scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Bacteria Isolated from Hospital Surfaces and Environment in Kenya

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-55
Author(s):  
Maina Susan Muthoni
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Hospital Waste ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Dump Site ◽  
Gram Negative

Objective: Control of hospital environment is key to success of healthcare quality. Increasing emergence and spread of pathogenic bacteria is of great concern and continues to challenge infection prevention and epidemiology practice. This study aimed at providing information about the management of hospital environment and wastes in selected hospitals in Kenya, determine prevalence of pathogenic bacteria and their antibiotic susceptibility. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted at Kenyatta National Hospital (KNH) (public) and Kikuyu Mission Hospital (KMH) (private) in Kenya from May 2015 to April 2017. In microbiological analysis, a total of 246 samples from each of the two hospitals was obtained using sterile cotton swabs from random sampling of hospital different surfaces, drainages, hands of healthcare givers and hospital waste dump site among others. Results: A total of 471 bacterial isolates were recovered, and were distributed as follows; Providentia spp, Staphylococcus aureus spp, Escherichia    coli spp (E. coli), other Gram negative bacteria were, Pseudomonas spp, coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS), Serratia spp, Klebsiella spp,  Proteus spp and Enterobacter spp. Susceptibility test revealed that Escherichia coli isolates were the most sensitive isolate to antibiotics. Imipenem drug showed 100% sensitivity for Gram negative, while Gram-positive isolates, linezolid antibiotic was the most sensitive drug. Discussion: There is need for stringent review of hospital waste management system in Kenya. The frequency of ESBL producing strains among clinical isolates has been steadily increasing. Conclusion: Continued drug resistance surveillance of ESBL isolates is necessary to guide the appropriate and judicious antibiotic use.

scholarly journals The bacterial profile and sensitivity patterns of isolates from medical equipment and surfaces in the Children’s emergency room of a Nigerian hospital

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 192-197
Author(s):  
Ikenna Kingsley Ndu ◽  
Isaac Nwabueze Asinobi ◽  
Uchenna Ekwochi ◽  
Obinna Chukwuebuka Nduagubam ◽  
Ogechukwu Francesca Amadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Emergency Room ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Cross Sectional

Objective:  Nosocomial infections are those acquired in hospitals or healthcare service units that first appear 48 hours or more after admission or within 30 days after discharge following in-patient care. Knowledge of the bacterial profile and sensitivity patterns of any hospital environment is a key factor in infection control and good antibiotic stewardship. Material and Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Children’s Emergency Room (CHER) of Enugu State University Teaching Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria.  Samples for culture were collected from equipment and hospital surfaces. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was determined for each isolate by the Agar diffusion method using Standard Nutrient Agar 1 discs. Results: Bacterial growth was observed in 83 (70.3%) specimens. Staphylococcus aureus (53.4%) was the most common isolate cultured followed by Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (18.8%), then Escherichia coli (13.9%). Among Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 25.9% were MRSA. Ampicillin resistance of the gram negatives was high. All the Gram-negative isolates were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone. Conclusion: Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, and Escherichia coli were the commonest isolates. More efforts are needed to ensure improved hygiene standards in order to reduce the burden of nosocomial infections.

scholarly journals Contamination of the Surfaces of a Health Care Environment by Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) Bacteria

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laila Chaoui ◽  
RajaaAit Mhand ◽  
Fouad Mellouki ◽  
Naima Rhallabi
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Health Care Environment ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gram Negative

Nosocomial infections (NIs) are known worldwide and remain a major problem despite scientific and technical advances in the field of health. The severity of the infection depends on the characteristics of the microorganisms involved and the high frequency of resistant pathogens in the hospital environment. The aim of this study is to determine the distribution of pathogenic bacteria (and their resistance to antibiotics) that spread on hospital surfaces, more specifically, on those of various departments in the Provincial Hospital Center (PHC) of Mohammedia, Morocco. A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 2017 to April 2018. Samples were collected by swabbing the hospital surfaces, and the isolated bacteria were checked for their susceptibility to antibiotics by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method following the standards of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Among 200 swab samples, 176 (88%) showed bacterial growth. Gram-negative isolates were predominant at 51.5% (101/196), while the Gram-positives were at 48.5% (95/196). The main isolates are Enterobacteria weighted at 31.6% (62/196), Staphylococcus aureus reaching 24% (47/196), Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 9.2% (18/196), and Acinetobacter spp. with 3.3% (6/196). Moreover, the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of the isolates showed that about 31.7% (32/101) of the Gram-negative isolates were found to be MDR. This resistance is also high among isolates of S. aureus of which 44.7% (20/47) were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Contamination of hospital surfaces by MDR bacteria is a real danger to public health. The concept of environmental bacterial reservoir is a reality that requires strict compliance with current guidelines and recommendations for hand hygiene, cleaning, and disinfection of surfaces in hospitals.

