barley husk
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetlana Butylina ◽  
Krista Koljonen ◽  
Salla Hiltunen ◽  
Katri Laatikainen

Abstract Valorisation of bio-based materials derived from agricultural and industrial side-streams or waste-streams is a basis of circular economy. However, the success of it depends on the full understanding of materials and finding their optimal way of processing. Barley husk is a side-stream waste material derived from the starch and ethanol production. This study is focused on the processability of the arabinoxylan extracted from barley husk using the electrospinning technique to produce thin xylan-poly(vinyl alcohol) fibers. As a comparison, lignin-free xylan of beech wood was used. The properties of spinning solutions and resulting nanofibrous mats were assessed by using rheological measurements, FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and contact angle measurements. It was found that solubility plays a crucial role in the spinnability of xylan extracts. Decrease in viscosity of arabinoxylan achieved by decreasing its concentration was found to improve the jet stability but at the same time, to reduce the diameter of spun fibre. Hydrophilicity of nanofibrous mats were strongly affected by the type of xylan and solvent used.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aanchal Mittal ◽  
Sangeeta Garg ◽  
Shailendra Bajpai

Abstract The main objective of this study is the preparation of poly (vinyl alcohol) PVA/starch based composite films reinforced with barley husk and grafted barley husk (prepared using lauric acid, palmitic acid and arachidic acid) for packaging applications and assessment of their biodegradability. The biodegradability test of the films was performed by measuring weight loss of the films after degradation in soil under natural environmental conditions and by measuring evolved carbon dioxide (CO2) during degradation under aqueous aerobic environment containing activated sludge. Physico-chemical variation in the films after degradation were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The composite films containing barley husk showed highest degradation in soil (70 % after 180 days) as well as in aqueous aerobic medium (58.83 % after 30 days). The results of scanning electron microscopy showed the formation of cracks and holes over the surface of the composite films after degradation. The degradation of the films occurred inside the composite films, not only on their surface. The incorporation of starch and barley husk in PVA matrix enhanced the degradation rate of films.


2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. e0009533
Author(s):  
Rinez Thapa ◽  
Subhasish Mondal ◽  
Joakim Riikonen ◽  
Jimi Rantanen ◽  
Simo Näkki ◽  
...  

Visceral leishmaniasis is a vector-borne protozoan infection that is fatal if untreated. There is no vaccination against the disease, and the current chemotherapeutic agents are ineffective due to increased resistance and severe side effects. Buparvaquone is a potential drug against the leishmaniases, but it is highly hydrophobic resulting in poor bioavailability and low therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we loaded the drug into silicon nanoparticles produced from barley husk, which is an agricultural residue and widely available. The buparvaquone-loaded nanoparticles were several times more selective to kill the intracellular parasites being non-toxic to macrophages compared to the pure buparvaquone and other conventionally used anti-leishmanial agents. Furthermore, the in vivo results revealed that the intraperitoneally injected buparvaquone-loaded nanoparticles suppressed the parasite burden close to 100%. By contrast, pure buparvaquone suppressed the burden only by 50% with corresponding doses. As the conclusion, the biogenic silicon nanoparticles are promising carriers to significantly improve the therapeutic efficacy and selectivity of buparvaquone against resistant visceral leishmaniasis opening a new avenue for low-cost treatment against this neglected tropical disease threatening especially the poor people in developing nations.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn R. Grant ◽  
Maree Brennan ◽  
Stephen P. Hoad

This paper explores the links between genotype, plant development, plant structure and plant material properties. The barley husk has two organs, the lemma and the palea, which protect the grain. When the husk is exposed to mechanical stress, such as during harvesting, it can be damaged or detached. This is known as grain skinning, which is detrimental to grain quality and has a significant economic impact on industry. This study focused on the lemma, the husk organ which is most susceptible to grain skinning. This study tested three hypotheses: (1) genotype and plant development determine lemma structure, (2) lemma structure influences the material properties of the lemma, and (3) the material properties of the lemma determine grain skinning risk. The effect of genotype was investigated by using plant material from four malting barley varieties: two with a high risk of grain skinning, two with a low risk. Plant material was assessed at two stages of plant development (anthesis, GS 65; grain filling, GS 77). Structure was assessed using light microscopy to measure three physiological features: thickness, vasculature and cell area. Material properties were approximated using a controlled impact assay and by analyzing fragmentation behavior. Genotype had a significant effect on lemma structure and material properties from anthesis. This indicates that differences between genotypes were established during floral development. The lemma was significantly thinner in high risk genotypes, compared to low risk genotypes. Consequently, in high risk genotypes, the lemma was significantly more likely to fragment. This indicates a relationship between reduced lemma thickness and increased fragmentation. Traditionally, a thin husk has been considered beneficial for malting quality, due to an association with malt extract. However, this study finds a thin lemma is less resistant to mechanical stress. This may explain the differences in grain skinning risk in the genotypes studied.


