The Dilemma of Reconstructive Material Choice for Orbital Floor Fracture: A Narrative Review

The aim of this study is to present a narrative review of the properties of materials currently used for orbital floor reconstruction. Orbital floor fractures, due to their complex anatomy, physiology, and aesthetic concerns, pose complexities regarding management. Since the 1950s, a myriad of materials has been used to reconstruct orbital floor fractures. This narrative review synthesises the findings of literature retrieved from search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. This narrative review was conducted of 66 studies on reconstructive materials. Ideal material properties are that they are resorbable, osteoconductive, resistant to infection, minimally reactive, do not induce capsule formation, allow for bony ingrowth, are cheap, and readily available. Autologous implants provide reliable, lifelong, and biocompatible material choices. Allogenic materials pose a threat of catastrophic disease transmission. Newer alloplastic materials have gained popularity. Consideration must be made when deliberating the use of permanent alloplastic materials that are a foreign body with potential body interactions, or the use of resorbable alloplastic materials failing to provide adequate support for orbital contents. It is vital that surgeons have an appropriate knowledge of materials so that they are used appropriately and reduce the risks of complications.

Demographic and Evolutionary Consequences of Pandemic Diseases

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has justifiably captured the attention of people around the world since late 2019. It has produced in many people a new perspective on or, indeed, a new realization about our potential vulnerability to emerging infectious diseases. However, our species has experienced numerous catastrophic disease pandemics in the past, and in addition to concerns about the harm being produced during the pandemic and the potential long-term sequelae of the disease, what has been frustrating for many public health experts, anthropologists, and historians is awareness that many of the outcomes of COVID-19 are not inevitable and might have been preventable had we actually heeded lessons from the past. We are currently witnessing variation in exposure risk, symptoms, and mortality from COVID-19, but these patterns are not surprising given what we know about past pandemics. We review here the literature on the demographic and evolutionary consequences of the Second Pandemic of Plague (ca. fourteenth–nineteenth centuries C.E.) and the 1918 influenza pandemic, two of the most devastating pandemics in recorded human history. These both provide case studies of the ways in which sociocultural and environmental contexts shape the experiences and outcomes of pandemic disease. Many of the factors at work during these past pandemics continue to be reproduced in modern contexts, and ultimately our hope is that by highlighting the outcomes that are at least theoretically preventable, we can leverage our knowledge about past experiences to prepare for and respond to disease today.

ANALYSIS OF WILLINGNESS TO PAY CONTRIBUTIONS IN THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE IN REGENCY OF BANYUASIN

BPJS Kesehatan as the manager of the National Security Program (JKN), can be an appropriate health insurance to reduce the risk of people bearing health costs from their own pocket (out of pocket) in a very large and can lead to poverty. This study aims to analyze the willingness to pay JKN contributions to farmers in Banyuasin Regency in order to identify community groups that need subsidies from the government. This research is an analytical study with cross sectional design. The population of this research is all residents who work as farmers and have not registered as JKN participants with a total sample of 176 people. data analysis used chi square test and logistic regression test. This study found that the willingness to pay JKN contributions of Rp22.028 per person per month. The determinants of willingness to pay contributions in JKN membership are family income, food expenditure, non-essential food expenditure, non-food expenditure, number of family members, history of catastrophic disease, knowledge of contributions, and the ability to pay JKN contributions. The most dominant factor affecting the willingness to pay is non-essential food expenditure. The willingness to pay the JKN dues is still low. The ability to pay contributions is influenced by income, food expenditure, non-essential food expenditure, total non-food expenditure, number of family members, history of catastrophic disease, knowledge of contributions, and the ability to pay JKN contributions.

Impact of solitons on the progression of initial lesion in aortic dissection

Aortic dissection (AD) is the most common catastrophic disease reported at cardiovascular emergency in hospitals. Herein, a tear in the tunica intima results into separation of layers of aortic wall leading to rupture and torrential bleed. Hypoxia and oxidative stress are associated with AD. The release of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1[Formula: see text] from the initial flap lesion in the tunica intima is the basis for aneurysmal prone factors. We framed a boundary value problem (BVP) to evaluate homeostatic saturation for oxygen dynamics using steady-state analysis. We prove uniqueness and existence of the solution of the BVP for gas exchange at capillary–tissue interface as a normal physiological function. Failure of homeostatic mechanism establishes hypoxia, a new quasi-steady-state in AD. We model permeation of two-layer fluid comprised of blood and HIF-1[Formula: see text] through tunica media as a generalized [Formula: see text]-dimensional nonlinear evolution equation and solve it using Lie group of transformations method. We note that the two-layer fluid permeates the tunica media as solitary wave including solitons such as bright soliton, dark soliton, peregrine soliton, topological soliton, kink soliton, breather soliton and multi-soliton complex. Also, we introduce the main result and discuss the implications of soliton solution, using graphic interpretation, to describe the early stage of progression of AD.

Prediction of Environmental System Model during Isolation period of Pandemic COVID-19: A Comparative Survey

This paper presents the environmental impacts on pandemic corona virus (COVID-19) during isolation period. Pollution and disease are correlated with each other. The world is busy combating with catastrophic disease which has become Pandemic worldwide within a short period. In a matter of months, the world has been transformed drastically. This Pandemic is getting more overwhelming day by day with extending social distancing across the world which eventually subsides the emissions of CO2 and other potential hazards. Consequently, pollution and greenhouse gas emissions have fallen across the continents. As the COVID-19 affects the lungs, so air pollution could make the COVID-19 pandemic worse for some people. This paper highlights the pollutants effects on several periods and also mentioned the different health issues.

