The effect of smoking degree on the incidents of cataracts

introduction: A cataract is a condition of the eye lens experiencing turbidity. It is the highest cause of blindness in the world. Smoking is one of the risk factors for cataracts. According to the Brinkman index, the degree of smoking is a multiplication between smoking time and the number of cigarettes consumed in a day. This study aims to analyze the influence of smoking degree on cataracts.

The relationship between smoking degree based on the Brinkman index with the neutrophil lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte platelet ratio and serum MPV/platelet values in healthy adult smokers

Smoking has been shown to increase systemic inflammation. Platelet lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and mean platelet volume (MPV) are indicators of increased platelet activation associated with venous thromboembolic events (VTE). We aim to determine the relationship between smoking degree based on the Brinkman index and the level of inflammation. An observational analytic study using a cross-sectional approach was conducted from October to December 2019 involving all adult smokers in the city of Denpasar, Bali, who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Correlation test was used to determine the relationship between smoking degrees and NLR, PLR, and MPV/platelets in the subject. It was found that the research subjects had an average age of 37.13 years. Brinkman Index (IB) obtained IB 25-1000 (average 275.5506), with the ratio of mild: moderate: severe degrees are 44:45:11 people. The serum NLR value was 0.09 to 4.49 (mean 1.6633), PLR value was 47.97 to 188.81 (mean 104.4154), and MPV/Plt value 0.02 to 0.08 (mean 0.03). The degree of smoking based on the Brinkman Index in 100 samples, consisting of 44% of light smokers, 45% of moderate smokers and 11% of heavy smokers. Heavy smokers have higher NLR and PLR and lower MPV/Plt. There was no significant relationship between smoking degrees and NLR, PLR, and MPV/Plt (P = 0.494: 0.557: 0.776). All smokers classified as normal nutritional status (22%) and overweight (78%). The Spearman test showed that there was a significant relationship between smoking age and smoking degree (P = 0.000), but none for nutritional status (BMI) and smoking degree (P = 0.155). Pearson correlation test showed that the age of the smoker have no relationship with the ratio of NLR, PLR and MPV/Platelet (P = 0.670: 0.878: 0.229). T-Test result showed no relationship between NLR and PLR with nutritional status (P = 0.074: 0.116). The Mann-Whitney test also showed no relationship between MPV/Plt and nutritional status (P = 0.498). In conclusion, the higher the degree of smoking based on the Brinkman index, the higher the NLR and PLR values. There was no significant relationship between smoking degrees based on the Brinkman Index and serum NLR, PLR, and MPV/Platelet in healthy adult smokers. Keywords: Smoking degrees, Brinkman index, neutrophil lymphocyte ratio, lymphocyte platelet ratio, serum MPV/platelet.

Gambaran Status, Derajat dan Profil Merokok serta Ketergantungan Nikotin pada Pasien Perokok yang Dirawat di Bangsal Paru RSUP DR. M. Djamil Padang

Smoking was still health major problem in the word that lead 7.1 million smoking related deaths annually. Prevalence smoking in Indonesia was fifth in the world. Based on Riskesdas in 2007 and 2010 showed an increase number of smokers from 29% - 34.7%. <strong>Methods: </strong>This is Descriptive-prospective study in 177 patients who were treated in pulmonary ward of Dr. M. Djamil Padang from November 2016 to January 31, 2017. Data were collected through interviews patients with closed questions and validated questioner. <strong>Results: </strong>This study found total 177 patients that consist of 128 (72.4%) males with an average age of 52.5 ± 15.57 SD years. History of smoking were 63 smokers (35.6%), 67 nonsmokers (37.8%) and former smokers 47 (26.5%). Smoker patients have been found most in bronchogenic carcinoma patients 24 (38%), with profile for stress 34 (54%), and the Brinkman index grade was severe. Former smokers were mostly in patients with pneumonia 11 (23.4%) and COPD 10 (21.2%). The nicotine dependence is low to moderate 13 (56.5%) in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma and low dependence 10 (53%) in TB patients. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Patients that were treated in the pulmonary ward more than third were smokers. The most common profile was for pleasure and nicotine dependence mostly low to moderate could give opportunity for educational intervention.

