scholarly journals Phytochemical Analysis and In vivo Evaluation of Individual Activity of Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Azadirachta indica, Senna occidentalis and Momordica balsamina against Plasmodium berghei Infected Mice

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Adam Musa Bature ◽  
Karderam Bukar Dikwa ◽  
Abdullah Isyaku Alhaji ◽  
Deboral Madi Dibal
Keyword(s):  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
P Value ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Individual Activity ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
The Individual

Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in tropics and subtropics region with Nigeria accounting for the highest proportions in Africa. This is accompanied with emerging resistance to available drugs, posing it a public health concern. This study is aimed at determining the invivo activity of the individual ethanolic leaf extracts of the Azadirachta indica, Senna occidentalis and Momordica balsamina. The leaves of A. indica, S. occidentalis and M. balsamina were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. Ethanolic extraction of leaves of plants was carried out and invivo evaluation of the individual activity of extracts determined using standard procedures. 55 mice were randomly divided into 11 groups lettered A – K; positive group, negative group and 9 extract groups. Results showed that M. balsamina had the highest yield of 7.6%, followed by A. indica with 6.5% and S. occidentalis with 5.7%. The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presences of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, phenolics and tannin in all plants. The comparison of the individual study groups showed that Senna occidentalis is more effective at 600mg/kg dosage and prolonged survival of the mice in its group in the study period. This plant possessed significant (P-value <0.05) antiplasmodial activity, thus lowered parasitaemia in infected mice.

scholarly journals In Vivo Hypoglycemic Activities of Male and Female Antidesma Bunius (L.) Spreng. in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 1398-1406
Author(s):  
Sheryl Joyce B. Grijaldo ◽  
Noel S. Quiming ◽  
Marilou G. Nicolas ◽  
Michael Russelle S. Alvarez
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
P Value ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
One Way Anova

Diabetes mellitus, a complex chronic disease that is associated with hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) affects millions of people worldwide. This study evaluated the hypoglycemic activities of male and female Antidesma bunius, commonly known as currant tree or bignay, extracts in alloxan-treated ICR mice. In addition, the effects of the treatments on blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels were determined. Phytochemical screening using standard protocol was performed. Plant extracts (500 mg/kg) were administered orally via gavage for 14 days and fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels were monitored prior to alloxan-induction on the day of alloxan-induction, and on the 3rd, 7th and 14th days of treatment. Sera were collected on the 14th day to measure the BUN and creatinine levels. Phytochemical screening was performed using standard TLC spray tests. All extracts were found to significantly lower FBG levels compared to the positive (glibenclamide 10 mg/kg) and negative (distilled water) controls (One-way ANOVA, p-value<0.0001). The most active extract, aqueous male A. bunius extract, significantly lowered FBG levels by as much as 61.26±17.89% after the 14th day (paired t-test, p-value = 0.0211). Both BUN and creatinine values were found to be significantly different in the treated mice compared to the controls (One-way ANOVA, p-value = 0.0005 and 0.000479, respectively). The BUN level of all mice was still within normal range, unlike with the creatinine level where only the female and male aqueous A. bunius and female ethanolic A. bunius extracts were within normal range. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of saponins, tannins, and polyphenols, phlobatannins, steroids and terpenoids. This study demonstrates the potential of male and female A. bunius leaf extracts to reduce fasting blood glucose levels. Additional work, pertaining to the identification of possible bioactive compounds and establishing the mechanisms thereof, could be performed.

Phytochemical analysis and salivary amylase inhibition activities of Carica papaya leaf and Garcinia mangostana pericarp extracts and partially purified fractions

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
Michael Russelle Alvarez ◽  
Paolo Robert Bueno ◽  
Raymond Oliver Cruz ◽  
Richard Macapulay ◽  
Francis Jayson Vallesfin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Extract ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Digestive Enzyme ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Salivary Amylase ◽  
Garcinia Mangostana ◽  
Leaf Extracts

Plant-derived digestive enzyme inhibitors particularly those targeted to carbohydrate metabolism has been the focus of recent studies as natural supplements for weight control and diabetes. The present study explores the salivary amylase inhibition activity of Garcinia mangostana (Linn.) pericarp extracts and Carica papaya (Linn.) leaf extracts and fractions, as well as perform phytochemical screening and quantification, and thin layer – and high performance liquid chromatographic profiling. ­Results show that crude extracts and purified fractions were able to inhibit salivary amylase, with C. papaya fraction 1 being the most active at 30.89% inhibition. Phytochemical screening of all extracts tested ­positive for tannins, glycosides, phenolics, flavonoids and alkaloids. Quantification of phenolics showed that extracts contained high levels of phenolics, with C. papaya crude extract having the highest content with 219.0±12.7 mg GAE/g extract followed by G. mangostana crude extract with 247.1±18.0 mg GAE/g extract. Quantification of total flavonoids also showed C. papaya crude extract to contain the highest content with 55.12±0.679 mg QE/g extract. All extracts contained negligible alkaloid content, though. HPLC and TLC profiling showed several peaks and bands, when viewed in 210 nm and UV light, respectively. These results demonstrate in vitro the salivary amylase inhibitory activity of both plants and their potential as antidiabetic drug candidates; however, further studies need to be done, like isolation and structure elucidation of active components and toxicity assays. Keywords: Amylase inhibition, phytochemical quantification, Carica papaya, Garcinia mangostana

scholarly journals In vivo antidiarrheal study of ethanolic extracts of Mikania cordata and Litsea monopetala leaves

