scholarly journals The Antimicrobial, Anti Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities of the Rhizome Extract of Curcuma longa L. (Turmeric)

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Ogbonna Abigail Ify ◽  
Adejube Glory Raphael ◽  
Okoye Clifford Tochukwu ◽  
Ogbonna Ugoy Sonia Amarachi ◽  
Njoku Andrew Ikechukwu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Biochemical Constituents ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Susceptible Organism

Aim: This study aimed at investigating the anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties of rhizome extracts of Curcuma longa (Turmeric). Methodology: Extraction of biochemical constituents of the 150 g of the turmeric rhizomes powder was carried out successively using hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water as solvents. The antimicrobial potentials of the different fractions of the extract were tested on clinical bacterial including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using agar well diffusion method at concentrations of 400 mg/ml, 200 mg/ml, 100 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, and 25 mg/ml. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined using agar dilution technique. For the anti-inflammatory effects of the extract of C. longa, albino rats were treated with methanolic extract (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight) and diclofenac as control, after which they were injected with egg albumin on the right hind paw to induce inflammation. The swelling degree of the injected paw was measured. The analgesic effect of C. longa methanolic extract on hot plate-induced pain was also investigated in albino rats, and the Index of response latency was recorded. Results: The biochemical assay showed that C. longa extract contained Alkaloids, Saponins, Tannins, Flavonoids, Carbohydrate, Steroids, Terpenes, Anthraquinone, and Cardiac Glycosides, with Methanol and aqueous extracts having the most biochemical constituents. The antibacterial susceptibility screening showed that K.pneumonia was the most susceptible organism, having the highest zone of inhibition of 18 mm for ethyl acetate extract at the concentration of 400 mg/ml. This was followed by S. pneumonia, S.aureus and P. aeruginosa with inhibition zone of 13, 12 and 10 mm respectively. The MIC for K.pneumonia and S.aureus were both 200 mg/ml, while that of P. aeruginosa and S. pneumonia were both 400 mg/ml. The paw size of rats treated with increasing doses of the extract and diclofenac significantly decreased with time. The concentration of 250 mg/kg had the lowest paw volume of 4.39±0.36mm while 1000 mg/kg recorded 5.18±0.28 as the highest, at 180 minute. Conclusion: Based on the result obtained, it can be concluded that Curcuma longa Rhizome extract possess anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic properties.

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities of Organic and Aqueous Extracts of Northeast Algerian Marrubium vulgare

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (S1) ◽  
pp. S119-S129
Author(s):  
I. Namoune ◽  
B. Khettal ◽  
A.M. Assaf ◽  
S. Elhayek ◽  
L. Arrar
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Marrubium Vulgare ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Marrubium vulgare (Lamiaceae) is frequently used in traditional medicine to treat many illnesses from ancient times. Its beneficial effects include antibacterial, antioedematogenic, and analgesic activities. This study was designed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of organic and aqueous extracts of the leaves, the flowers, the stems, and the roots of Marrubium vulgare. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents as well as the antioxidant and the anti-inflammatory effects of methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts have been investigated by using different in-vitro methods. It was found that the ethyl acetate extract from Marrubium vulgare stems had the highest total phenolic content, while the ethyl acetate extract from the leaves yielded a high concentration of flavonoids. The ethyl acetate extract from the stems exhibited the highest activity in scavenging of 2,2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), as well as in protecting erythrocytes. The leaves aqueous extract exhibited the highest ferrous chelating activity and its methanolic extract was found to be the strongest inhibitor of lipid peroxidation in β-carotene bleaching assay. The leaves chloroform extracts as well as the flowers methanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts were found to decrease the pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) cytokine levels in a dose-dependent manner. On the other hand, the flowers methanolic extract and the leaves methanol, ethyl acetate, and aqueous extracts decreased the interleukin-1 beta (IL- 1β) release. It was also found that the methanol extract from the flowers and the chloroform extract from the stems of Marrubium vulgare inhibited interleukin-8 (IL-8) release. This study provides a scientific basis for the traditional use of Marrubium vulgare as an anti-inflammatory agent and for the plant to be considered as an important resource of natural antioxidants.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF IN VITRO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS AND METHANOLIC SEED EXTRACTS OF CITRULLUS LANATUS

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Iswariya S. ◽  
Uma T. S.
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Seed Extracts