scholarly journals UTILIZAÇÃO DE GÁS OZÔNIO NA DESINFECÇÃO DE RESÍDUOS DE SERVIÇOS DE SAÚDE

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-139
Author(s):  
Thais Nogueira Gonzaga ◽  
Dora Inés Kozusny-Andreani
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Ozone Treatment ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Nesta pesquisa objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade técnica da aplicação de ozônio como bactericida e fungicida em amostras de resíduos de serviços de saúde potencialmente infectantes. Foram determinados os     micro-organismos presentes nos resíduos gerados em um hospital particular. Para realização das análises microbiológicas e o tratamento com ozônio o material foi particulado e homogeneizado. As análises microbiológicas foram realizadas antes e após a ozonização.Para os testes de desinfecção foram retirados 10,0g de amostra que foi submetida à ozonização por 5, 10, 15, 20 e 25 minutos com doses de 140,0; 280,0; 420,0; 560,0 e 700,0mg L-1 de ozônio, respectivamente. Verificou-se presença de mesófilos totais, coliformes totais e termotolerantes, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp, Candida albicans e Rhizopus spp. O ozônio foi eficiente para eliminação de todos os micro-organismos em 20 minutos; nos primeiros cinco minutos de exposição ao gás verificou-se redução superior a 98%.Palavras-chave: Bactérias patogênicas. Fungos. Ozonização. USING OZONE GAS FOR DISINFECTION OF SOLID WASTE FROM HEALTH CARE SERVICES ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to evaluate the technical viability of the application of ozone as bactericide and fungicide in samples of potentially infectious health services residues. The microorganisms present in the waste generated in a private hospital were determined. The material was particulated and homogenized to perform the microbiological analysis and to undergo ozone treatment. Microbiological analysis was performed before and after ozonization. For the disinfection tests, 10.0g of sample were removed and submitted to ozonization for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 minutes with 140,0; 280,0; 420,0; 560,0 and 700,0mg doses of L-1 of ozone, respectively. It was verified the presence of total mesophiles, total and thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus spp, Candida albicans and Rhizopus spp. Ozone was efficient while eliminating all microorganisms in 20 minutes; in the first five minutes of gas exposure, the reduction was greater than 98%.Keywords: Pathogenic bacteria. Fungi. Ozonization.

Comparing antibiotic resistance in commensal and pathogenic bacteria isolated from wild-caught South Carolina shrimps vs. farm-raised imported shrimps

2007 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 919-924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavitha Boinapally ◽  
Xiuping Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
South Carolina ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Vibrio Vulnificus ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Plate Counts

The objective of this study was to assess and differentiate wild-caught South Carolina (SC) shrimps from imported shrimps on the basis of microbiological analysis. Seven wild-caught SC shrimp and 13 farm-raised imported shrimp samples were analyzed. Total plate counts from wild-caught shrimp samples ranged from 4.3 to 7.0 log10 CFU/g, whereas counts from imported shrimp samples ranged from 3.2 to 5.7 log10 CFU/g. There was no difference (P > 0.05) between total bacterial counts of wild-caught SC shrimp and farm-raised imported shrimp. However, the percentages of bacteria with reduced susceptibility towards ceftriaxone and tetracycline were higher (P < 0.05) for farm-raised shrimp than for wild-caught samples. Salmonella spp. detected only in one farm-raised sample was resistant to ampicillin, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, streptomycin, and trimethoprim. Vibrio vulnificus was detected in both wild-caught and farm-raised shrimp samples; however, only the isolate from farm-raised shrimp was resistant to nalidixic acid and trimethoprim. Escherichia coli detected in one wild-caught sample was resistant to ampicillin. Both Listeria spp. and Salmonella spp. were absent with wild-caught SC samples. Therefore, the presence of more ceftriaxone- and tetracycline-resistant bacteria and the observed antimicrobial resistance phenotypes of isolates from the imported shrimp may reflect the possible use of antibiotics in raising shrimp in those countries.

