Nutūl as an effective and time tested regimenal modality in Unani system of medicine: An Overview

Ilāj bit tadbīr is one of the treatment plans in the Unani system of medicine which includes the modification in asbāb-i-sitta zarooriya (six essential factors) through certain interventions. Nutūl or irrigation is a classical and effective method in regimenal therapy which refers to pouring or dripping of liquid slowly and steadily over the body part from a pre-fixed height. The benefits achieved are an amalgamation of neurological effect, psychological effect and pharmacological actions of the procedure and the drugs used. For this purpose, usually water, oil or medicated decoction is poured from a height over specific sites of body in certain diseases. Therapeutically, nutūl is effective in various ways such as dispersing the causative morbid matter from the part, normalizing the mal-temperament, relieving pain, increasing the circulation, etc. It is specifically useful as an adjuvant treatment in the management of central nervous system disorders like headache, insomnia, migraine, amnesia, melancholia, vertigo, epilepsy and also in certain other disorders like cystitis, mastitis, arthralgia, etc. These therapeutic effects are expected due to the kafiyat (quality) of liquid and the constituents of the formulation used in the procedure. Nutūl has an analgesic effect also, hence, recommended in several Musculoskeletal problems such as waja-ul-mafasil (osteoarthritis), waja-uz-zahr (low backache), waja-ul-azlat (myalgia), irq-un-nasa (sciatica), etc. The exact mechanism of action of Nutūl therapy is still not known but few preliminary reports suggested that it has an anxiolytic effect through decreasing the plasma noradrenaline and urinary serotonin excretion, decrease in rate of breathing, reduction in diastolic blood pressure and heart rate with lowered sympathetic tone. Keywords: Taḥlīl; Kafiyat; Mizāj; Tadbīr; Joshānda

Neurological Effect and Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19 in Elderly Population

Background: Currently there is a new world health crisis which is urgent due to the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus. The elderly can be presented as a group of patients at high risk for developing covid-19 with progressive and rapid clinical deterioration including neurological manifestations. Many reports have emerged showing that SARS-CoV-2 infection has an impact on neurological function, and even causes serious neurological damage. Purposes: to investigate the possible correlation between aging process to the severity of neurological deterioration experienced in COVID-19 infection specifically by elderly people. Methods: literature searching was conducted through PubMed, MedLine and Embase. Results: Regardless of age, the infection of SARS-CoV-2 to both central and peripheral nervous system could lead into a range of neurological deteriorations, in which also ranging in forms and severity. Conclusion: In elderly patients, despite of comorbidities, the natural degeneration process is likely being a risk factor of more severe neurological symptoms of Covid-19 infection.

The coronavirus family neurological effects: A literature review

All the lethal coronaviruses like the middle east respiratory syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, or the new coronavirus have showed similar and non-similar effects on the central nerves system. The aim of this paper is to summarize the published findings as neurological effects of the most dangerous three viruses in the coronavirus family and to find the common neuropathological patterns among the three viruses. Keywords: Brain; MERS-CoV; SARS-CoV; SARS-CoV-2; Neurological effect; Coronavirus

Neurotoxicity evaluation of meloxicam in the alternative in vivo model, Caenorhabditis elegans

Inflammatory processes cause changes in the permeability of the blood brain barrier. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) are most commonly used to treat these inflammatory processes, including meloxicam, and they can reach the central nervous system (CNS) and cause neurotoxicity. Since there are no studies evaluating the neurotoxicity of NSAID in alternative models of toxicity, the aim of this study was to evaluate the acute neurotoxicity (through nematodes changes in behavior) of meloxicam in an alternative in vivo model, Caenorhabditis elegans, as well as, to determine meloxicam toxicity through LD50 and development assessments. Meloxicam LD50 was high (50.03 mg/mL) and only the highest dose (100 mg/mL) caused a decrease in the nematode body size, indicating low toxicity in this alternative model. Besides, a neurological effect was observed only in the highest dose. Meloxicam showed neurotoxicity only at a very high dose, suggesting low potential to cause toxicity in the CNS. However, further studies are necessary to evaluate meloxicam neurotoxicity.