Objective: The present study was designed to identify the bioactive phytochemicals and its antibacterial and in vitro anti-inflammatory potential of aqueous and methanolic seed extract of Citrullus lanatus.Methods: The phytochemical screening of both the aqueous and methanolic seed extract was carried out qualitatively to identify the major Phyto-constituents present in the extracts. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was evaluated against six pathogenic bacterial strains by agar well diffusion method and the Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by broth dilution method. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity of C. lanatus seed extracts was evaluated by using human red blood cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization and inhibition of albumin denaturation method.Results: The results of the study indicated that both the extracts of the seed having antimicrobial activity, while the methanolic extract showed more significant activity against the tested organism than aqueous extract. Methanol extract had the lowest MIC of 1.562 mg/ml against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis, whereas in aqueous extract was highly sensitive to Bacillus subtilis, E. coli and Klebsiella pneumonia with MIC of 3.125 and 6.25 mg/ml, respectively. Methanolic extracts exerted comparative higher anti-inflammatory activity than aqueous extract.Conclusion: Present study provides a firm evidence to support that the synergistic effect of C. lanatus seed extracts having potent anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial property, which might serve as an effective drug for various microbial infections and inflammatory disorders.

scholarly journals Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Metanol dan Fraksi Daun Kenikir (Cosmos caudatus Kunth) terhadap Salmonella typhi

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Achmad Syarifudin Noor ◽  
Bawon Triatmoko ◽  
Nuri Nuri
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Water Fraction ◽  
Zone Diameter

The leaves of kenikir are known to have many benefits, one of which can be used as medicine. Kenikir leaves are reported to have antibacterial activity against the bacteria Salmonella typhi (S.typhi). S. typhi is a bacterium that causes typhoid fever. Typhoid fever is still an endemic disease in Asian countries, especially Indonesia. Typhoid fever became the third largest disease in Indonesia in 2010. The study related to the antibacterial activity of kenikir leaf fraction to S. typhi has never been reported. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct research related to the antibacterial activity of extracts and leaf fractions of kenikir to compare their potential against S. typhi. The study was conducted using the disk diffusion method using 5 series of concentrations namely 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 30%. Tests were carried out on methanol extract, hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol-water fraction. The results showed that highest inhibition zone diameter is 7,75 mm which is reached by methanol extract. The order of the highest inhibiting zone diameter are extract, hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol-water fraction.

scholarly journals Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Potential of the Different Extracts of Holoptelia Integrifolia

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 5234-5240
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Nitric Oxide Radical ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats

Medicinal plants are play significant impact in the personal medicine for most of the people all over the world as an alternative live saving medicines and most of their medicinal properties are well known for anticancer activity. The different extracts of Holoptelea integrifolia (H.integrifolia) leaves, stem bark and fruits were studied as a potent natural source of antimicrobial, antioxidant and wound healing potential. This work was carried out to evaluate antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of different extracts of H.integrifolia. The antimicrobial activity of the H.integrifolia ethanolic extract was studied against five fungal and bacterial strains by utilizing the agar well diffusion method and MIC. Among several strain, the ethanolic extract of fruit has shown higher antimicrobial inhibition zone as 9.25-16 mm compare to other two extracts of stem and leaves as 10- 13.25 mm and 6-10.2 mm respectively. The antioxidant activities for different extract were also determined by DPPH free radical assay, Hydroxyl Radical Scavenging and Nitric Oxide Radical Scavenging Activity method. The anti-inflammatory activity also estimated basedon formalin induced paw edema method on Wistar albino rats. The different extracts of leaves, stem bark and fruit parts of Holoptelea integrifolia were estimated for in vivo anti-inflammatory activity against the animal model of female Wistar albino rats. The results of anti-inflammatory activity revealed that the Ethanol extracts showed vital and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects. Our findings revealed that aerial parts of H.integrifolia contais potential antimicrobial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds, which expose the medicinal potential of the selected plant could be a significant drug candidates against microbial, oxidative and inflammation-related pathological processes as a future alternative medicine.

scholarly journals Alkaline-based curcumin extraction from selected zingiberaceae for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 293-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashidi Othman ◽  
Mohd Akram Abdurasid ◽  
Noraini Mahmad ◽  
Nurrulhidayah Ahmad Fadzillah
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Single Peak ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Powdered Sample ◽  
Acetate Solution ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Freeze Dried

