scholarly journals Effect of Heat treatment on the Chemical and Microstructural Properties of Wheat Straw Ash (WSA)

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-108
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ishfaq ◽  
Akhtar Gul ◽  
Malik Hammad Naseer
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Microstructural Properties ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Fire Hazards ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The World ◽  
Amorphous Nature ◽  
Straw Ash

This study examines the effects of different burning temperature on the chemical and microstructure properties of WSA. In many parts of the world due to non-availability of proper technology, the farmers generally burn wheat straw after acquiring grains, which causing environmental pollution with fire hazards at farm level and loss valuable commodity. In this research, the influence of different temperature on locally available Wheat Straw in Province KP, Pakistan was study. This research aim to find optimum temperature and burning duration of WSA by examine chemical and microstructural properties of WSA at 550oC for 4 hr, 550oC for 8 hr and 800oC for 30 min. The tests results were categorized through X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-Ray fluorescence (XRF) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The result showing the 550oC for 4 hr contains high amount of (SiO2+Al2O3+Fe2O3) and amorphous nature as compared to other samples.

scholarly journals Effect of Locally Available Wheat Straw Ash in Developing High Strength Concrete

2021 ◽  
pp. 19-28
Author(s):  
Muhammad Armaghan Siffat ◽  
Muhammad Ishfaq ◽  
Afaq Ahmad ◽  
Khalil Ur Rehman ◽  
Fawad Ahmad
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Wheat Straw ◽  
High Strength Concrete ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Optimum Temperature ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Strength Concrete ◽  
Straw Ash

This study is supervised to assess the characteristics of the locally available wheat straw ash (WSA) to consume as a substitute to the cement and support in enhancing the mechanical properties of concrete. Initially, after incineration at optimum temperature of 800°C for 0.5, the ash of wheat straw was made up to the desirable level of fineness by passing through it to the several grinding cycles. Subsequently, the X-ray fluorescence (XRF) along with X-ray diffraction (XRD) testing conducted on ash of wheat straw for the evaluation its pozzolanic potential. Finally, the specimens of concrete were made by consuming 10% and 20% percentages of wheat straw ash as a replacement in concrete to conclude its impact on the compressive strength of high strength concrete. The cylinders of steel of dimensions 10cm diameter x 20cm depth were acquired to evaluate the compressive strength of high strength concrete. The relative outcomes of cylinders made of wheat straw ash substitution presented the slight increase in strength values of the concrete. Ultimately, the C-100 blends and WSA aided cement blends were inspected for the rheology of WSA through FTIR spectroscopy along with Thermogravimetric technique. The conclusions authenticate the WSA potential to replace cement in the manufacturing of the high strength concrete.

Experimental investigation of pozzolanic concrete containing wheat straw ash

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 941-951
Author(s):  
Muhammad Riaz Ahmad ◽  
Muhammad Burhan Sharif ◽  
Hafiz Asad Ali ◽  
Munawar Hussain ◽  
Bing Chen
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Material Characterization ◽  
Setting Time ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Hydration Reaction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Pozzolanic Material ◽  
Straw Ash

This study investigated the detailed optimization of wheat straw ash (WSA) as a pozzolanic material. Characterization of WSA as pozzolanic materials was carried out according to ASTM C618 and results indicated that WSA calcined at 700 °C for 2 h fulfilled ASTM C618 requirement and results were also confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of WSA samples. Effect of WSA on setting time, mechanical properties, alkali–silica reaction (ASR), hydration process, and microstructure of cement paste (CP) and concrete was studied. Compressive and flexural strength of concrete mixture containing 14% WSA was 7.5% and 19.5% more as compared to control mixture at 28 days respectively. ASR expansion of mortar prisms and hydration temperature was reduced due to WSA incorporation. XRD and scanning electron microscopy investigations of CP indicated that WSA improved the microstructure of CP and was effective in imparting the pozzolanic characteristics during hydration reaction at 7 and 28 days.

scholarly journals X-ray Determination of Compressive Residual Stresses in Spring Steel Generated by High-Speed Water Quenching

Materials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 1154
Author(s):  
Diego E. Lozano ◽  
George E. Totten ◽  
Yaneth Bedolla-Gil ◽  
Martha Guerrero-Mata ◽  
Marcel Carpio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Spring Steel ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Water Chamber ◽  
Hardened Case ◽  
Compressive Residual Stresses

Automotive components manufacturers use the 5160 steel in leaf and coil springs. The industrial heat treatment process consists in austenitizing followed by the oil quenching and tempering process. Typically, compressive residual stresses are induced by shot peening on the surface of automotive springs to bestow compressive residual stresses that improve the fatigue resistance and increase the service life of the parts after heat treatment. In this work, a high-speed quenching was used to achieve compressive residual stresses on the surface of AISI/SAE 5160 steel samples by producing high thermal gradients and interrupting the cooling in order to generate a case-core microstructure. A special laboratory equipment was designed and built, which uses water as the quenching media in a high-speed water chamber. The severity of the cooling was characterized with embedded thermocouples to obtain the cooling curves at different depths from the surface. Samples were cooled for various times to produce different hardened case depths. The microstructure of specimens was observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to estimate the magnitude of residual stresses on the surface of the specimens. Compressive residual stresses at the surface and sub-surface of about −700 MPa were obtained.

