O Papel do Apoiador Escolar na Educação Inclusiva / The Importance of the School Supporter in Inclusive Education

Resumo: A educação inclusiva é conhecida como uma forma de trabalhar com crianças com necessidades especiais no ambiente escolar. Vista de forma mais ampla, ela tem o papel de acolher a diversidade e dar assistência a todos os estudantes, pois o objetivo da inclusão educacional é acabar com a exclusão social. O trabalho de pesquisa tem como objetivo avaliar as dificuldades encontradas pelos professores apoiadores das salas de aula, saber qual o suporte e formação que recebe para atuar. Além disso, a pesquisa possibilita compreender a realidade da inclusão a partir de redes de ensino diferentes, a pública e a privada. A metodologia aplicada incluiu dados da observação da sala de aula no intuito de narrar e analisar o cotidiano do “professor apoiador escolar”. O trabalho foi realizado na Cidade de Salgueiro/PE, e em Umãs/PE, com apoiadores escolares de três escolas, os participantes foram apoiadores escolhidos em turmas aleatórias, em um total de 10 apoiadores de sala de aula.---Inclusive education is known as a way of working with children with special needs in the school environment. Viewed more broadly, it has the role of welcoming diversity and providing assistance to all students, as the objective of educational inclusion is to end social exclusion. The research work aims to assess the difficulties encountered by supportive teachers in the classroom, to know what support and training they receive to act. In addition, the research makes it possible to understand the reality of inclusion from different educational networks, public and private. The methodology applied included data from classroom observation in order to narrate and analyze the daily life of the “supporting school teacher”. The work was carried out in the City of Salgueiro/PE, and in Umãs/PE, with school supporters from three schools, the participants were supporters chosen in random groups, in a total of 10 classroom supporters.

Impact of optimization of the structure of rural general education network on improving the quality of education

On the example of the Samara Region, the question of the influence of the processes of optimizing the structure of the rural general education network on improving the quality of education of students in rural areas is investigated. The relevance of the processes, the elaboration of the topic through the presentation of research by Russian and foreign authors devoted to the development of social and educational space, social and educational networks are considered. The definitions of the educational network and optimization of the structure of the general educational network are given; the tendencies of changes in the structure of the rural general education network of the Samara Region are traced since the end of the 90-ies of the last century on the example of 19 schools of the Samara region subjected to reorganization. The analysis of changes in the quality of education of students based on the results of the main state exam and the unified state exam depending on the type of optimization is presented: reorganization of a small school, which is an independent legal entity, into a branch of another school; change in the level of educational programs being implemented.

Recommendation Systems on E-Learning and Social Learning: A Systematic Review

E-learning is renowned as one of the highly effective modalities of learning. Social learning, in turn, is considered to be of major importance as it promotes collaboration between learners. For properly managing learning resources, recommender systems have been implemented in e-learning to enhance learners' experience. Whilst recommender systems are of widespread concern in online learning, it is still unclear to educators how recommender systems can improve the learning process and have a positive impact on learning. This paper seeks to provide an overview of the recommender systems proposed in e-learning between 2007 and the first part of 2021. Out of 100 initially identified publications for the period between 2007 and the first part of 2021, 51 articles were included for final synthesis, according to specific criteria. The descriptive results show that most of the disciplines involved in educational recommender systems papers have approached e-learning in a general way without putting as much emphasis on social learning, and that recommender systems based on explicit feedbacks and ratings were the most frequently used in empirical studies. The synthesis of results presents several recommender systems types in e-learning: (1) Content-based recommender systems, (2) Collaborative-filtering recommender systems, (3) Hybrid recommender systems and (4) Recommender systems based on supervised and unsupervised algorithms. The conclusions reflect on the almost lack of critical reflection on the importance of addressing recommender systems in social learning and social educational networks in particular, especially as social learning has particular requirements, the weak databases size used in some research work, the importance of acknowledging the strengths and weaknesses of each type of recommender system in an educational context and the need for further exploration of implicit feedbacks more than explicit learners’ feedbacks for more accurate recommendations.