2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 10646
Author(s):  
Evidence Akhayere ◽  
Ashok Vaseashta ◽  
Doga Kavaz

Water contamination by petroleum and its byproducts presents a major challenge worldwide. It is critical that sustainable treatment methods be employed for the removal of such contaminants from polluted water. For this investigation, magnetic nano silica (M-NS) was synthesized using agricultural waste from barley husk using a two-step process that is environmentally friendly and uses green chemistry synthesis. The barley husk waste was used as a precursor for the synthesis of nano-silica following a low energy and sustainable method of acid reflux and heat treatment. Nano-silica was then used for the synthesis of M-NS, with the addition of a magnetic solution of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The magnetic nano-silica particles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Zeta potential analysis (ZETA) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Magnetic nano-silica particles were observed to have an average diameter of 162 nm and appeared to be hydrophobic, with a large surface area of ~120 m2/gm. Due to these characteristics, magnetic nano-silica was used as an adsorbent for the removal of petrol contaminants from water. The experimental procedure showed that only 0.6 gm. of M-NS was used on 40 mg/L concentration of petroleum and the experiments recorded a high uptake efficiency of 85%. The sorption was shown to be an effective process since a high amount of petroleum was removed. The study further demonstrates that as the amount of sorbent is increased, the sorption capacity also increases until an equilibrium is reached. The results of this study establish that synthesis of M-NS, using environmentally sustainable processes, has the required characteristics to serve as sorbent for petroleum and its byproducts from contaminated water, thus enhancing environmental sustainability.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parveen Kumar Deralia ◽  
Amit Kumar Sonker ◽  
Anja Lund ◽  
Anette Larsson ◽  
Anna Ström ◽  
...  

<div><div><div><p>Valorization of argi-waste polymers into value-added materials is essential for sustainable development of polymeric industry. Reported herein is a 1-step and 2-step strategy for fabrication of flexible and stretchable thermoplastics prepared by compression molding from two structurally different arabinoxylans (AX). The synthesis was accomplished using n-butyl glycidyl ether whose epoxide ring opened on hydroxyl group and resulted in introduction of alkoxide sidechains for the 1-step synthesis. AX was preactivated by periodate oxidation as 1st step for the 2-step synthesis. Two structurally different AXs, i.e. wheat bran extracted arabinoxylan (AXWB, araf/xylp=3/4) and barley husk extracted arabinoxylan (AXBH, araf/xylp=1/4) were used to understand the effects of the araf/xylp on thermoplastic properties because melt processability has been rare for low araf/xylp AXs. AXBH-derived samples demonstrated melt compression processability. AXWB and AXBH derived thermoplastics featured dual and single glass transition (Tg) characteristics respectively as confirmed by DSC and DMA, but AXBH derived thermoplastics had lower stretchability (maximum 160%) compared to AXWB samples (maximum 300 %). Higher araf/xylp and thus in turn longer alkoxide side chains in AXWB derived thermoplastics explained differences in stretchability.</p></div></div></div>


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Parveen Kumar Deralia ◽  
Amit Kumar Sonker ◽  
Anja Lund ◽  
Anette Larsson ◽  
Anna Ström ◽  
...  

<div><div><div><p>Valorization of argi-waste polymers into value-added materials is essential for sustainable development of polymeric industry. Reported herein is a 1-step and 2-step strategy for fabrication of flexible and stretchable thermoplastics prepared by compression molding from two structurally different arabinoxylans (AX). The synthesis was accomplished using n-butyl glycidyl ether whose epoxide ring opened on hydroxyl group and resulted in introduction of alkoxide sidechains for the 1-step synthesis. AX was preactivated by periodate oxidation as 1st step for the 2-step synthesis. Two structurally different AXs, i.e. wheat bran extracted arabinoxylan (AXWB, araf/xylp=3/4) and barley husk extracted arabinoxylan (AXBH, araf/xylp=1/4) were used to understand the effects of the araf/xylp on thermoplastic properties because melt processability has been rare for low araf/xylp AXs. AXBH-derived samples demonstrated melt compression processability. AXWB and AXBH derived thermoplastics featured dual and single glass transition (Tg) characteristics respectively as confirmed by DSC and DMA, but AXBH derived thermoplastics had lower stretchability (maximum 160%) compared to AXWB samples (maximum 300 %). Higher araf/xylp and thus in turn longer alkoxide side chains in AXWB derived thermoplastics explained differences in stretchability.</p></div></div></div>


2020 ◽  
Vol 245 ◽  
pp. 122736
Author(s):  
Nathiya Kalidas ◽  
Joakim Riikonen ◽  
Wujun Xu ◽  
Katja Lahtinen ◽  
Tanja Kallio ◽  
...  

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 51-57
Author(s):  
Ram Jeewan Yadav ◽  
Ganga Shrestha

Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs) as hydrogels are super-soaker organic materials - Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) which swells in water to form a clear gel. These are different from conventional absorbent sponge in which water can be wrung out easily; the SAPs' hydrate gel particle retains the absorbed water even under pressure. This unique ability to hold absorbed water, even against pressure, is the primary benefit of using SAPs. Such SAPs have created a very attractive area in the viewpoint of super-swelling behaviour, chemistry, and designing the variety of final applications. Besides various applications, the most volume of SAPs world production (106 tons/year) is yet consumed in hygienic uses, i.e., disposable diapers (as baby or adult diapers, feminine napkins, etc.). Agro wastes like Barley husk can be a very potential resource to obtain CMC or SAPs. This paper discusses extraction of α-cellulose followed by carboxy-methylation process to get CMC from barley husk. Absorbency tests of the CMC were performed by tea bag method and all the samples were characterized by FTIR.


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