scholarly journals First Report on the Geologic Occurrence of Natural Na–A Zeolite and Associated Minerals in Cretaceous Mudstones of the Paja Formation of Vélez (Santander), Colombia

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Carlos Alberto Ríos-Reyes ◽  
German Alfonso Reyes-Mendoza ◽  
José Antonio Henao-Martínez ◽  
Craig Williams ◽  
Alan Dyer
Keyword(s):  
Natural Zeolite ◽  
Scanning Electron Micrographs ◽  
Total Sulfur ◽  
Zeolite A ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mineral Phases ◽  
The World ◽  
Porosity And Permeability ◽  
First Time

This study reports for the first time the geologic occurrence of natural zeolite A and associated minerals in mudstones from the Cretaceous Paja Formation in the urban area of the municipality of Vélez (Santander), Colombia. These rocks are mainly composed of quartz, muscovite, pyrophyllite, kaolinite and chlorite group minerals, framboidal and cubic pyrite, as well as marcasite, with minor feldspar, sulphates, and phosphates. Total organic carbon (TOC), total sulfur (TS), and millimeter fragments of algae are high, whereas few centimeters and not biodiverse small ammonite fossils, and other allochemical components are subordinated. Na–A zeolite and associated mineral phases as sodalite occur just beside the interparticle micropores (honeycomb from framboidal, cube molds, and amorphous cavities). It is facilitated by petrophysical properties alterations, due to processes of high diagenesis, temperatures up to 80–100 °C, with weathering contributions, which increase the porosity and permeability, as well as the transmissivity (fluid flow), allowing the geochemistry remobilization and/or recrystallization of pre-existing silica, muscovite, kaolinite minerals group, salts, carbonates, oxides and peroxides. X-ray diffraction analyses reveal the mineral composition of the mudstones and scanning electron micrographs show the typical cubic morphology of Na–A zeolite of approximately 0.45 mμ in particle size. Our data show that the sequence of the transformation of phases is: Poorly crystalline aluminosilicate → sodalite → Na–A zeolite. A literature review shows that this is an unusual example of the occurrence of natural zeolites in sedimentary marine rocks recognized around the world.

Phase selection in precursor-derived yttrium aluminum garnet and related Al2O3–Y2O3 compositions

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1017-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashutosh S. Gandhi ◽  
Carlos G. Levi
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Yttrium Aluminum Garnet ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
Defect Structures ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Phase Selection ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Yttrium Aluminum ◽  
Rich Side ◽  
Nitrate Solutions

Al2O3–Y2O3 powders were synthesized in the range of 25–55% Y2O3 by reverse coprecipitation of nitrate solutions. All starting powders were amorphous and formed primary yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) upon crystallization. X-ray diffraction detected only garnet in compositions of 30–40% Y2O3 after heat treatment at 1250 °C. Compositions of 45–55% Y2O3 established a metastable YAG + Y4Al2O9 microstructure. The YAG phase field was metastably extended away from its stoichiometry, as indicated by a systematic increase in lattice parameter with Y2O3 content. Although some Al2O3 enrichment was achieved, YAG appears to tolerate greater off-stoichiometry on the Y2O3-rich side. Possible defect structures accommodating the solubility extension were examined. Phase selection results indicate that compositional inhomogeneity is not the only reason behind the appearance of hexagonal YAlO3, which is frequently reported during YAG synthesis.

In Situ X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Crystallization Growth Behavior in ZnO-Bi2O3-B2O3 Glass as a Route to Functional Optical Devices

MRS Advances ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 563-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Quentin Altemose ◽  
Katrina Raichle ◽  
Brittani Schnable ◽  
Casey Schwarz ◽  
Myungkoo Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Glass Ceramics ◽  
Treatment Temperature ◽  
Crystal Phase ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
In Situ Xrd ◽  
Dsc Measurements ◽  
Transmission Window

ABSTRACTTransparent optical ZnO–Bi2O3–B2O3 (ZBB) glass-ceramics were created by the melt quenching technique. In this work, a melt of the glass containing stoichiometric ratios of Zn/Bi/B and As was studied. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) measurements was used to measure the thermal behavior. VIS/NIR transmission measurements were used to determine the transmission window. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine crystal phase. In this study, we explore new techniques and report a detailed study of in-situ XRD of the ZBB composition in order to correlate nucleation temperature, heat treatment temperature, and heat treatment duration with induced crystal phase.