Effects of active smoking on postoperative outcomes in hospitalised patients undergoing elective surgery: a retrospective analysis of an administrative claims database in Japan

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking on prognosis after elective surgeries. Incidence of 30-day postoperative complications was compared between propensity score-matched ‘ever-smoker’ and ‘never-smoker’ cohorts. Thirty-day mortality and medical costs during the hospital stay were also compared.Design and settingA large-scale retrospective study using deidentified administrative claims data obtained from 372 acute care hospitals across Japan using the Diagnosis Procedure Combination system (ie, a flat-fee payment system).ParticipantsInpatients who were hospitalised to undergo elective surgery.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary endpoint of this study was incidence of 30-day postoperative complications. Secondary endpoints were 30-day mortality and total medical costs during hospitalisation. Comparison between ever-smokers and never-smokers was conducted using matched cohorts created by 1:1 propensity score matching.ResultsUsing 561 598 eligible patients, matched ever-smoker and never-smoker cohorts (n=1 55 593 each) were created. Ever-smokers were defined as patients with Brinkman Index ≥1. The percentage of patients who were male was 76.7%, and mean ages for ever-smokers and never-smokers were 65.1±13.8 years old and 66.4±15.3 years old, respectively. The Brinkman Index of the ever-smoker cohort was 677.6±553.4. Smoking was significantly associated with higher risk of 30-day postoperative complications compared with not smoking (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.17, p<0.001). Similarly, smoking was significantly associated with postoperative 30-day mortality, with OR of 1.22 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.39, p=0.002).ConclusionsOur results suggest that smoking could be associated with risk of poor postoperative outcomes. In particular, a history of smoking may increase the risk of 30-day postoperative complications as well as that of 30-day mortality. The results suggest that smoking might have a harmful effect on postoperative outcomes irrespective of types of surgery.

THE DESCRIPTION OF SMOKING DEGREE BASED ON BRINKMAN INDEX IN PATIENTS WITH LUNG CANCER

Background: Smoking is a major risk factor that causes lung cancer. The high number of active smokers in developing countries is found in several countries; one of those countries is Indonesia. Purpose: The purpose of the study was to describe the degree of smoking based on brinkman index on lung cancer patients. Methods: It was a descriptive study. It employed cross sectional research design. The population in this study included lung cancer patients in Outpatient and Inpatient Dr. Soetomo Regional Public Hospital, Surabaya. The independent variable in this study was the degree of smoking. Whereas, the dependent variable in this study was lung cancer. Accidental sampling was used as the sampling technique of the study. The total sample were 31 respondents. The instrument used for collecting data was questionnaire containing the risk factors of lung cancer in November 2018. The categorization of smoking degrees used the Brinkman Index measurement. Data were processed by univariate analysis which was presented in the form of a frequency distribution table between variables. Results: Almost all of the respondents were on the age of > 40 years (90.30%) and male (96.80%). The majority of respondents were senior high school graduates (38.70%), and had other jobs (32.20%). Almost half of the respondents were classified into heavy smoking degree according to the brinkman index (48.40%). Conclusions: Some of cancer patients in Dr. Soetomo Regional Public Hospital Surabaya has a smoking degree of heavy category.

Evaluation of the Associations between Gastric Tube Preparation Methods and the Incidence of Cervical Anastomotic Leakage after Esophagectomy for Thoracic Esophageal Cancer

Background: A gastric tube (GT) is most often selected as a reconstruction conduit in esophageal reconstruction. Although some leakage from esophagogastric anastomoses is induced by blood flow failure in reconstruction conduits, the association between the GT and the anastomotic leakage (AL) is unclear. Objectives: We retrospectively evaluated the incidence of AL according to the GT shape. Methods: Between February 2013 and September 2017, 188 consecutive patients who underwent esophagectomy with GT reconstruction were enrolled in this cohort study. We performed GT reconstruction using a narrow GT (Gr.N) until May 2016. Subsequently, we began preparing and using a stretched GT (Gr.S). Results: AL occurred in 29 of 188 (15.4%) patients. The frequency of AL was lower with Gr.S than with Gr.N (p = 0.034). Sex, body mass index, Brinkman index, hypertension, and anemia were significantly associated with AL (p = 0.033, 0.041, 0.003, 0.030, and 0.042, respectively). In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, the GT shape and the Brinkman index were shown to be independent risk factors for AL (p = 0.016 and 0.020, respectively). Conclusions: The GT preparation method is an independent risk factor for AL after cervical esophagogastrostomy. Thus, improved GT preparation methods could contribute to the reduction of AL after esophagectomy.

