scholarly journals Determination of Dengue Virus IGM Seroprevalence, Malaria Parasitaemia and Some Haematological Parameters of HIV Infected Individuals in Awka, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-29
Author(s):  
Okoye, Ebele Linda ◽  
Egbufoama, Violet Chimere ◽  
O. Chukwuma George
Keyword(s):  
Dengue Virus ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Unknown Origin ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Haematological Parameters ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Malaria Parasitaemia ◽  
Cross Sectional

Dengue fever is regarded as an important neglected Arboviral disease worldwide. This study aimed at investigating the prevalence of dengue IgM seroprevalence, malaria parasitaemia and some haematological parameters of HIV infected individuals attending Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu Teaching Hospital Amaku, Awka, Nigeria. A cross sectional study consisting of 188 participants was performed. The demographic data and possible risks factors of the subjects were obtained using well-structured questionnaire. Dengue virus IgM was analysed using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques, Malaria parasitaemia was determined using microscopy technique while some haematological parameters were evaluated using heamatology auto analyser (PE-6800 fully auto heamatology analyser procan). Statistical analysis was performed using the statistical package for social (spss) version 25. The results of this study showed that the prevalence of Dengue virus was 20.2% while that of Malaria was 37.2%. The co-infection of Dengue virus IgM antibodies and Malaria parasitemia was 8.51%. Plasmodium falciparium was seen as the only specie of malaria parasite present in the study. The results of some haematogical parameters of the Dengue virus seropositive participants as compared with the Dengue virus seronegative participants were statistically significant with neutrophils (p = 0.035), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC = p<0.013), eosinophils (EOS = p<0.001) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV = p<0.001). This study suggests that Dengue maybe the emerging cause of fever of unknown origin among populations. This calls for urgent attention, adoption of immediate control measures and public health preventive actions against the disease so as to curb or mitigate the emergence as well as reduce the morbidity and mortality resulting from dengue burden especially in the immunocompromised individuals.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitude and practices regarding malaria among residents of rural Mangalore, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 231
Author(s):  
Animesh Gupta ◽  
Aishwarya Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Parasitic Diseases ◽  
Health Seeking ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Structured Questionnaire

Background: Malaria is one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases worldwide and India has fourth highest number of malaria cases and deaths in the world. Prevention of the disease through better knowledge and awareness is the appropriate way to keep the disease away and remain healthy. Thus, the present study was aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding malaria among residents of Mangalore.Methods: Community based cross sectional study was conducted among residents in Mangalore. The data was collected by using pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire which include socio-demographic data, basic knowledge about malaria, transmission and preventive measures and health seeking behaviour regarding malaria through interview method.Results: Almost 98.4% respondents heard of malaria disease and 96% respondents had knowledge that malaria is caused by mosquito bite. Even, majority (72%) of respondents knew that malaria can be fatal. Regarding the symptoms of malaria, 52.4% respondents mentioned fever with chills and 11.6% respondents don’t know about malarial symptoms.Conclusions: Majority of the respondents were familiar with the malaria symptoms, mode of transmission and vector control measures. They had good knowledge of malaria disease and good practices of malaria control measures.

Seroprevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia in cattle of Punjab, Pakistan and assessment of risk factors

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahsan Anjum ◽  
Asim Aslam ◽  
Raheela Akhtar ◽  
Tahir Yaqub ◽  
Junaid Naseer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is an important infectious disease of respiratory system of cattle, caused by Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides. A cross sectional study was conducted in Lahore, Kasur and Jhang districts of Punjab to determine the prevalence of CBPP. A total of 560 serum samples were examined for the specific antibodies against M. mycoides subspecies mycoides, using a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Associated risk factors that were evaluated include age, gender and breed. In this study, the overall seroprevalence was 8.75%. The seroprevalence of CBPP in Lahore, Kasur and Jhang were 8.26, 8.20 and 10.06%, respectively, but no significance difference (P less than 0.05) was observed. Among the assessed potential predisposing factors, gender and breed were not significantly associated with the serological status of the animal (P greater than 0.05), in which the age affected significantly the positivity to CBPP (P less than 0.05). The highest seropositivity was observed in animals of more than 7 years of age (32.08%) followed by in 4-7 years of age (8.16%) and lowest in animals of less than 4 years old (0.79%). This study confirms the presence of CBPP in the state which could be a threat to livestock export market and warrants the implementation of control measures to mitigate the economic losses associated with the disease. 