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to extract, characterise and quantify curcumin from selected Zingiberaceae of “kunyit” or turmeric (Curcuma longa), “temu lawak” or Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza), “temu pauh” (Curcuma mangga), “lempoyang” (Zingiber zerumbet) and “bonglai” (Zingiber cassumunar) using alkaline and chemical-based extraction method for antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Design/methodology/approach Through the alkaline-based extraction method, all parts of rhizome samples were freeze-dried for 72 h before grounded into a fine powder and kept at −20°C. The powdered sample (0.1 g) was weighed and placed in a 50 mL tube. About 20 mL of 2 M NaOH solution was added into the tube. The solution was allowed to stand for 30 min. Then, 20 mL of ethyl acetate was added into the tube. The solution was mixed well then centrifuged at 13,500 rpm for 3 min. The upper layer was collected using a pipette. The process was repeated until the upper layer became almost colourless. The collected ethyl acetate solution was concentrated using a rotary evaporator to remove the ethyl acetate from the extracted compound. The concentrated curcumin was placed in a universal bottle, which was then dried from the remaining ethyl acetate using nitrogen drying process. The dried curcumin was then stored inside the freezer at −20ºC. The antimicrobial activities were using agar diffusion method against bacterial and fungi, while the antioxidant activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay. Findings All the samples successfully showed a single peak (curcumin) that gained from the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatogram analysis (at 425 nm) using the alkaline-based extraction method and the highest curcumin content was in turmeric (12.95 ± 1.07mg/g DW). At 10.0 mg/mL curcumin concentration, the best antibacterial activity was against on methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with 7.50 ± 0.71 mm inhibition zone, while the best antifungal activity was against on Aspergillus niger with 8.00 ± 0.41 mm inhibition zone. The DPPH antioxidant test resulted in the highest inhibition (110.41 per cent) was at 0.25 mg/mL curcumin concentration. Originality/value Through HPLC analysis, all samples successfully showed a single peak of curcumin at 425 nm. The total carotenoid determination from turmeric revealed that the samples content was substantially higher using alkaline-based extraction (18.40 ± 0.07 mg/g DW) compared to chemical-based extraction (9.42 ± 0.20 mg/g ± SD).

Pharmacological and Pathological Studies on Taiwan Folk Medicine (IX): The Hepatoprotective Effect of the Methanolic Extract from Echinops Grijisii

1993 ◽  
Vol 21 (01) ◽  
pp. 33-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chun-Ching Lin ◽  
Cheng-Hung Lin
Keyword(s):  
Liver Biopsy ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Liver Damage ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Hepatoprotective Activity ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Histopathological Changes ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats

In order to isolate the main hepatoprotective component of Echinops grijisii, the crude drug was extracted with methanol and subjected to continuous extractions using n-hexane chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. The hepatoprotective studies of each fraction from the methanol extract of E. grijisii was conducted in Wistar albino rats with CC14-induced liver damage. Hepatoprotective activity was evaluated in terms of the modification of serum transaminase values such as SGOT and SGPT, and histopathological changes of liver biopsy. The results indicated that the main hepatoprotective component was concentrated in n-butanol and aqueous fractions.

scholarly journals ANTIMICROBIAL AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES OF RICINODENDRON HEUDELOTII (BAILL.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omolara Faith Yakubu ◽  
Abiodun Humphrey Adebayo ◽  
Tolulope Oluwasomo Famakinwa ◽  
Oluwatobi Samuel Adegbite ◽  
Temitope Arike Ishola ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Antimicrobial Effect ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Liver Function Tests ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Vacuolar Degeneration ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Group A ◽  
Ricinodendron Heudelotii

 Objective: This work assessed the antimicrobial activity and toxicological consequence of the ethanolic extract of Ricinodendron heudelotii (Baill).Methods: The antimicrobial potential of the leaf extract was investigated against 9 different microorganisms using the agar well diffusion method while the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was ascertained. Toxicity evaluations were carried out on five groups of seven albino rats each for 28 days. Rats in Group A received normal saline, while those in Groups B, C, D, and E received 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) of the extract. After treatment, they were anesthetized, blood samples collected for biochemical assays; organs isolated, weighed, and processed for histopathological studies.Results: The phytochemical screening showed the presence of glycosides, tannins, polyphenols, terpenoids, and alkaloids while saponin was absent. Antimicrobial effect was observed against 7 of the 9 microorganisms tested with inhibition zone and MIC ranging from 18 to 36 mm and 31.25 to 62.5 mg/mL, respectively. Liver function tests were significantly (p<0.05) increased, whereas no significant change in total protein and creatinine levels was observed. Histology showed a sinusoidal congestion and vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes in groups administered higher doses, and a dose-dependent reduction was observed in some hematological parameters.Conclusion: The results obtained suggest that the R. heudelotii may not induce significant toxic effect below 3600 mg/kg b.w. and could serve as an effective antibiotic.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial activity of leaves extracts against bacteria isolated from wound infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 114-120
Author(s):  
Goris BMT ◽  
Sabahalkheir KG ◽  
Ibrahim AA ◽  
Ibrahim AA ◽  
Ishaq MM ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Lawsonia Inermis ◽  
Perennial Plant