TEM and X-Ray Examinations of Intermetallic Phases and Carbides Precipitation in an Fe-Ni Superalloy during Prolonged Ageing

2013 ◽  
Vol 212 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
Kazimierz J. Ducki ◽  
Jacek Mendala ◽  
Lilianna Wojtynek
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Solution Heat Treatment ◽  
Intermetallic Phase ◽  
Intermetallic Phases ◽  
Precipitation Process ◽  
Secondary Phases ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Solid Samples ◽  
Structural Investigations ◽  
X Ray

The influence of prolonged ageing on the precipitation process of the secondary phases in an Fe-Ni superalloy of A-286 type has been studied. The samples were subjected to a solution heat treatment at 980°C for 2 h and water quenched, and then aged at temperatures of 715, 750 and 780°C at holding times from 0.5 to 500 h. Structural investigations were conducted using TEM and X-ray diffraction methods. The X-ray phase analyses performed on the isolates were obtained by anodic dissolution of the solid samples. After solution heat treatment the alloy has the structure of twinned austenite with a small amount of undissolved precipitates, such as carbide TiC, carbonitride TiC0.3N0.7, nitride TiN0.3, carbosulfide Ti4C2S2, Laves phase Ni2Si, and boride MoB. The application of ageing causes precipitation processes of γ-Ni3(Al,Ti), G (Ni16Ti6Si7), η (Ni3Ti), β (NiTi) and σ (Cr0.46Mo0.40Si0.14) intermetallic phases, as well as the carbide M23C6. It was found that the main phase precipitating during alloy ageing was the γ intermetallic phase.

Synthesis, Structural, Morphological and I-V Characteristics of Polyaniline-MgCl Composite

2022 ◽  
Vol 1048 ◽  
pp. 141-146
Author(s):  
Madihally Nagaraja ◽  
Geetha Thippeswamy ◽  
Sushma Prashanth ◽  
Jayadev Pattar ◽  
Mahesh Hampapatna Mahesh
Keyword(s):  
Structural Analysis ◽  
Oxidative Polymerization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sem Micrographs ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Amorphous Nature ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Polymerization Method

Composite of polyaniline-MgCl has been synthesized using oxidative polymerization method. Synthesized samples were characterized for structural analysis using FTIR and XRD. Morphological studies were carried by SEM micrographs. Current-Voltage (I-V) properties are obtained through Kiethly source meter. FTIR spectrum of polyaniline-MgCl composite indicates all the characteristic peaks of polyaniline. X-ray diffraction patterns represented the amorphous nature of polyaniline-MgCl composite. SEM micrographs confirmed the presence of MgCl particles in polyaniline matrix. I-V characteristics have shown the ohmic type behavior of polyaniline and polyaniline-MgCl composite.

Hardening of Selective Laser Melted M2 Steel

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mei Yang ◽  
Yishu Zhang ◽  
Haoxing You ◽  
Richard Smith ◽  
Richard D. Sisson
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cutting Tools ◽  
High Speed Steel ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
Steel Part ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Near Net Shape

Abstract Selective laser melting (SLM) is an additive manufacturing technique that can be used to make the near-net-shape metal parts. M2 is a high-speed steel widely used in cutting tools, which is due to its high hardness of this steel. Conventionally, the hardening heat treatment process, including quenching and tempering, is conducted to achieve the high hardness for M2 wrought parts. It was debated if the hardening is needed for additively manufactured M2 parts. In the present work, the M2 steel part is fabricated by SLM. It is found that the hardness of as-fabricated M2 SLM parts is much lower than the hardened M2 wrought parts. The characterization was conducted including X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to investigate the microstructure evolution of as-fabricated, quenched, and tempered M2 SLM part. The M2 wrought part was heat-treated simultaneously with the SLM part for comparison. It was found the hardness of M2 SLM part after heat treatment is increased and comparable to the wrought part. Both quenched and tempered M2 SLM and wrought parts have the same microstructure, while the size of the carbides in the wrought part is larger than that in the SLM part.

scholarly journals Synchrotron Nano-Diffraction Study of Thermally Treated Asbestos Tremolite from Val d’Ala, Turin (Italy)

Minerals ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlotta Giacobbe ◽  
Jonathan Wright ◽  
Dario Di Giuseppe ◽  
Alessandro Zoboli ◽  
Mauro Zapparoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Structure ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Structure Analysis ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Adverse Health Effects ◽  
Nano Crystalline ◽  
Original Fibre

Nowadays, due to the adverse health effects associated with exposure to asbestos, its removal and thermal inertization has become one of the most promising ways for reducing waste risk management. Despite all the advances in structure analysis of fibers and characterization, some problems still remain that are very hard to solve. One challenge is the structure analysis of natural micro- and nano-crystalline samples, which do not form crystals large enough for single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD), and their analysis is often hampered by reflection overlap and the coexistence of multiple fibres linked together. In this paper, we have used nano-focused synchrotron X-rays to refine the crystal structure of a micrometric tremolite fibres from Val d’Ala, Turin (Italy) after various heat treatment. The structure of the original fibre and after heating to 800 °C show minor differences, while the fibre that was heated at 1000 °C is recrystallized into pyroxene phases and cristobalite.

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