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia in Western Amhara, Northwest Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Askale Abrhaley ◽  
Mebrat Ejo ◽  
Tsegaw Fentie
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
High Seroprevalence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) has been identified as a significant problem in goat production, especially in the arid and semiarid lowland areas of Ethiopia. Even though CCPP was reported in most of the goat rearing areas of the country, there is no adequate information on the disease in the Amhara Region. Cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2016 to April 2017 in the districts of Western Amhara to estimate the seroprevalence and identify the associated risk factors for occurrence of the CCPP. The risk factors considered included age, sex, agroclimate, and districts. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) was carried out on a total of 400 goat sera samples, out of which 34 samples were found seropositive for specific antibodies against CCPP, with the overall seroprevalence of 8.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) =5.8, 11.2). Among the epidemiological factors considered, age and sex of the goats were not significantly associated with CCPP seroprevalence (p>0.05). However, the seropositivity was slightly higher in adults (9.9%) and female goats (9.0%) compared to young (6.3%) and male (7.5%) goats, respectively. The analysis of seroprevalence by district shows that the seroprevalence of CCPP in Metema (OR=14.34; 95%CI= 1.80, 114.09; p=0.012) and Fogera (OR=9.99; 95%CI= 1.10, 91.16; p= 0.041) was significantly higher compared to other study districts. Multivariable logistic regression analysis also identified the district as a risk factor for the occurrence of a high seroprevalence of CCPP. The present study revealed the seroprevalence and the distribution of CCPP in Western Amhara districts, and hence appropriate control measures including regular investigation and vaccination should be implemented to alleviate the problem.

scholarly journals Factors associated with asymptomatic infection in family members and neighbors of patients with visceral leishmaniasis

2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 2306-2314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Germano Silva Moura ◽  
Alcione Miranda dos Santos ◽  
Dorlene Maria Cardoso de Aquino ◽  
Antônio Augusto Moura da Silva ◽  
Arlene de Jesus Mendes Caldas
Keyword(s):  
Visceral Leishmaniasis ◽  
Index Case ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Asymptomatic Infection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Increased Risk

This study analyzed factors associated with asymptomatic Leishmania chagasi infection in family members and neighbors of patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). A cross-sectional study was conducted with 361 individuals in the counties comprising Ilha de São Luís (São Luís Island) in Maranhão State, Brazil. The Montenegro skin test (MST) and serology by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to detect infection. Odds ratios (OR) and prevalence ratios (PR) and their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were estimated by multilevel logistic regression and Poisson regression, respectively. The rates of positive reactions were 71.3% for MST and 9.7% for ELISA. The variable associated with infection according to MST was living in the same household as the index case (PR = 1.36; 95%CI: 1.03-1.78). According to ELISA, the statistically significant variables were: living in the county of Raposa (OR = 3.56; 95%CI: 1.24-10.19) and living in the same household as the index case (OR = 2.70; 95%CI: 1.19-6.08). Family members of individuals with LV are at increased risk of infection. Priority control measures should target these families.

scholarly journals Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: Seroprevalence and Risk Factors in Gimbo District, Southwest Ethiopia

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yosef Mamo ◽  
Molalegne Bitew ◽  
Tsegaye Teklemariam ◽  
Murga Soma ◽  
Debebe Gebre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Southwest Ethiopia ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP) is a highly contagious disease of cattle which is one of the great plagues which continues to devastate the cattle herds on which so many people are dependent in Africa. Cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2015 to August 2016 to determine the seroprevalence of CBPP in cattle and associated risk factors in Gimbo district, Southwest Ethiopia. A total of 384 serum samples were collected and tested for the presence of specific antibodies against Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides small colony (MmmSC), using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis were performed to determine the association between risk factors and seroprevalence of CBPP. An overall seroprevalence of CBPP was 8.1% (31/384) and it was ranging from 0% to 20% across different Peasant associations (PAs). The seroprevalence of CBPP among adult animals was 8.5% (25) and in young 6.6% (6), in good body condition animals 6.6% (18) and in poor 11.5% (13), in dry season 11.9% (20) and in rainy 5.1% (11), and in highland altitude 2.5% (3), midland 3.8% (5), and lowland 17.4% (23). Among the potential predisposing factors assessed, altitude was found significantly (p = 0.02, OR = 7.3) associated with the seroprevalence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and other risk factors had no significant (P > 0.05) influence. The present study showed that the overall seroprevalence of CBPP in Gimbo district was high and this indicates a need for intervening and implementing control measures to prevent further spread of the disease in the district through the use of better and coordinated vaccination program.