Desafios impostos às aulas de educação física na pandemia: caminhos para a ressignificação do trabalho docente

INTRODUÇÃO: Com o advento da pandemia da Covid-19, muitos desafios surgiram para que as atividades educacionais pudessem ter continuidade sem maiores prejuízos aos(às) alunos(as). No entanto, a falta de domínio das tecnologias educacionais se apresentou como uma barreira, tanto para professores(as) como para alunos(as). OBJETIVO: Dessa forma, o presente texto tem como objetivo refletir como em tempos de pandemia a Educação Física Escolar se ressignificou, considerando as experiências relatadas por professores(as) de Educação Física da rede pública de ensino. MÉTODOS: Este estudo, de abordagem qualitativa, caracterizando-se como um estudo multicasos, adotou como instrumento de pesquisa uma entrevista semiestruturada realizada com dois professores e duas professoras que atuam nas redes públicas de ensino, estadual e municipal e, um em cada nível de ensino (educação infantil, anos iniciais do ensino fundamental, anos finais do ensino fundamental e ensino médio). RESULTADOS: Mesmo com o cenário investigado e suas dificuldades, os(as) professores(as) realizaram seu trabalho da melhor forma possível e, para tanto, identificamos uma espécie de manifestação uníssona dos(as) professores(as), tanto no que se refere às ações positivas como nas dificuldades vividas. Esta manifestação foi organizada em categorias, especificamente seis, a saber: aprendizado e adaptação de conteúdos para as aulas; apoio em bases teórico-metodológicas das redes de ensino; atividades com apoio familiar; apoio institucional; avaliação; o que posso avançar? CONCLUSÃO: A persistência e resiliência de cada um(uma) permitiu que a Educação Física Escolar se fizesse presente nas atividades escolares diárias dos(as) alunos(as) de todos os níveis de ensino, mesmo que de forma adaptada. Reforçamos a responsabilidade dos(das) pesquisadores(as) das instituições de formação de professores(as) em darem visibilidade aos elementos que contribuem para a manutenção das práticas corporais, das aulas de Educação Física em diferentes contextos, para que estas possam manter-se acessíveis e reverberem com qualidade entre os(as) professores(as) e alunos(as).ABSTRACT. Challenges imposed to the physical education classes in the pandemic: paths to reframe the teacher’s workBACKGROUND: With the advent of the Covid-19 pandemic, many challenges arose so that the educational activities could be continued without many losses to the students. However, the lack of mastery of educational technologies showed itself as a barrier to the teachers as well as to the students. OBJECTIVE: So, the present text has as aim to reflect how in pandemic times the school Physical Education reframed itself, considering the experiences reported by Physical Education teachers of the public school system. METHODS: This study, of qualitative approach, is characterized as a multi-case study, adopted as research instrument a semi-structured interview with two male and two female teachers who work in the public education network, state and municipal, and one in each level (early childhood education, early years of elementary school, final years of elementary school and high school). RESULTS: Even with the investigated scenario and its difficulties, the teachers performed their work in the best possible way and, therefore, we identified a kind of unison manifestation of the teachers, both in what is concerned to the positive actions as to the difficulties experienced. This manifestation was organized in categories, specifically six, namely: learning and adapting the content to the classes; support in theoretical-methodological bases in the educational networks; activities with family support; institutional support; what can I move forward? CONCLUSION: The persistence and resilience of each one allowed the school Physical Education to be present in the daily school activities of all levels of education, even in an adapted way. We reinforce the responsibility of the researchers of teacher formation institutions to give visibility to the elements that contribute to the maintenance of body practice, of the Physical Education classes in different contexts so these can be accessible and reverberate with quality between teachers and students.

Case report for the learning science evaluation checklist

eLearning practitioners are eager to know what factors affect the effectiveness of online learning and how they can implement evidence-based evaluation to examine and improve their organizations. This study adopted the learning sciences evaluation checklist to successfully evaluate a military-based training and learning organization via a semi-structured interview and provide actionable recommendations afterward. The criteria include educational networks, human-centered evaluations, administrator-instructor trust, institution-student trust, organization support-level strategies, support services, humans/technological support infrastructures, and class size flexibility. Seven practitioner take-aways were provided to ease the use of the checklist.

