Modelling the Spatial Distribution Differences of Compulsory Education Resource

This paper aimed to explore the difference in the spatial distribution of compulsory education resource allocation. Raw data were collected from the 2020 China Statistical Yearbook (county/district level) and Guangxi Province Statistical Yearbook of China. Data analysis was conducted using the entropy method, comprehensive evaluation method, K-means clusters analysis, analysis of variance, and spatial statistical analysis (Moran’s I index). It was determined that there were significant differences in the spatial distribution of compulsory education. The equilibrium degree to mandatory education resource allocation was divided into three classes: high level, medium level, and low level, and each class presented a spatial aggregation effect in the spatial distribution. Compared with the primary schools, the equilibrium degree of junior secondary school was higher. However, the equilibrium fluctuation of junior secondary schools was more significant among different counties/districts. The equilibrium of educational resources of junior secondary schools in the urban areas was higher than that in the rural areas, but there was no significant difference for the primary school.

The New Approach to the Preparation of Polyacrylamide-Based Hydrogels: Initiation of Polymerization of Acrylamide with 1,3-Dimethylimidazolium (Phosphonooxy-)Oligosulphanide under Drying Aqueous Solutions

The new initiator of the polymerization of acrylamide, leading to the formation of crosslinked polyacrylamide, was discovered. The structure of the synthesized polyacrylamide was characterized by XRD, 1Н NMR, and 13С NMR spectroscopy. It was shown that 1,3-dimethylimidazolium (phosphonooxy-)oligosulphanide is able to initiate radical polymerization under drying aqueous solutions of acrylamide, even at room temperature. According to XRF data, the synthesized polyacrylamide gel contains 0.28 wt% of sulphur. The formed polymer network has a low crosslinking density and a high equilibrium degree of swelling. The swelling rate of polyacrylamide gel in water corresponds to the first order kinetic equation with the rate constant 6.2 × 10−2 min−1. The initiator is promising for combining acrylamide polymerization with the processes of gel molding and drying.

Experimental Study on the Law of Energy Dissipation and Damage in Coal Body Based on Local Tensile-Sliding Effect

The slippage initiation and induced instability of roadway surrounding rock are highly likely to cause dynamic disasters, severely influencing the safety production of mining. With the optical-mechanical monitoring test of the deformation localization of energy dissipation, this study established the optical index of coal deformation equilibrium degree under load, and obtained the evolution law of coal deformation equilibrium degree. After analyzing the relationship between tensile-sliding effect and mechanical behavior of coal deformation field, it proposed the strain energy ratio coefficient. The results indicate that the strength reduction of coal body is affected by the deformation accumulation of loading displacement field. The sliding displacement of the stable sliding type specimen occurs 5.5s earlier than tensile displacement，which is 4.4s longer than the instantaneous instability type specimen. The instability type of coal is closely related to the tangent angle of the strain energy ratio coefficient and the damage persistence characteristics. The damage accumulation of stable equal amplitude contributes to the stable failure, and the damage accumulation of interval equal amplitude influences the instantaneous instability development. The fracture expansion stage is the main stage of energy consumption damage accumulation. That is, the main energy consumption damage accumulation stage of the stable slip coal is the stable crack expansion stage, with the damage proportion of 35.89%, while the damage proportion of instantaneous instability coal in the unsteady crack expansion stage is 84.226%. The study provides theoretical reference for the fracture law and risk monitoring of coal slippage.

Gradient Difference of Structure of Rural Construction Land in Loess Hilly Region: A Case Study of Yuzhong County, Gansu Province, China

Studying the differences in the township gradient of rural construction land structures at the microscale is beneficial for the adjustment of rural construction land structure based on local conditions and differentiation, for the classification and guidance of the scientific planning and management of rural construction land, and for improving the level of intensive use of rural construction land. In this study, we took 268 administrative villages of Yuzhong County in the Loess Hilly Region as the research object and conducted research on the internal structure and gradient difference of rural construction land from two aspects: quantitative structure and spatial layout. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) the distribution of rural construction land has significant connection with the river and road. The land structure of the county is simple, with large differences in area and uneven quantities between different types; (2) the shape of a rural construction land patch is complicated, with a high degree of fragmentation. The spatial agglomeration is not significant, and there is a significant difference between “east-west-north-south” in space; (3) the rural construction land has a significant gradient effect at the township level. In terms of quantitative structure, the closer the construction land is to key towns and central towns, the more complex the construction land, the higher the information entropy as well as the equilibrium degree, and the lower the dominant degree. Moreover, the spatial layout shows an upward trend in the fractal dimension, fragmentation degree and separation degree when the level of the township decreases.

