scholarly journals Applications and Biological Functions of Exosomes: A Comprehensive Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 244-261
Author(s):  
N. Kowsalya ◽  
S. Meenakshi ◽  
M. P. Gowrav ◽  
D. V. Gowda ◽  
K. Divith
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Isolation Techniques ◽  
Imaging Probes ◽  
Tissue Matrix

Exosomes are also known as extracellular vesicles (EVs) which is bounded by a membrane mostly seen in eukaryotic cells secreted within the endosomal compartment along with some of the selected composition of RNA, proteins, lipids and DNA. They are capable of transferring signals among cells therefore it is used as a mediator for cell-to-cell communication. Exosomes helps in the excretion of cellular waste from the body. Exosomes possess various widespread activity in many of the biological functions such as transferring the biomolecules like enzymes, proteins, ribonucleic acid, lipids and also in the regulation of various pathological and physiological process in various diseases. Exosomes are released in to the in vitro growth medium with the help of cultured cells. They are said to be identified in coined matrix and tissue matrix. They are also identified in some of the biological fluids such as cerebrospinal fluid, urine, blood. Exosomes are considered as promising biomarkers in identification and treatment of many diseases as they contribute a lot in the diagnosis of various therapies. The efficacy and stability of imaging probes and therapeutics are enhanced by its biocompatible nature. Exosomes play a major role because of their use in the field of clinical application. It is important to understand the molecular mechanism behind their function and transport in order to explore more about exosomes. Here we discuss about the review and advancement done in the field of exosomes along with their biomedical applications, isolation techniques and biological functions.

scholarly journals Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of Peptide Nanostructures for Biomedical Applications

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 4587
Author(s):  
Fanny d’Orlyé ◽  
Laura Trapiella-Alfonso ◽  
Camille Lescot ◽  
Marie Pinvidic ◽  
Bich-Thuy Doan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Imaging Probes ◽  
Therapeutic Molecules

There is a challenging need for the development of new alternative nanostructures that can allow the coupling and/or encapsulation of therapeutic/diagnostic molecules while reducing their toxicity and improving their circulation and in-vivo targeting. Among the new materials using natural building blocks, peptides have attracted significant interest because of their simple structure, relative chemical and physical stability, diversity of sequences and forms, their easy functionalization with (bio)molecules and the possibility of synthesizing them in large quantities. A number of them have the ability to self-assemble into nanotubes, -spheres, -vesicles or -rods under mild conditions, which opens up new applications in biology and nanomedicine due to their intrinsic biocompatibility and biodegradability as well as their surface chemical reactivity via amino- and carboxyl groups. In order to obtain nanostructures suitable for biomedical applications, the structure, size, shape and surface chemistry of these nanoplatforms must be optimized. These properties depend directly on the nature and sequence of the amino acids that constitute them. It is therefore essential to control the order in which the amino acids are introduced during the synthesis of short peptide chains and to evaluate their in-vitro and in-vivo physico-chemical properties before testing them for biomedical applications. This review therefore focuses on the synthesis, functionalization and characterization of peptide sequences that can self-assemble to form nanostructures. The synthesis in batch or with new continuous flow and microflow techniques will be described and compared in terms of amino acids sequence, purification processes, functionalization or encapsulation of targeting ligands, imaging probes as well as therapeutic molecules. Their chemical and biological characterization will be presented to evaluate their purity, toxicity, biocompatibility and biodistribution, and some therapeutic properties in vitro and in vivo. Finally, their main applications in the biomedical field will be presented so as to highlight their importance and advantages over classical nanostructures.

scholarly journals Injectable non-leaching tissue-mimetic bottlebrush elastomers as an advanced platform for reconstructive surgery

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erfan Dashtimoghadam ◽  
Farahnaz Fahimipour ◽  
Andrew N. Keith ◽  
Foad Vashahi ◽  
Pavel Popryadukhin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Reconstructive Surgery ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
The Body ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Curing Time ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Significant Health

AbstractCurrent materials used in biomedical devices do not match tissue’s mechanical properties and leach various chemicals into the body. These deficiencies pose significant health risks that are further exacerbated by invasive implantation procedures. Herein, we leverage the brush-like polymer architecture to design and administer minimally invasive injectable elastomers that cure in vivo into leachable-free implants with mechanical properties matching the surrounding tissue. This strategy allows tuning curing time from minutes to hours, which empowers a broad range of biomedical applications from rapid wound sealing to time-intensive reconstructive surgery. These injectable elastomers support in vitro cell proliferation, while also demonstrating in vivo implant integrity with a mild inflammatory response and minimal fibrotic encapsulation.

scholarly journals Injectable Non-leaching Tissue-mimetic Bottlebrush Elastomers: A New Platform for Advancing Reconstructive Surgery

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erfan Dashtimoghadam ◽  
Farahnaz Fahimipour ◽  
Andrew Keith ◽  
Foad Vashahi ◽  
Pavel Popryadukhin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Reconstructive Surgery ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
The Body ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Curing Time ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Significant Health