Optimization of general education networks structure in rural areas of the Russian Federation and the Samara Region from the late 1990s to 2020

This paper discusses the optimization of rural educational networks structure in the Samara Region and Russia from the late 1990s to 2020. Documents of the federal level that contributed to the development of the countrys educational system, including the development of a general education network in the countryside, are presented. The dynamics of changes in the number of general educational organizations in the country in comparison with the number of schoolchildren for the period from 1995/1996 academic year to 2019/2020 academic year is given. The author compares approaches to the optimization of rural general education network structure used in the experiment on restructuring the network of general educational institutions located in rural areas which was conducted in the 2002/2003 and 2003/2004 academic years and during the implementation of complex projects for education modernization by the Russian regions in 2007-2009. On the example of the Samara Region, differences and similar moments of rural general education network structure optimization in this region with all-Russian trends are considered. The basic regional principles of optimization are revealed. Models of changes in the structural elements of the general education network of the Samara Region in comparison with the models used in the framework of the experiment on restructuring the network of rural schools are presented.

Futures of area-based initiatives in German education: results from a quantitative Delphi survey

To support schools, improve learning outcomes, create innovative learning opportunities, and reduce social disadvantage, many countries have introduced policies to mandate or incentivize educational networks in the last decade. This study focuses on Germany, where around 80% of municipalities established area-based initiative (ABI) structures following a broad range of ABIs. However, research has revealed a gap between intentions and implementation: There is a strong bias toward governance structures, while educational aims have not been achieved.To provide a foundation for purposeful development, a Delphi study has been conducted. Based on a sample of 180 nationwide ABI experts, data was collected in two steps using an online questionnaire on preferred and probable developments in crucial ABI fields. Statistical analyses offer insights into the relation between desirability and expectation and the degree of consensus or divergence among experts. The study shows that after 10 years of experience, the discrepancy between intentions and implementation is expected to remain. Further, it reveals tendencies on the level of governance and thereby contributes to identifying the scope of ABIs. The study concludes that, for future development, it is necessary to define ABIs’ contributions to their initial aims and to reassess their legitimacy.

METHODS AND FORMS OF SELF-ORGANIZATION OF DIFFERENT AGE’S COMMUNITIES IN EVENT-BASED NETWORKS OF NON-FORMALIZED EDUCATION