Amphibian chytridiomycosis, a lethal pandemic disease caused by the killer fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis: New approaches to host defense mechanisms and techniques for detection and monitoring

Chytridiomycosis is a catastrophic disease currently decimating worldwide amphibian populations, caused by the panzootic chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis. Massive species decline to extinction catalyzes radical changes in ecosystems globally, including the largest continuous rainforest ecosystem on Earth, the Amazon rainforest. Innovative research that aims to propose feasible mechanisms of mitigation and the origins of the disease is vital, including studies addressing climatic effects on the expansion of chytridiomycosis. Thus, this publication aims to provide a comprehensive review of: i) the current technologies used for B. dendrobatidis detection and monitoring, and ii) the known Neotropical amphibian's skin microbiota with anti-fungal properties against B. dendrobatidis. Several immunologic and DNA-based methods are discussed to understand the emerging fungal pathogens and their effects on the biosphere, which can help to mitigate the devastating ecological impacts of mass amphibian morbidity. The establishment of rapid and highly accurate B. dendrobatidis detection techniques and methods for monitoring amphibian's cutaneous microbiome is crucial in the fight against chytridiomycosis.

Biomechanics Perspective for the Design and Manufacture of Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Connectors

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) progressively and irreversibly affects the kidneys and is considered a catastrophic disease on a global scale. Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is one of the most used methods of treatment, involving infusion and draining bags and a transfer line. Patients receiving this treatment have a catheter that is placed during surgery; this depends on having the same catheter supplies, as they are not compatible with other market brands. This research shows the comparison between connector brands used at the outlet of the Tenckhoff® catheter. The methodology shows the design of two connectors using the 3D printing technique. Numerical simulations were carried out to establish the flow patterns through each of the designs; the maximum values of velocity reached 74 mm/s inside the PISA to Baxter (PB) connector, while the pressure and vorticity were controlled and did not represent failures inside the connectors and threads connections. An experimental testbed was designed to verify the connections between the manufactured devices and the market brand elements. The results show numerical and experimental comparisons of the developed titanium-ELI connectors with no leaks at the connection points due to the lack of commercial supplies. These connectors can be used in the treatment of CAPD.

Policy Implementation Performance Related to the Procurement of PRB Drugs in the Subdistrict Primary Healthcare Center Pharmacy and PRB Pharmacy in Central Jakarta Quarter I, II, and III of 2019

Back-Referral Program (PRB) is one way to improve the quality of the health services for BPJS participants in conducting quality control and cost control. The unavailability of pharmacies and drugs for PRB causes the PRB program not to run optimally, thus increasing the catastrophic disease sufferers and absorbing big claims in JKN. This study is qualitative research with a descriptive approach using the method of in-depth interviews and document review. The research informants' criteria were: the elements of the leadership and policy management officers in the DKI Jakarta Provincial Health Office, Central Jakarta Health Office, Central Jakarta BPJS Health Center, Central Jakarta District Health Center, and Central Jakarta PRB Pharmacy. The results showed that the implementation performance was not optimal, which was influenced by policy standards and objectives, resources, communication between organizations, the implementers' attitude, the implementing organization's characteristics, and the economic, social, and politics. Coordination, commitment, and evaluation of activities from the Ministry of Health, BPJS Health, Government Service Goods Procurement Policy Institute, and DKI Jakarta Provincial Health Office are needed in terms of the availability of this PRB drug.

Admission leukocytosis and its implications on intra cerebral haemorrhage

Background: Intracerebral haemorrhage is one amongst the most common subtype of stroke. It is a catastrophic disease with significant rate of mortality and may lead to severe disabilities. Immediate and effective treatment is a prime requisite of ICH, as rapid mortality occurs within first 24 hours. Definitive diagnosis of ICH is difficult as its symptoms are similar to ischemic stroke. Aim of current investigation was to establish a relationship between intra-cerebral haemorrhage and leukocytosis and to use it as an early tool for detecting haematoma expansion for prognostication and developing newer drugs using a suitable therapeutic target. Methods: Current investigation was an observational study carried out on 100 patients with intra-cerebral haemorrhage. Differential counts were studied with respect to influence of particular subtypes on hematoma expansion. Follow up NCCT was done after 48 hours of the event. Results: Results of present investigation revealed that mean age of the patients was 56 years, 82% were males and all the patients were hypertensive. It was observed that majority of patients with neutrophilic leukocytosis, did not show hematoma expansion and neutrophilic leukocytosis was preferentially present in patients with higher initial bleed volumes. Significant association was observed between monocytosis and haematoma expansion and association between lymphocytosis and volume expansion was observed to be non-significant. Conclusions: Current study findings can aid in early risk stratification and prognostication of ICH patients and can also provide a tool for identification of new therapeutic targets for controlling haematoma expansion.

Surgical Management of Acute Type A Aortic Dissection: An Overview

Acute type A aortic dissection is a catastrophic disease that develops from a tear within the intima of the aortic wall, thereby creating a false lumen in the ascending aorta. Early suspicion, diagnosis, and prompt surgery play a key role in the survival of patients. It is a surgical emergency and requires replacement of the ascending aorta/aortic root with or without aortic arch replacement. Over the past decade the surgical outcomes have improved in specialized tertiary centers.