EXAMINING THE VISUAL EFFECT OF TRYPOPHOBIC REPETITIVE PATTERN IN CONTEMPORARY URBAN ENVIRONMENTS: BAHRAIN AS A CASE FOR MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES

New building materials and design technologies such as design parameterisation allow for the creation of unusual architectural elements composed of spatially repetitive patterns. Images with specific spatial properties, as from repetitive patterns, may cause psychological and physiological reactions, in some cases leading to severe discomfort, headaches or seizures. Clusters of roughly circular shapes, often hollow, are also known to create reactions such as sickness and vomiting in certain individuals. The phenomenon is known as trypophobia. Because trypophobia has only recently been described and is not widely recognised, we undertook a survey of the public reaction to trypophobic images, as well as to patterns that are known to have a neurological effect, viz. patterns of stripes. The study investigates whether the two types of pattern are similarly aversive and examines the extent of the aversion to find out whether trypophobia needs to be considered when designing buildings. We showed a variety of images to 405 members of the public to gauge their reaction. In some instances, the reaction was profound: one person vomited. The findings suggest that reactions to stimuli in the built environment are significant enough to provoke a debate on the role of visual discomfort in architecture and sustainable urbanism. It seems important to further investigate the properties of architectural shapes that induce discomfort so as to avoid a public health concern in contemporary urban environments.

Anaesthesia for a patient with Wilson's Disease: A case report

Wilson’s disease (WD), also known as hepatolenticular degeneration, is an autosomal recessive disorder and is due toreduction in the synthesis of copper transporter protein, Ceruloplasmin. Due to ceruloplasmin defi ciency, there is failureof excretion of copper in bile and it accumulates in body tissues leading to major hepatic and neurological involvement.Hepatic involvement after excess copper deposition leads to chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, which may altermetabolism and excretion of anaesthetic agents. The neurological effect is a movement disorder, with abnormalitiesof speech, tremor, incontinence (lack of self control) and dystonia being common features. In spite of many knownanaesthetic problems, there are very few reports of General Anaesthesia and Regional Anaesthesia in these patients, sowe report a case of Wilson`s Disease with anaesthetic management.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkmc.v2i1.10552Journal of Kathmandu Medical College, Vol. 2, No. 1, Issue 3, Jan.-Mar., 2013, page: 31-32

Kontroversi Pencabutan Gigi Permanen Muda Pada Perawatan Ortodonsi

Permanent tooth extraction in the children and teenager patients, eitherdue to of tooth decay or esthetical orthodontic reason, will have directeffect to central nervous system and disturb the growth anddevelopment process of the children and teenager patient's tooth andjaw and indirect effect in closing of the opportunities of the patiententering some vital job, like army cadet, pilot and stewardess. Ifextraction is based on orthodontic analyses, there are at least 3 : newproblems will arise, namely neurological effect to central nervoussystem, non-optimal occlusion and disturbance on growth anddevelopment process of the patient tooth and jaw, and there is a legalproblem if some day the patient realize that they lost their vitalopportunity due to of irrational intervention to their tooth. Are theworldwide orthodontists theory will safe us from the claim of IndonesianAct No. 23 Year 2002 and Act No. 29 Year 2005? This paper aim torealize dentist that the old orthodontic theory is not always true at alltime; society, either physically or economically lost some intact tooth,due to of unrevised theory; and to warrant the dentist that permanenttooth extraction is an illegal intervention in conjunction with the Acts,because dentists do not protect the existence of the intact tooth. Thereare some preventive measures alternative to safe the children andteenager intact tooth, started from oral health for all, optimalization ofspace-maintaining and regaining concept, i and better understandingabout orthodontic myofunctional theory.

Neurosensory effects of chronic exposure to arsenic via drinking water in Inner Mongolia: I. signs, symptoms and pinprick testing

This study was designed to assess the effects of exposure to arsenic in drinking water on neurosensory function. A questionnaire including neurological signs and symptoms and a brief neurological exam consisting of pinprick testing of the arms and legs and knee-jerk test were administered to 321 residents of the Bamen region of Inner Mongolia, China. Arsenic in water was measured by hydride generation atomic fluorescence. Participants were divided into three exposure groups—low (non-detectible-20), medium (100–300) and high (400–700 μg/l) arsenic. Significant group differences were observed in pinprick scores for all four limbs. Results indicate that arsenic alters pinprick (pain) thresholds at well-water concentrations as low as 400 μg/l, well below the 1000 μg/l threshold for neurological effect specified by NRC (1999). Regression models suggest that a 50% increase in pinprick score is associated with a 71–159 ppb increase in arsenic concentration.