PS01.175: EVALUATION OF ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN GASTRIC TUBE PREPARATION METHODS AND THE INCIDENCE OF CERVICAL ANASTOMOTIC LEAKAGE AFTER ESOPHAGECTOMY FOR THORACIC ESOPHAGEAL CANCER

Background In esophageal reconstruction, the gastric tube (GT) is superior in elevation and handiness of the maneuver; therefore, GT is most often selected as a reconstruction conduit. Although some leakages from esophagogastric anastomoses are induced by ischemic or congested peripheral blood flow in the reconstruction conduits, the association between the GT and the incidence of anastomotic leakage (AL) is unclear. Methods Between February 2013 and September 2017, 188 consecutive patients who underwent an esophagectomy with GT reconstruction were enrolled in this cohort study. We performed GT reconstructions using narrow gastric tubes (Gr.N) until May 2016, which is when we began preparing and using stretched GTs (Gr.S). We retrospectively evaluated the incidence of AL. Results AL occurred in 29 of 188 (15.4%) patients, and the frequency of AL occurrence in Gr.S was lower than that in Gr.N (P = 0.034). Sex, body mass index, Brinkman index, and presence of hypertension or anemia were significantly associated with AL (P = 0.033, 0.041, 0.003, 0.030, and 0.042, respectively). The multivariate logistic regression analysis suggested that the type of GT used and the Brinkman index were independent risk factors for AL (P = 0.016 and 0.020, respectively). Conclusion Our results demonstrated that the difference in the GT preparation method was an independent risk factor for AL after cervical esophagogastrostomy. We suggest that the method of GT preparation could contribute to a reduction of AL after esophagectomy. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.

Preliminary analysis and assessment of breast cancer risk in Japanese women.

e13092 Background: No comprehensive breast cancer risk assessment model for Japanese women exists. Consequently, we have collected Japanese women’s data to investigate key BC risk factors with an objective of deriving a Japanese-women specific BC risk assessment model. Methods: We conducted a retrospective case-control study (paper-based with postal survey) at 15 institutions during 2014-2015. A survey was distributed to Japanese females aged 20-80 who had BC check-up. All pertinent data of a total of 34 factors including demographic and reproductive factors, social history and eating habits was collected. Cases and controls were divided into three groups respectively, premenopausal (PRE; 20 ≤ age < 45), perimenopausal (PERI; 45 ≤ age ≤ 55) and postmenopausal group (POST; 55 < age ≤ 80). Cases and control variables were compared by t-test, chi-square test and Wilcoxon rank sum test. Preliminary BC risk was calculated by logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 3975 female Japanese datasets were collected, of which 2494 were complete (all variables present) with 1401 controls and 1093 cases were used. There were 222 cases and 332 controls for PRE, 404 cases and 537 controls for PERI, and 467 and 532 controls for POST. The univariate analysis demonstrated that BMI was significantly higher in cases than in controls in all groups (P < 0.01) as was “number of deliveries” in PRE and POST (P < 0.001) and Brinkman index in PRE and PERI (p = 0.017). Multivariate analysis revealed that BC risk was positively associated with BMI (OR 1.080, 95% CI 1.017–1.148, p = 0.012) in PRE, BMI (OR 1.121, 95% CI 1.072–1.174, p < 0.01) and brinkman index (OR 1.000005, 95% CI 1.000002–1.000008, p < 0.01) in PERI, age (OR 1.054, 95% CI 1.028–1.081, p < 0.010), BMI (OR 1.153, 95% CI 1.076-1.171, p < 0.01) and family history (OR 1.497, 95% CI 1.103–2.033, p = 0.001) in POST, while negatively associated with regular exercise (OR 0.672, 95% CI 0.517–0.873, p = 0.003) in POST. Conclusions: BMI in all groups, in addition, the Brinkman index in PERI and age and family history in POST are BC risk factors. Exercise is a protective risk factor in POST. However, the preliminary results are incomplete and further analysis will be conducted before a full risk assessment model is proposed for Japanese women.