scholarly journals 171. Rising Rates of Gram-Negative Bacilli Blood Stream (GNB-BSI) Infection in Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S109-S109
Author(s):  
Leonard B Johnson ◽  
Riad Khatib ◽  
Dima Youssef ◽  
Babak Hooshmand ◽  
Mohamad G Fakih ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Rate Increase ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Source Distribution ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Rate Table ◽  
Linear Trends

Abstract Background Monitoring bloodstream infections provides updates of the microbiology and antibiotic susceptibility trends. We elected to examine GNB-BSI. Methods We retrospectively studied adults (≥18 years old) inpatients with gram-negative bacilli (GNB) bloodstream infection (BSI; January 1, 2010–December 31, 2017), determined the demographics, onset place, microbiology and source. The results were stratified to study year and evaluated by the extended Mantel–Haenszel chi square for linear trends. Results GNB were encountered in 4520/14314 (31.6%) positive blood culture (BC) accounting for 2811 BSI episodes (2291 patients) with a steadily increasing rate (table). The 3 most common organisms were Escherichia coli (EC; 44.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP; 19.2%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA; 9.6%). GNB-BSI rate increase was mainly in EC-BSI (P = 0.01). The rate of other GNB-BSI did not change. Source distribution of EC-BSI did not change and antibiotic resistance did not change. Conclusion GNB-BSI is rising, primarily due to EC, without changes in source distribution or antibiotic susceptibility. Prospective studies to look at EC lineage and virulence factors are needed to determine the reason for EC-BSI rise. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

scholarly journals Unstable Mechanisms of Resistance to Inhibitors of Escherichia coli Lipoprotein Signal Peptidase

mBio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Homer Pantua ◽  
Elizabeth Skippington ◽  
Marie-Gabrielle Braun ◽  
Cameron L. Noland ◽  
Jingyu Diao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Signal Peptidase ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Mechanisms Of Resistance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli

ABSTRACT Clinical development of antibiotics with novel mechanisms of action to kill pathogenic bacteria is challenging, in part, due to the inevitable emergence of resistance. A phenomenon of potential clinical importance that is broadly overlooked in preclinical development is heteroresistance, an often-unstable phenotype in which subpopulations of bacterial cells show decreased antibiotic susceptibility relative to the dominant population. Here, we describe a new globomycin analog, G0790, with potent activity against the Escherichia coli type II signal peptidase LspA and uncover two novel resistance mechanisms to G0790 in the clinical uropathogenic E. coli strain CFT073. Building on the previous finding that complete deletion of Lpp, the major Gram-negative outer membrane lipoprotein, leads to globomycin resistance, we also find that an unexpectedly modest decrease in Lpp levels mediated by insertion-based disruption of regulatory elements is sufficient to confer G0790 resistance and increase sensitivity to serum killing. In addition, we describe a heteroresistance phenotype mediated by genomic amplifications of lspA that result in increased LspA levels sufficient to overcome inhibition by G0790 in culture. These genomic amplifications are highly unstable and are lost after as few as two subcultures in the absence of G0790, which places amplification-containing resistant strains at high risk of being misclassified as susceptible by routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing. In summary, our study uncovers two vastly different mechanisms of resistance to LspA inhibitors in E. coli and emphasizes the importance of considering the potential impact of unstable and heterogenous phenotypes when developing antibiotics for clinical use. IMPORTANCE Despite increasing evidence suggesting that antibiotic heteroresistance can lead to treatment failure, the significance of this phenomena in the clinic is not well understood, because many clinical antibiotic susceptibility testing approaches lack the resolution needed to reliably classify heteroresistant strains. Here we present G0790, a new globomycin analog and potent inhibitor of the Escherichia coli type II signal peptidase LspA. We demonstrate that in addition to previously known mechanisms of resistance to LspA inhibitors, unstable genomic amplifications containing lspA can lead to modest yet biologically significant increases in LspA protein levels that confer a heteroresistance phenotype.

scholarly journals Bacteraemia and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of isolates from patients visiting a private hospital of Kathmandu