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 562 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatema Nasrin ◽  
Md. Lukman Hakim
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Castor Oil ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts ◽  
Antidiarrheal Activity

<p class="Abstract">In this study the antidiarrheal activity of ethanolic extracts of the leaves of <em>Mikania cordata</em> and <em>Litsea monopetala</em> was evaluated. Diarrhea was induced in mice by oral administration of castor oil (0.5 mL) 30 min after the administration of the extracts. During a 4 hour study the number of diarrheal feces and percentage inhibition of the extracts (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) was determined. Loperamide (3 mg/kg body weight) served as standard and belonged to the positive control group. The extracts exhibited potent antidiarrheal activity as well as achieved statistically significant p value (p&lt;0.01 and p&lt;0.05) compared to control group. Among the extracts the highest percentage inhibition of defecation (60%) was recorded for leaf extract (400 mg/kg body weight) of <em>L. monopetala</em>. So, the study corroborates the significant antidiarrheal activity of <em>M. cordata</em> and <em>L. monopetala</em> leaf extracts and raises the demand of further sophisticated investigation.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Effects of botanicals against anthracnose and blight diseases of Houttuynia cordata Thunb

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48
Author(s):  
Trisha Saha ◽  
Shamim Shamsi
Keyword(s):  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Pathogenic Fungi ◽  
Tagetes Erecta ◽  
Citrus Limon ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Houttuynia Cordata ◽  
Datura Metel ◽  
Houttuynia Cordata Thunb

Anthracnose and blight were recorded on Houttuynia cordata Thunb. during April 2013 to December 2013. The isolated fungi from the symptomatic plants were identified as Alterneria alternata (Fr.) Keissler and Colletotrichum gloeosporoides (Penz.) Sacc. Ethanol leaf extracts of five plants viz.,Azadirachta indica L., Citrus limon L., Datura metel L., Sennaalata L. and Tagetes erecta L.were evaluated against the pathogenic fungi A. alternata and C. gloeosporoides at 5%, 10% and 20% concentrations in vitro. A. indica recorded as good inhibitor against the test fungi followed by C. limon, S. alata, D. metel and T.erecta. In vivo treatment also showed that A.indica is the most effective in controlling diseases at 10% concentration. The plants treated with A. indica were fresh and healthy up to one month of observation.J. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 42(1): 41-48, June 2016

scholarly journals In vivo Evaluation of Zirconia Abutments in Implant supported Restorations in Partially Edentulous Patients

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-42
Author(s):  
Anita Kapri ◽  
Sudhir Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Titanium Implants ◽  
P Value ◽  
In Vivo Evaluation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Scale Scores ◽  
Edentulous Patients ◽  
Biological Outcomes

ABSTRACT Dental implants have been a universally accepted option for prosthetic rehabilitation of partially edentulous patients. Titanium implants abutments exhibit a dull grayish hue and give an unnatural appearance. Abutments based on zirconia are one of the alternatives to titanium abutments. To date, few comparative studies have reported on esthetic and biological outcomes of implant-supported restorations with zirconia abutments. Purpose To clinically evaluate the esthetic performance of zirconia abutments in implant-supported restorations. Materials and methods A total of 24 anterior implant sites were chosen for the placement of implants. A delayed loading protocol was followed; 12 zirconia abutments were placed along with 12 titanium abutments in the contralateral sites. Biological and esthetic variables were recorded by a periodontist and prosthodontist. The patients were followed 2 weeks, 1, 3, and 6 months postinsertion. Results All the data for Copenhagen index score and visual analog scale scores were evaluated by the prosthodontist at follow-up appointments; the means were tabulated. The data were statistically analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software utilizing paired t-test; p value was found to be significant for all parameters except distal papilla and symmetry, which showed p = 0.257 and p = 0.110 respectively. Conclusion According to the results of this study, esthetic performances of zirconia abutment in implant-supported restorations were determined to be higher than those values associated with titanium abutments. How to cite this article Kapri A, Gupta A, Joshi S. In vivo Evaluation of Zirconia Abutments in Implant supported Restorations in Partially Edentulous Patients. J Contemp Dent 2017;7(1):35-42.