Hubungan Antara Derajat Merokok Aktif, Ringan, Sedang Dan Berat Dengan Kadar Saturasi Oksigen Dalam Darah (SpO2)

Degree Of Smoking, Oxygen Saturation, Cigarettes. Smoking is tobacco smoke inhalation activity detrimental to the health of the body that is addictive. Category degrees smoking in Brinkman index is divided into three types of categories: mild, moderate and severe. The more severe the degree of smoke someone then the higher the harmful substances that are inhaled by the body and will affect the value of the oxygen saturation in the blood. This study aimed to petition was to determine the relationship of the degree of smoking with oxygen saturation levels in the blood. The study was an observational study with a cross-sectional design. The sample in this study amounted to 90 people were taken through purposive sampling method, measurement in research using measuring devices such as Brinkman index to measure the degree of smoking while using oxygen saturation value measurement tools oximetry measuring pulse. From the results of the test to get the correlative Somers'd p <0.05 on the relationship between the degree of smoking with oxygen saturation values. There is a relationship between the degree of smoking with oxygen saturation levels in the blood.

Hubungan Derajat Merokok Berdasarkan Indeks Brinkman dengan Kadar Hemoglobin

AbstrakSalah satu zat yang terdapat dalam asap rokok adalah karbon monoksida yang sangat mudah berikatan dengan hemoglobin, sehingga tubuh mengalami hipoksia dan berusaha meningkatkan kadar hemoglobin. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan hubungan derajat merokok berdasarkan Indeks Brinkman dengan kadar hemoglobin. Desain penelitian ini adalah cross-sectional study yang dilakukan terhadap pendonor darah di Palang Merah Indonesia cabang Padang. Jumlah subjek sebanyak 65 orang yang diambil secara accidental sampling dengan kriteria inklusi adalah perokok dan berjenis kelamin laki-laki. Data derajat merokok diperoleh melalui wawancara dan kadar hemoglobin diperiksa dengan menggunakan metode sianomethemoglobin. Hubungan antara derajat merokok dengan kadar hemoglobin digunakan uji statistik Anova, dengan nilai p<0,05. Hasil penelitian diperoleh rerata lama merokok responden 19,65 ± 10,95 tahun dan jumlah rokok yang dihisap perhari 19,28 ± 11,88 batang. Derajat perokok terbanyak adalah perokok ringan sebanyak 27 orang (41,5%). Rerata kadar hemoglobin responden adalah 15,47±1,41 gr/dl. Kesimpulan hasil studi ini ialah tidak didapatkan hubungan antara derajat merokok berdasarkan Indeks Brinkman dengan kadar hemoglobin.Kata kunci: derajat merokok, indeks Brinkman, kadar hemoglobin AbstractOne of the substances contained in cigarette smoke is carbon monoxide which is very easy to bind on hemoglobin, so the body gets hypoxia and strive to increase the levels hemoglobin. The objetive of this study was to determine the relationship between the degree of smoking based of Brinkman Index and hemoglobin levels.The design of this research was cross sectional study. Population were blood donors in Indonesian Red Cross Padang. The total samples of 65 people taken by accidental sampling with inclusion criteria was smoker and a male. The data degree of smoking got by interview and hemoglobin levels checked by using cyanmethemoglobin method. The relationship between the degree of smoking and hemoglobin levels used Anova statistical test, with p value <0.05.The result show that average smoking duration is 19.65 ± 10.95 years and the average of cigarrete that they smoke in a day was 19.28 ± 11.88 stems. Highest degree was mild smokers by 27 people (41.5%). The mean hemoglobin level was 15.47±1.41 gr/dl. The conclusion is no relationship between the degree of smoking by Brinkman Index and hemoglobin levels.Keywords: degree of smoking, Brinkman index, hemoglobin levels