Seroprevalence of Cysticercus cellulosae and associated risk factors in free-range pigs in Kenya

2010 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 398-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.M. Kagira ◽  
N. Maingi ◽  
P.W.N. Kanyari ◽  
S.M. Githigia ◽  
J.C. Ng'ang'a ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Farm Level ◽  
Household Level ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Porcine Cysticercosis

AbstractPorcine cysticercosis is an emerging zoonosis with public health and economic importance. A cross-sectional study was undertaken to investigate the disease in free-range pigs on 182 smallholder farms in Busia District, Kenya. The survey households were selected using a snowballing technique. Serum samples were obtained from 284 pigs of all ages at farm level and 37 pigs from slaughter slabs in the study area. The samples were analysed for the presence of cysticercus antigen using an antigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A structured questionnaire was administered to determine the risk factors for porcine cysticercosis on the study farms. At pig level, the total number of pigs testing positive were 11, resulting in a seroprevalence of 4% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.9–6.2%), while the farms with a positive pig were 9% (95% CI: 3.9–14.1%). All pigs examined in the slaughter slab survey were seronegative. The distribution of possible risk factors for porcine cysticercosis that were observed at farm level was as follows: free-range pig keeping (100%), history of human taeniosis infection in a family (51%), slaughtering of pigs at home (20%), lack of meat inspection (15%) and absence of latrines (15%). The only significant (χ2 = 4.4, P = 0.034, odds ratio (OR) = 3.8) risk factor associated with the occurrence of cysticercosis was lack of latrines at household level. The study shows that porcine cysticercosis is prevalent in free-range pigs in Busia District, Kenya and thus control measures need to be instituted.

scholarly journals Screening of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) among Newly Diagnosed Tuberculosis Patients in Eastern Sudan

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
GADA MUSTAFA AHMED MUSTAFA ◽  
MUSTAFA ELTIGANI YASSIN ◽  
ASHWAG SHAMI ◽  
SAMAH ABDU RAHIM
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Eastern Sudan

Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading cause of death in patients infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), and HIV infection is the most potent risk factor for the development of active TB disease from a latent TB infection. This study aims to determine the seroprevalence of HIV among newly diagnosed TB patients in Kassala state eastern Sudan. This was a descriptive, hospital-based, cross-sectional study of 251 active and newly diagnosed TB patients, selected by simple random sampling. Blood samples and demographic data were collected from each patient. TB was diagnosed by direct ZN smear and molecular detection by Xpert MTB/RIF. The serum samples were tested for HIV using 4th generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The prevalence of HIV was 13.9% (35/251), the infection rate among pulmonary TB was 17%, whereas that in extrapulmonary TB was 4.8%, the prevalence was (18.2%) in the males, and (7.2%) in the females. In conclusion: TB/HIV co-infection in the Eastern part of Sudan was high compared with the global prevalence, all TB patients should therefore be assessed for HIV risk factors and advised to undergo HIV testing.

scholarly journals Self-efficacy for taking Preventive Measures against COVID-19 among Undergraduate University Students in Saudi Arabia

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-137
Author(s):  
Awad Mohammed Al-Qahtani ◽  
Heba A. Ibrahim ◽  
Wafaa T. Elgzar ◽  
Nahid K. Elfeki ◽  
Mohammed Ashique K. Shaikh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
College Type