Abstract Current materials used in biomedical devices do not match tissue’s mechanical properties and leach various chemicals into the body. These deficiencies pose significant health risks that are further exacerbated by invasive implantation procedures. Herein, we leverage the brush-like polymer architecture to design and administer minimally invasive injectable elastomers that cure in vivo into leachable-free implants with mechanical properties matching the surrounding tissue. This strategy allows tuning curing time from minutes to hours, which empowers a broad range of biomedical applications from rapid wound sealing to time-intensive reconstructive surgery. These injectable elastomers support in vitro cell proliferation, while also demonstrating in vivo implant integrity with a mild inflammatory response and minimal fibrotic encapsulation.

scholarly journals Morphology andIn VitroBehavior of Electrospun Fibrous Poly(D,L-lactic acid) for Biomedical Applications

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshihiro Inami ◽  
Yasuhiro Tanimoto ◽  
Masayuki Ueda ◽  
Yo Shibata ◽  
Satoshi Hirayama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
The Body ◽  
Solution Flow Rate ◽  
Apatite Formation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Solution Flow

This work describes the fabrication, optimization, and characterization of electrospun fibrous poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA) for biomedical applications. The influences of the polymer concentration of the electrospinning solution (5, 10, or 15 wt%) and the solution flow rate (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mL/h) on the morphology of the obtained fibrous PDLLA were evaluated. Thein vitrobiocompatibility of two types of PDLLA, ester terminated PDLLA (PDLLA-R) and carboxyl terminated PDLLA (PDLLA-COOH), was evaluated by monitoring apatite formation on samples immersed in Hanks’ balanced salt (HBS) solution. 15 wt% polymer solution was the most beneficial for preparing a fibrous PDLLA structure. Meanwhile, no differences in morphology were observed for PDLLA prepared at various flow rates. Apatite precipitate is formed on both types of PDLLA only 1 day after immersion in HBS solution. After 7 days of immersion, PDLLA-COOH showed greater apatite formation ability compared with that of PDLLA-R, as measured by thin-film X-ray diffraction. The results indicated that the carboxyl group is effective for apatite precipitation in the body environment.

Exosomes and cardiovascular cell–cell communication

2018 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. Poe ◽  
Anne A. Knowlton
Keyword(s):  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cardiac Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Intercellular Signaling ◽  
Cardiac Damage ◽  
Almost All

Exosomes have become an important player in intercellular signaling. These lipid microvesicles can stably transfer miRNA, protein, and other molecules between cells and circulate throughout the body. Exosomes are released by almost all cell types and are present in most if not all biological fluids. The biologically active cargo carried by exosomes can alter the phenotype of recipient cells. Exosomes increasingly are recognized as having an important role in the progression and treatment of cardiac disease states. Injured cardiac cells can release exosomes with important pathological effects on surrounding tissue, in addition to effecting other organs. But of equal interest is the possible benefit(s) conferred by exosomes released from stem cells for use in treatment and possible repair of cardiac damage.

scholarly journals Diamond thin films: giving biomedical applications a new shine

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (134) ◽  
pp. 20170382 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Nistor ◽  
P. W. May
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Chemical Vapour ◽  
The Body ◽  
First Century ◽  
Diamond Thin Films ◽  
Deposition Technology

Progress made in the last two decades in chemical vapour deposition technology has enabled the production of inexpensive, high-quality coatings made from diamond to become a scientific and commercial reality. Two properties of diamond make it a highly desirable candidate material for biomedical applications: first, it is bioinert, meaning that there is minimal immune response when diamond is implanted into the body, and second, its electrical conductivity can be altered in a controlled manner, from insulating to near-metallic. In vitro, diamond can be used as a substrate upon which a range of biological cells can be cultured. In vivo , diamond thin films have been proposed as coatings for implants and prostheses. Here, we review a large body of data regarding the use of diamond substrates for in vitro cell culture. We also detail more recent work exploring diamond-coated implants with the main targets being bone and neural tissue. We conclude that diamond emerges as one of the major new biomaterials of the twenty-first century that could shape the way medical treatment will be performed, especially when invasive procedures are required.

scholarly journals Minireview: Estrogen Receptor-β: Mechanistic Insights from Recent Studies

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1703-1714 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie J. Deroo ◽  
Adrian V. Buensuceso
Keyword(s):  
Estrogen Receptor ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Β ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Significant Progress ◽  
Estrogen Action ◽  
Organ Systems

Abstract The discovery of estrogen receptor-β (ERβ) in 1996 stimulated great interest in the physiological roles and molecular mechanisms of ERβ action. We now know that ERβ plays a major role in mediating estrogen action in several tissues and organ systems, including the ovary, cardiovascular system, brain, and the immune system, and that ERβ and ERα generally play distinct physiological roles in the body. Although significant progress has been made toward understanding the molecular mechanisms of ERβ action, particularly in vitro, there remains a large gap in our understanding of the mechanisms by which ERβ elicits its biological functions in a true physiological context.