Введение. Неформальное (или неформализованное) образование рассматривается сегодня как сфера услуг, направленная на удовлетворение потребностей населения. Вместе с тем обращается внимание на потенциал неформализованного образования отвечать на запросы общества в трансляции ценностных ориентаций, идеалов, способов и форм социальной деятельности и, по сути, влиять на трансформацию современного гражданского общества, динамику личности сограждан. Необходимо отметить, что нормативно-правовая база сферы неформализованного образования, достаточная для интенсивного развития и активной подготовки его субъектов, отсутствует. Для продвижения образовательной деятельности структур неформализованного образования необходим поиск способов и форм подготовки субъектов, способных выстраивать событийные образовательные сети. Цель – представить характеристику способов и форм самоорганизации разновозрастных сообществ, реализуемых в развивающихся событийных сетях с активным использованием практик сферы неформального образования (они трактуются в литературе как динамическая совокупность взаимосвязанных друг с другом педагогических событий). Материал и методы. Выявление на основе анализа отечественных и зарубежных исследований научных работ, результаты которых можно трактовать как способы разрешения проблем, обозначенных в данной разработке, методы моделирования, анализа и обобщения педагогического опыта, педагогические опросы, интервьюирование, включенное наблюдение, общественно инициированная и организованная экспертиза. Результаты и обсуждение. Обосновано: если речь идет об образовательном учреждении, где активно развиваются событийные практики сферы неформального образования, важно создать условия, чтобы (само)организация разновозрастной (прежде всего с участием детей и взрослых) общности стала приоритетным процессом в образовательной организации. Результативные формы самоорганизации разновозрастных сообществ, активно использующих практики сферы неформального образования: школьные общности неформального общения (клубы, музыкальные группы, проч.), семья (семейное образование и досуг); читательские клубы по интересам; религиозные сообщества прихожан; группы путешественников и участников экскурсионных маршрутов. Способы самоорганизации разновозрастных сообществ, активно использующих образовательные практики сферы неформального образования: игровая и проектная деятельность, самостоятельная групповая творческая деятельность, краудсорсинг, участие в социальных сетевых сообществах. Заключение. Деятельность разновозрастных сообществ в сфере неформального образования по созданию событийных образовательных сетей требует изменений в деятельности руководителей системы формализованного образования, в том числе в создании условий для детей и взрослых и соответствующим образом организованной территории для неформального приложения творческих сил и фантазии. Introduction. Non-formalized (the notion «non-formal» is often used) education is considered today as a service sector aimed at meeting the needs of the population. At the same time, attention is drawn to the ability of non-formalized education to respond to the needs of society in the translation of value orientations, ideals, methods and forms of social activity and, in fact, influence the transformation of society, the development of its citizens. At the same time, the scope of non-formalized education still has an insufficient regulatory framework for the intensive development and active preparation of its subjects. To promote the educational activities of non-formalized education structures, it is necessary to search for methods and forms of training for subjects capable of building event-based educational networks. The purpose of the article is to analyze the methods and forms of the (self)organization of different age’s communities in the development of event networks of non-formalized education. We are considering it as a dynamic set of interrelated pedagogical events). Material and methods. Analysis of domestic and foreign literature on the research problem, modeling, comparative analysis and generalization of pedagogical experience, opinion polls, interviewing, observation, public examination method. Results and discussion. It is justified: if it is an educational institution where event practices of non-formalized education are actively developing, it is important to make the (self)organization of different age’s adult-child communities as a dominant process. Effective forms of (self)organization of non-formalized education of differentaged communities: school informal communities (clubs, music groups, etc.), family (family education and leisure); hobby reader’s clubs; religious communities of parishioners, groups of travelers and participants of excursion routes. Methods of (self)organization of different age’s communities in the fields of non-formalized education: game and project activities, independent group creative activity, crowdsourcing, participation in social network communities. Conclusion. The activities of different age’s communities in the fields of non-formalized education in creating event-based educational networks require changes in the activities of the leaders of the formalized education system, including the creation of conditions for children and adults and an appropriately organized territory for the nonformalized application of creative forces and imagination.

Educational networks: a key driving force for school development in a time of crisis and change

This paper examines the rise of networking in education, paying particular attention to the recent recognition of their importance during the unprecedented challenges that have emerged for schools during the COVID-19 period. The paper begins with an overview of the development of network theory, exploring how the concept has been adopted across a series of disciplines as a mode of organisational and personal development. It is evidentiated that networks are goal driven, rely on good communication, are challenging and seek to provide a way for school communities to uncover and transmit the knowledge that helps them ensure effective teaching and learning. The paper subsequently examines how networking has been adapted for educational settings and has become increasingly seen as a potential answer to many of the challenges facing rapidly changing social and educational contexts. Most notably, networking has a significant impact in the field of organisational leadership. The understanding of leadership as a mode that sees power and authority distributed among school communities as a whole has at its heart an awareness of the necessity to network, communicate and dialogue within schools and, perhaps as importantly, between schools. The paper concludes with a brief introduction to the emerging discourse surrounding the potential of networks to re-imaging educational provision in a Covid-19 context.

Organising Academia Online

Research on organisational arrangements of scholarly networks in both e-learning and e-research is located at the intersection of different theoretical justifications and developmental contexts such as organisational theory, computer science, education science and media informatics. However, there is still a lack of research on the organisational context of e-learning arrangements and its impact on collaboration in academic communities. E-learning research shows that the integration of electronic media in scientific communities negatively impacts their effectiveness and causes conflicts within communities. Research networks however are far less investigated as there is not direct didactic focus on how to collaborate. Recent theories on organisational design, virtual organisations and governance provide concepts for organising e-collaboration more effectively. Managerial instruments such as direct control of results and behaviours need to be supplemented or even replaced by concepts of social control; typically trust and confidence become the central mechanisms for the new forms of inter- and intra-organisational coordination. This paper starts with concepts. Then, to exemplify the organisational coordination mechanisms in scholarly e-communities, the authors critically discuss and reflect on these organisational arrangements and managerial concepts for two higher education portals and one research network in Germany. The conclusion is that, just as previous research has confirmed for educational networks, governance within academic networks relies heavily on the functionality of social and communicative forms of control.