scholarly journals COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF TULSI (OCIMUM SANCTUM) AND NEEM (AZADIRACHTA INDICA) METHANOL EXTRACT

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 514
Author(s):  
Vipul Kumar ◽  
Anurag Chakraborty ◽  
Manpreet Kaur ◽  
Sony Pandey ◽  
Manoj Kumar Jena
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Azadirachta Indica ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Ocimum Sanctum ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Neem Extract ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Zones Of Inhibition ◽  
Escherichia Coli Bacteria

Objective: This study was focused on to compare the antimicrobial activity of methanolic leaf extracts of tulsi and neem.Methods: We have chosen tulsi (Ocimum sanctum) and neem (Azadirachta indica) to compare their antimicrobial activity toward Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. Phytochemical extracts have been made by the use of methanol as solvent and dried leaf powder by the cold maceration extraction process. Phytochemical analysis for some secondary metabolites has been done using standard protocols. Nutrient agar plates were inoculated with the above-mentioned microorganisms by spreading bacterial inoculum on the surface of the media. Wells (6 mm in diameter) were punched in the agar. The phytochemical extracts of neem and tulsi were allowed to diffuse into the medium, and after incubation of 24 h at 37°C, the zones of inhibition were observed.Results: Statistical analysis showed that tulsi was more effective toward S. aureus while neem was more effective toward E. coli. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of tulsi for both the microorganisms was 0.4 g/ml, and the MIC of neem for both the microorganisms was 0.2 g/ml. When both the tulsi and neem extract were mixed with each other for every concentration at equal volume, they have shown better effects in comparison to individual neem or tulsi extract and also the MIC got reduced to 0.2 g/ml for both the bacteria.Conclusions: Leaf extracts of both the A. indica and O. sanctum have shown antimicrobial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. A. indica has higher antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, whereas the O. sanctum was found to be more effective against E. coli (indicated by the zone of inhibition). When both the extracts were mixed with each other, they have shown a better effect toward both bacteria.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Screening and Oral Acute Toxicity Study of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Crinum giganteum (Gadalli) in Wister Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Elizabeth FB ◽  
Obikili E.N ◽  
Esom A. E ◽  
Anyanwu G.E
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Phytochemical Compounds ◽  
Aqueous Leaf Extract ◽  
Bioactive Agents ◽  
Oral Acute Toxicity ◽  
Bioactive Agent

<p><strong>Background:</strong> Different parts of plants possess variable phytochemical compounds and LD<sub>50</sub>. <em>Crinum giganteum</em> (Gadalli) is one of the plants most commonly consumed in parts of Africa for its various medicinal values. Despite this popularity, the phytochemical screening and the toxicity of the leaf extracts were yet to be evaluated. This study was designed to identify    the bioactive agents and estimate the LD<sub>50</sub> for the aqueous leaf extract of gadalli. <strong>Method</strong>: Phytochemical screening was done using standard methods. Each bioactive agent and the LD<sub>50</sub> were estimated by Arithmetic methods of Karber. <strong>Results: </strong>Phytochemical analysis revealed high presence of alkaloids,  saponins, and slight presence of glycosides while the oral LD<sub>50 </sub>was found to be 200 mg/kg. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>The major active ingredients of<strong> </strong>aqueous leaf extract of gadalli are alkaloids and saponins. It is observed to be unsafe at 200mg/kg and above.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Phytochemicals, <em>Crinum Giganteum</em>, LD<sub>50</sub>, Alkaloids, Saponins, Glycosides</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Uji Aktivitas Sitotoksik dan Analisis Fitokimia Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sampare (Glochidion sp.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
Ganis Oktalia ◽  
Linus Y. Chrystomo ◽  
Aditya K. Karim
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicine ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Brine Shrimp ◽  
Chemical Substance ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Brine Shrimp Lethality ◽  
In Vivo Test ◽  
Phytochemical Compounds

Sampare (Glochidion sp., Family: Phyllantaceae) is a plant which grows dominant in Biak, Papua. Based on the local wisdom of the community, by hereditary, it can be used as an herbal medicine to treat the malaria disease. This study aims to determine the toxicity of LC50 and to know the phytochemical compounds of extracted leaf of Glochidion sp using ethanol. The Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) and phytochemical screening using reagent chemical substance methods were used in this research. The results of this study can be concluded that the toxicity of extracted leaf of Glochidion sp. using ethanol was low, with LC50 = 758.58 ppm and the results of phytochemical analysis showed the existence of the content of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins and quinones. But, the steroids and triterpenoids could not be found in the extracted leaf of Glochidion sp using ethanol. Therefore, for further research is needed to isolate the bioactive compounds and in vivo test on the plasmodium, which cause the malaria disease. Key words: Glochidion sp., malaria desease, Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT), LC50, phytochemical analysis

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