scholarly journals Microalgal protein AstaP is a potent carotenoid solubilizer and delivery module with a broad carotenoid binding repertoire

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yury B Slonimskiy ◽  
Nikita A Egorkin ◽  
Thomas N. Friedrich ◽  
Eugene G. Maksimov ◽  
Nikolai N. Sluchanko
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Cost Efficient ◽  
Delivery Module ◽  
Β Carotene

Carotenoids are lipophilic substances with many biological functions, from coloration to photoprotection. Being potent antioxidants, carotenoids have multiple biomedical applications, including the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders and retina degeneration. Nevertheless, the delivery of carotenoids is substantially limited by their poor solubility in the aqueous phase. Natural water-soluble carotenoproteins can facilitate this task, necessitating studies on their ability to uptake and deliver carotenoids. One such promising carotenoprotein, AstaP (Astaxanthin-binding protein), was recently identified in eukaryotic microalgae, but its structure and functional properties remained largely uncharacterized. By using a correctly folded recombinant protein, here we show that AstaP is an efficient carotenoid solubilizer that can stably bind not only astaxanthin but also zeaxanthin, canthaxanthin, and, to a lesser extent, β-carotene, i.e. carotenoids especially valuable to human health. AstaP accepts carotenoids provided as acetone solutions or embedded in membranes, forming carotenoid-protein complexes with an apparent stoichiometry of 1:1. We successfully produced AstaP holoproteins in specific carotenoid-producing strains of Escherichia coli, proving it is amenable to cost-efficient biotechnology processes. Regardless of the carotenoid type, AstaP remains monomeric in both apo- and holoforms, while its rather minimalistic mass (~20 kDa) makes it an especially attractive antioxidant delivery module. In vitro, AstaP transfers different carotenoids to the liposomes and to unrelated proteins from cyanobacteria, which can modulate their photoactivity and/or oligomerization. These findings expand the toolkit of the characterized carotenoid-binding proteins and outline the perspective of the use of AstaP as a unique monomeric antioxidant nanocarrier with an extensive carotenoid-binding repertoire.

scholarly journals Selective sorting of microRNAs into exosomes by phase-separated YBX1 condensates

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-Man Liu ◽  
Liang Ma ◽  
Randy Schekman
Keyword(s):  
Phase Separation ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Rna Binding Proteins ◽  
Point Mutations ◽  
Cell Communication ◽  
Mediate Cell ◽  
Local Enrichment ◽  
In Cells

Exosomes may mediate cell-to-cell communication by transporting various proteins and nucleic acids to neighboring cells. Some protein and RNA cargoes are significantly enriched in exosomes. How cells efficiently and selectively sort them into exosomes remains incompletely explored. Previously we reported that YBX1 is required in sorting of miR-223 into exosomes. Here we show that YBX1 undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in vitro and in cells. YBX1 condensates selectively recruit miR-223 in vitro and into exosomes secreted by cultured cells. Point mutations that inhibit YBX1 phase separation impair the incorporation of YBX1 protein into biomolecular condensates formed in cells, and perturb miR-233 sorting into exosomes. We propose that phase separation-mediated local enrichment of cytosolic RNA binding proteins and their cognate RNAs enables their targeting and packaging by vesicles that bud into multivesicular bodies. This provides a possible mechanism for efficient and selective engulfment of cytosolic proteins and RNAs into intraluminal vesicles which are then secreted as exosomes from cells.

Bioimaging Applications of Non-Lamellar Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 2742-2759
Author(s):  
Sergio Murgia ◽  
Stefania Biffi ◽  
Marco Fornasier ◽  
Vito Lippolis ◽  
Giacomo Picci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Liquid Crystalline ◽  
Colloidal Nanoparticles ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Complex Architectures ◽  
Imaging Probes ◽  
Bicontinuous Cubic ◽  
Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles

Self-assembling processes of amphiphilic lipids in water give rise to complex architectures known as lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) phases. Particularly, bicontinuous cubic and hexagonal LLC phases can be dispersed in water forming colloidal nanoparticles respectively known as cubosomes and hexosomes. These non-lamellar LLC dispersions are of particular interest for pharmaceutical and biomedical applications as they are potentially non-toxic, chemically stable, and biocompatible, also allowing encapsulation of large amounts of drugs. Furthermore, conjugation of specific moieties enables their targeting, increasing therapeutic efficacies and reducing side effects by avoiding exposure of healthy tissues. In addition, as they can be easy loaded or functionalized with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic imaging probes, cubosomes and hexosomes can be used for the engineering of multifunctional/theranostic nanoplatforms. This review outlines recent advances in the applications of cubosomes and hexosomes for in vitro and in vivo bioimaging.

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