Background: Lawsonia inermis (L. inermis) is perennial plant commonly called henna. It is frequently cultivated in Sudan. Beside its uses cosmetics for staining hands and as hairs dyes‚ it was reported to be useful in jaundice, enlargement of spleen, calculus affliction and skin disease. Method: This descriptive study was done during the period from December 2014 to April 2015 in order to determine the invitro antimicrobial activity of L. inermis (henna) leaves extract against standard and clinical isolates from wound swabs, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus species, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These organisms were collected from different hospitals in Khartoum State including: Soba University Hospital, Military Teaching Hospital, and Laboratory Management Center. The in vitro antimicrobial susceptibly testing was performed using cup plate diffusion method. The activity of L. inermis Linn leaves extract was controlled with four reference antibiotics including gentamicin, oxacillin, ciprofloxacin, and impinim. Results: When aqueous extract of L. inermis Linn examined against standard bacteria and clinical isolates result showed that all standard bacteria were inhibited at 100%, 50%, and 25% concentration. All clinical isolates were successfully inhibited at 100%, 50%, 25%, and 12.5%. In contrary, the activity of methanolic extract of L. inermis Linn against standard bacteria showed that all standard bacteria were inhibited at 100%, 50% concentration, However, the clinical isolates showed an inhibition rate various depending on the concentration of methanolic extract of L. inermis Linn with S. aureus being most sensitive isolate. Conclusion: We conclude that aqueous and methanolic extract of henna exhibited antimicrobial activity against all types of tested organisms both clinical and standard isolates. But the aqueous extract shows superior inhibition ability than the methanolic.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity of Cissus quadrangularis Stem Extract on the Pathogenic and Industrial Waste Watered Bacteria

2020 ◽  
pp. 28-38
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Disc Diffusion ◽  
Disc Diffusion Method ◽  
Cissus Quadrangularis

Cissus quadrangularis (Vitaceae) is a popular climber conspicuous by its flesh quadrangular stem widespread throughout Bangladesh. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of C. quadrangularis extracts was studied against selected pathogenic bacteria, industrial wasted bacteria, and broth dilution assay. The most commonly used method of microbiological assay is the disc diffusion method. C. quadrangularis stem extracted with four solvents (Petroleum spirit, methanol, ethyl acetate, and dichloromethane) were tested for antimicrobial activities against some pathogenic microorganisms Sarcina lutea (002-1), Xanthomonas campestris (004-1), Escherichia coli (005-1), Klebsiella pneumonia (006-1) and some industrial (Tannery, Tobacco, and Sugar mill) waste watered bacteria by disc diffusion method. Among the four extracts, ethyl acetate showed moderate antibacterial activity against X. campestris (004-1) and industrial watered bacteria. But, the commercial disc Oxicycline doesn’t show any antibacterial activity against the industrial waste watered bacteria. Petroleum spirit, methanol, and dichloromethane extract were ineffective against all of the tested bacteria.

scholarly journals UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI EKSTRAK ETANOL RIMPANG KUNYIT (Curcuma longa L.) TERHADAP Staphylococcus aureus DAN Pseudomonas aeruginosa

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 278-287
Author(s):  
Lia Fikayuniar ◽  
Neni Sri Gunarti ◽  
Mellya Apriliani
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Curcuma Longa ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Inhibition Zone ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Paper Disk

ABSTRAK Kunyit (Curcuma longa L.) merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman obat yang termasuk dalam keluarga Zingiberaceae. Senyawa aktif yang terkandung dalam rimpang kunyit (Curcuma longa L.) mampu bekerja sebagai antibakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri dari ekstrak etanol rimpang kunyit (Curcuma longa L.) terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ekstraksi dilakukan dengan cara refluks menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Pengujian aktivitas antibakteri dilakukan menggunakan metode difusi paper disk dengan masing-masing konsentrasi ekstrak 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% b/v. Kontrol positif yang digunakan adalah Ciprofloxacin sedangkan kontrol negatif yang digunakan adalah DMSO. Hasil skrining fitokimia ekstrak etanol rimpang kunyit mengandung alkaloid, flavonoid, fenol, tanin dan terpenoid. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, ekstrak etanol rimpang kunyit dapat menghambat bakteri Staphylococcus aureus dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa pada konsentrasi 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% dan konsentrasi 40% merupakan konsentrasi yang memberikan diameter zona hambat terbesar terhadap kedua bakteri uji yaitu 8,63 mm dan 7,8 mm. Kata Kunci : aktivitas antibakteri, Curcuma longa L., Staphylococcus aureus,    ABSTRACT Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) is one type of medicinal plant that belongs to the Zingiberaceae family. The active compounds contained in the Curcuma longa L. rhizome can work as antibacterial. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Curcuma longa L. Antibacterial activity testing was carried out using the paper disk diffusion method with each extract concentration of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%. The positive control used was Ciprofloxacin while the negative control used was DMSO. The results of phytochemical screening of the ethanol extract of Curcuma longa L. rhizome contain alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins and terpenoids. Based on the results of the study, the ethanol extract of turmeric rhizome can inhibit Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria at concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 40% concentrations which give the largest inhibition zone diameter of the two test bacteria which is 8.63 mm and 7.8 mm. Keywords: antibacterial activity, Curcuma longa L., Staphylococcus aureus,  

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