The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed various stresses on individuals and communities. Coping with sudden, tense, demanding situations during an infectious disease outbreak requires self-efficacy. Increasing the public’s self-efficacy for preventive and control measures is important in the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. This research was aimed at evaluating the self-efficacy and associated factors of students at a public university in the southwest region of Saudi Arabia during the COVID-19 pandemic. This was a cross-sectional study, and a snowball sampling method was used to recruit participants. Data were collected from the beginning of April to the end of June 2020 using an online questionnaire. A total of 761 students were included in the study. The participants’ demographic data were collected, and self-efficacy was analyzed using the General Self-efficacy Scale. The results showed that self-efficacy for dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic was moderate in almost half of the students but was low in approximately 25% of the participants. There were statistically significant associations between self-efficacy regarding the COVID-19 pandemic and gender, college type, marital status, and family income (p < 0.05). However, the participants’ self-efficacy was not associated with age, residence, or history of chronic illness. In dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, most students had either moderate or low self-efficacy. Certain demographic variables were positively associated with self-efficacy as perceived by the students. These findings provide data central to the development of self-efficacy initiatives. They may also be useful for the effective implementation of public health preventive behavior programs during the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Human Astrovirus and Cryptosporidium Co-infection among Children with Gastroenteritis in Diyala Governorate

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-77
Author(s):  
Amal I Naif ◽  
◽  
Areej A Hussein ◽  
Mohammed J Shaker ◽  
Rawaa A Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Human Astrovirus ◽  
The Difference ◽  
One Year

Background: Gastroenteritis is the second leading cause of death in children under five years old. The highest mortality from diarrheal diseases in children lived crowded areas were poor sanitary and hygienic conditions found. Objective: To determine the co-infections between human astrovirus and Cryptosporidium spp. among children with gastroenteritis below 5 years of age in the Diyala governorate. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out for 100 patients with acute gastroenteritis who attended the Emergency Department of Pediatrics in Al-Batool Teaching Hospital for Maternity and Pediatric in Baqubah city, during the period from July 2019 to February 2020. Real time-PCR was used to detect human astrovirus while enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect Cryptosporidium spp. A specific formula sheet was used to collect demographic data such as age, gender, mother education, and type of milk feeding. Results: Out of 100 samples, 14 samples were positive for human astrovirus and 38 samples were positive for Cryptosporidium. The infection rate is more common in males (9 cases) (25cases) rather than females, and in age group less than years 11(78.58%) and 34(89.47%) respectively. Artificial feeding showed higher frequencies of infection than others in the study population. Co-infection astrovirus and Cryptosporidium found in four patients, all of whom were males aged under one-year and the difference was statistically significant with all parameters. Conclusion: A high proportion of positive cases for human astrovirus and Cryptosporidium spp. were notes in males and the age group less than one year’s co-infection showed high frequency in the study population. Keywords: Gastroenteritis, human astrovirus, Cryptosporidium, co-infection

Breakfast Skipping Is an Independent Predictor of Obesity but not Overweight Among Children in a Southeastern European Population

2016 ◽  
Vol 86 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 242-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genc Burazeri ◽  
Jolanda Hyska ◽  
Iris Mone ◽  
Enver Roshi
Keyword(s):  
Task Force ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
European Population ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Communist Country ◽  
Western Balkans ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Breakfast Skipping

Abstract.Aim: To assess the association of breakfast skipping with overweight and obesity among children in Albania, a post-communist country in the Western Balkans, which is undergoing a long and difficult political and socioeconomic transition towards a market-oriented economy. Methods: A nationwide cross-sectional study was carried out in Albania in 2013 including a representative sample of 5810 children aged 7.0 – 9.9 years (49.5% girls aged 8.4 ± 0.6 years and 51.5% boys aged 8.5 ± 0.6 years; overall response rate: 97%). Children were measured for height and weight, and body mass index (BMI) calculated. Cut-off BMI values of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) were used to define overweight and obesity in children. Demographic data were also collected. Results: Upon adjustment for age, sex, and place of residence, breakfast skipping was positively related to obesity (WHO criteria: OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.3–1.9; IOTF criteria: OR = 1.9, 95% CI = 1.4–2.5), but not overweight (OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.9–1.3 and OR = 1.1, 95% CI = 0.9–1.4, respectively). Furthermore, breakfast skipping was associated with a higher BMI (multivariable-adjusted OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.02–1.07). Conclusions: Our findings point to a strong and consistent positive relationship between breakfast skipping and obesity, but not overweight, among children in this transitional southeastern European population. Future studies in Albania and other transitional settings should prospectively examine the causal role of breakfast skipping in the development of overweight and obesity.

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