Under what conditions do climatic variations lead to incision of alluvial fans? Insights from coupled catchment-fan system in the lab

<p>Although a transition from aggradation to incision is observed in many natural alluvial fans and is usually related to variations in climate, the condition driving such change remain unclear. We address this problem here by considering laboratory experiments of coupled catchment-fans systems forced by oscillatory precipitation. In the 8 experiments considered here, eroded materials from an uplifting mountain may deposit on a plateau, erosion being driven by the surface runoff of water from an artificial rainfall device. These experiments, 700 to 900 minutes-long, were performed with the same uplift rate but with different sequences of variations of the rainfall rate (10 to 40 minutes-long) between two extreme values. The topography was digitized every 10 minutes thanks to a high-resolution laser sheet.</p><p>We observe that the sediment (Qs) and water (Qw) fluxes at the outlet of mountain catchments continuously vary with time, not only because of precipitation oscillations but also because of the dynamic state of the landscape. For a given precipitation rate, variations of Qs and Qw depend on whether the catchments enlarge or shrink, with additional variations of Qs depending on the equilibrium degree (steady-state or not). Depending on these conditions, we document a large variety of trends of Qs vs Qw in rivers at catchment outlets, Qs increasing or decreasing with Qw, or being independent of Qw. For a given catchment, oscillations in precipitation rate then drive alternations between two individual Qs vs Qw trends, the slope of these trends being indicative of the sediment concentration in the mini-rivers at the outlet of catchments that feed alluvial fans.</p><p>Our experiments indicate that incision of alluvial fans is controlled by two necessary conditions. First, it occurs when rainfall increases and goes with a decrease of the Qs/Qw ratio, i.e. with a decrease of concentration at the outlet of the catchment. Second, this control is modulated by the slope of the fan, incision only occurring for fans above a threshold slope. Then, the decrease in sediment concentration required to initiate the incision is weak for steeper fans, those that developed under a mean dry climate. A larger drop in concentration is necessary for gentle fans, those that develop under a mean wetter climate.</p><p>Several studies already demonstrated how a decrease of Qs or an increase of Qw drives incision. We show here that these two parameters are also coupled and covariate following the dynamical state of catchments. We also demonstrate that the decrease of the Qs/Qw ratio required for initiating the incision of a fan is lower for steeper fans, that is for fans that develop under more arid condition.</p><p>We conclude that a given amplitude of climate change won’t have the same imprint on landscapes, erosion and transport depending on the mean prevailing climate.</p>

Thermo- and Photoresponsive Behaviors of Dual-Stimuli-Responsive Organogels Consisting of Homopolymers of Coumarin-Containing Methacrylate

Coumarin-containing vinyl homopolymers, such as poly(7-methacryloyloxycoumarin) (P1a) and poly(7-(2′-methacryloyloxyethoxy)coumarin) (P1b), show a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in chloroform, which can be controlled by the [2 + 2] photochemical cycloaddition of the coumarin moiety, and they are recognized as monofunctional dual-stimuli-responsive polymers. A single functional group of monofunctional dual-stimuli-responsive polymers responds to dual stimuli and can be introduced more uniformly and densely than those of dual-functional dual-stimuli-responsive polymers. In this study, considering a wide range of applications, organogels consisting of P1a and P1b, i.e., P1a-gel and P1b-gel, respectively, were synthesized, and their thermo- and photoresponsive behaviors in chloroform were investigated in detail. P1a-gel and P1b-gel in a swollen state (transparent) exhibited phase separation (turbid) through a temperature jump and reached a shrunken state (transparent), i.e., an equilibrium state, over time. Moreover, the equilibrium degree of swelling decreased non-linearly with increasing temperature. Furthermore, different thermoresponsive sites were photopatterned on the organogel through the photodimerization of the coumarin unit. The organogels consisting of homopolymers of coumarin-containing methacrylate exhibited unique thermo- and photoresponsivities and behaved as monofunctional dual-stimuli-responsive organogels.