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
Nandalal Jaishi ◽  
Pramila Pathak ◽  
Pradeep Kumar Shah ◽  
Puspa Raj Dahal
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Blood Stream Infection ◽  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
Blood Stream ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Causative Agents

Background: Bacteraemia can develop a broad array of complications that may be difficult to recognize initially and can increase morbidity. The study was thus conducted to identify the causative agents of bacteraemia and to assess antibiogram of the isolates among the patients suspected of blood stream infection visiting Everest hospital, New Baneshwor Kathmandu. Methods: Altogether 400 blood cultures were processed during March, 2015 to August, 2015. Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) was followed during the processing of the specimens. Antibiotic susceptibility testing of bacterial isolates was done by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method with Muller-Hinton agar using the guidelines and interpretive criteria of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI 2013). Result: The positivity of blood culture was found to be 48 (12%). Gram negative bacterial were found to be more predominant 27(56.2%) than gram positive bacteria 21(43.7%) in causing bacteraemia. The most prevalent isolate was Staphylococcus aureus 15 (31.2%) followed by Salmonella Paratyphi A 10 (20.8%) and Salmonella Typhi 8 (16.6%), E. coli & CoNS 4 (8.3%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 3 (6.2%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae & Streptococcus pneumoniae 2 (4.1%) respectively. All gram-positive isolates were found to be sensitive to Cefoxitin, Ceftriaxone and Vancomycin followed by Ampicillin (90.42%), Erythromycin (85.71%), Ciprofloxacin (83.33%), Doxycycline (75%) and Cephalexin (70.58%) whereas gram negative isolates were sensitive to Ceftriaxone followed by Chloramphenicol (92%), Gentamicin (88.8%), Cefixime (85.71%), Ofloxacin (83.3%) and Amoxycillin and Ciprofloxacin (71.3%) Conclusion: The isolation of etiological agents of blood stream infection should be assessed by proper microbiological analysis and it would be helpful for controlling of the outbreaks of resistance strains through effective empirical therapy.

One-step synthesis of amikacin modified fluorescent carbon dots for the detection of Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (76) ◽  
pp. 72471-72478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soumen Chandra ◽  
Angshuman Ray Chowdhuri ◽  
Triveni Kumar Mahto ◽  
Arpita Samui ◽  
Sumanta kumar Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Carbon Dots ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
One Step ◽  
Fluorescent Carbon Dots ◽  
Fluorescent Carbon

In this paper, we report a one-step strategy to synthesize amikacin modified fluorescent carbon dots (CDs@amikacin) for assaying pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli.

scholarly journals Bacteriological Study of Wound Infection and Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern of the Isolates

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
R KC ◽  
A Shrestha ◽  
VK Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Wound Infection ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Bacteriological Study ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Staph Aureus

Wound infections result in sepsis, limb loss, long hospital stays, higher costs, and are responsible for significant human mortality and morbidity worldwide. The present study was conducted to isolate and identify the causative organisms of wound infection, to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates and to study the risk factors for wound infection. The study was conducted for six months in which pus specimens collected from 244 patients were processed to investigate etiological agents using standard technique. Disc susceptibility of bacterial agents were then determined. A total of 244 pus samples were collected and 147 (60.20%) samples showed growth. A total of 150 bacterial isolates were isolated; of which 118 (78.67%) were Gram positive and 32 (21.33%) were Gram negative bacteria. Staphylococcus aureus (72.00%) was most common followed by Escherichia coli (6.67%), Citrobacter freundii (5.34%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (4.00%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (3.33%), Proteus mirabilis (2.00%), Enterococcus faecalis (1.33%), Acinetobacter spp. (1.33%), Klebsiella oxytoca (1.33%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (1.33%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (0.67%) and Streptococcus pyogenes (0.67%). The most effective antibiotic for Gram positive isolates was Gentamicin (77.97%). For Gram negative isolates (except Ps. aeruginosa), Amikacin (74.07%), for Ps. aeruginosa, Amikacin, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin and Ofloxacin each with the susceptibility of 80.00% and for Staph. aureus, Cloxacillin (79.63%) were the most effective antibiotics. Hence, the most common isolate in wound infection was Staph. aureus followed by E. coli. Therefore, routine microbiological analysis of the wound specimens and their antibiotic susceptibility testing is recommended that will guide clinician for treatment of wound infection. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i2.10428   Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 2 (2013) 143-150

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document