and gain easier access to financial resources. Small-scale cooperatives can alter gendering in the long run, in favor of more gender equality and less marginalization of women. Our study responds to calls for more research on the informal economy in developing countries and brings further understanding to the effect of gendering in the Ugandan agricultural sector. We propose a theoretical framework with eight propositions bridging gendering, business relationship development, and empowerment and economic benefits. Our framework serves as a springboard for policy implications aimed at fostering gender equality in informal sectors in developing countries.

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Biogas from Anaerobic Digestion as an Energy Vector: Current Upgrading Development

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14102742 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (10) ◽

pp. 2742

Author(s):

Raquel Iglesias ◽

Raúl Muñoz ◽

María Polanco ◽

Israel Díaz ◽

Ana Susmozas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuels ◽

Business Models ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Vector Current ◽

Energy System ◽

Transport Sector ◽

Environmentally Sustainable ◽

Legislative Framework ◽

Materials Used

The present work reviews the role of biogas as advanced biofuel in the renewable energy system, summarizing the main raw materials used for biogas production and the most common technologies for biogas upgrading and delving into emerging biological methanation processes. In addition, it provides a description of current European legislative framework and the potential biomethane business models as well as the main biogas production issues to be addressed to fully deploy these upgrading technologies. Biomethane could be competitive due to negative or zero waste feedstock prices, and competitive to fossil fuels in the transport sector and power generation if upgrading technologies become cheaper and environmentally sustainable.

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A Comprehensive Review on Oil Extraction and Biodiesel Production Technologies

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13020788 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 788

Author(s):

Zulqarnain ◽

Muhammad Ayoub ◽

Mohd Hizami Mohd Yusoff ◽

Muhammad Hamza Nazir ◽

Imtisal Zahid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Energy Demand ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Significant Proportion ◽

Waste Cooking Oil ◽

Oil Extraction ◽

Biodiesel Production ◽

Waste Oils ◽

Biodiesel Synthesis ◽

Production Technologies

Dependence on fossil fuels for meeting the growing energy demand is damaging the world’s environment. There is a dire need to look for alternative fuels that are less potent to greenhouse gas emissions. Biofuels offer several advantages with less harmful effects on the environment. Biodiesel is synthesized from the organic wastes produced extensively like edible, non-edible, microbial, and waste oils. This study reviews the feasibility of the state-of-the-art feedstocks for sustainable biodiesel synthesis such as availability, and capacity to cover a significant proportion of fossil fuels. Biodiesel synthesized from oil crops, vegetable oils, and animal fats are the potential renewable carbon-neutral substitute to petroleum fuels. This study concludes that waste oils with higher oil content including waste cooking oil, waste palm oil, and algal oil are the most favorable feedstocks. The comparison of biodiesel production and parametric analysis is done critically, which is necessary to come up with the most appropriate feedstock for biodiesel synthesis. Since the critical comparison of feedstocks along with oil extraction and biodiesel production technologies has never been done before, this will help to direct future researchers to use more sustainable feedstocks for biodiesel synthesis. This study concluded that the use of third-generation feedstocks (wastes) is the most appropriate way for sustainable biodiesel production. The use of innovative costless oil extraction technologies including supercritical and microwave-assisted transesterification method is recommended for oil extraction.

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Special Issue: Biochemical and Thermochemical Conversion Processes of Lignocellulosic Biomass Fractionated Streams

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr9060969 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 969

Author(s):

Anna Trubetskaya ◽

Leonidas Matsakas

Keyword(s):

Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Forest Resources ◽

Thermochemical Conversion ◽

Special Issue ◽

Waste Production

Global consumption of materials such as forest resources, fossil fuels, earth metals and minerals are expected to double in the next 30 years, while annual waste production is estimated to increase by approximately 70% by 2050 [...]

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