Multiparameter Fusion Decision Routing Algorithm for Energy-Constrained Wireless Sensor Networks

For energy-limited wireless sensor networks (WSNs), we propose a multiparameter fusion decision routing (MPFDR) algorithm in this study. This algorithm gives a comprehensive account of the residual energy and forward distance, single-hop transmission ratio, cache queue, and energy equilibrium degree. It calculates the routing evaluation parameters of the forward neighbors, realizing a multidirectional reflection of the network status. Simultaneously, combined with the defined routing selection strategy based on the parameter contribution degree and fuzzy contribution degree, the fusion contribution degree of each forward neighbor is obtained. Then, the node with the most considerable fusion contribution degree is selected as the next hop. Finally, the performance of the MPFDR algorithm is simulated and compared with other algorithms. Simulation results indicate that our algorithm has good congestion control ability in energy-limited wireless sensor networks and can significantly reduce the packet loss rate and average hops.

Utilizing Alginate to Improve Elasticity and Moisture Balance of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Chitosan Hydrogel Wound Dressing

Uncontrolled hemorrhage is the leading cause of death. The efficient hemostatic dressings are needed to promote coagulation and hold ongoing hemorrhage. Hydrogels are hydrophilic polymers with three-dimensional network structures with high swelling capacity to prevent accumulation of exudates. Hydrogels prepared from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) grafted with chitosan have attracted considerable attentions due to their biocompatibility, high moisture balance property, and transparency. In this study, alginate was utilized to improve elasticity and thermal stability, also enhance hydrophilicity and increase swelling ability. The hydrogels composed of PVA (7.5 % w/v), chitosan (0.05 % w/v), and alginate (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 % w/v) were synthesized by gamma irradiation technique at total dose of 15 kGy. The results showed that the increasing of alginate concentration in the total reactant mixture can improve elasticity, swelling capacity and the equilibrium degree of swelling (EDS), and decrease water vapour transmitted rate/moisture vapour transmitted rate (MVTR). The hydrogel wound dressing with 0.6 % of alginate concentration was the best product in this study with 79.49 % gel content, 608.65 % swelling ratio, 628.32 % EDS in 22 hours, elasticity 62.58 KPa, evaporation rate (MVTR) 105g/m2 h, degraded at temperature of 298.89oC, and the weight loss was reached 88.84 % (w/w).

A Balanced Task-Personnel Matching Method for Aircraft Assembly Coordination Planning

To solve the problem of unbalanced matching between planning task and personnel in aircraft assembly coordination process planning under collaborative planning mode, a balanced matching method based on comprehensive consideration of task granularity, task equilibrium degree was proposed. By analyzing the characteristics of aircraft digital assembly coordination process planning and personnel capability attributes, the evaluation matrix of planning task and personnel was builded based on fuzzy linguistic variables. Finally, the evaluation matrix was solved to achieve the balanced matching between planning task and personnel. The feasibility and effectiveness of proposed method were verified by an aircraft tail of assembly coordination process planning task and personnel example-matching.

Modelling of the Impact of National Standardization on Duopolistic Competition in the Civil Aircraft Market

The purpose of this study is to analyze standards as one of the main tools of protectionism in global markets of industrial goods. We use standards for modeling of market competition and adapt this approach for civil aviation markets. The role of local noise standards in civil aircraft markets is discussed. Imposition of more stringent aviation noise standards is modelled in the form of a two-person non-zero-sum game. Players are aircraft corporations that conduct research and development to reduce noise and lobby for stricter regulations in their controlled markets. The model can be used to predict that tighter aviation noise standards will be imposed and to justify the strategy of Russian aviation industry and science. The proposed approach can be adapted for other industries with strict regulations (in terms of safety, ecology). Such estimation allows us to assess whether it is in the country’s interests to participate in the standards race or not. It is shown that the equilibrium degree of standards tightening is higher if the players’ market shares are close to equal or individual players have advantages in the cost of production and/or product improvement is highly likely due to the company’s R&D progress.