Polish Pedagogy in the Early 20th Century: The Emergence of the Concept of Children’s Rights

This article presents an analysis and interpretation of sources and secondary materials collected during research on social pedagogy being a source of ideas for the contemporary concept of children’s rights. Polish social pedagogy in its historic heritage, grounded in the ideas and writings of the first Polish pedagogues, of the 1920s and 1930s as well as in specific theoretical and institutional measures that served the practice of social support, help and care, was guided by the notion of the protection of human rights. This particularly referred to the rights of the child threatened by poverty, exclusion, social inadequacy; the child who was hungry, abandoned, orphaned and in urgent need of support. The article discusses the source of the concept of children’s rights found in the achievements of Polish social pedagogues, and their implications for the evolution of theory and practice in protection of the children’s rights. The central focus of these considerations is the category of law as an important element of the human educational environment during childhood.

Psychological Adaptation among Students with Learning Disabilities in English from the Perspective of Their Teachers in Light of the Corona Pandemic

The study identified the level of psychological adaptation of students with learning disabilities in English from their teachers’ perspectives. The study aims to achieve results to develop treatment programs for children with learning disabilities in English to help them move away from shyness, fear, and symptoms of social inadequacy in general and psychological adaptation in particular. It can also have a preventive value represented in discovering and assisting children who suffer from psychological maladaptation. The descriptive approach was used in this study and a questionnaire was developed as an instrument. Its validity and reliability were ensured and then applied to as ample of 30 teachers from Irbid city, Jordan, for the academic year 2019/2020. The results of the study indicated that there were statistically significant differences in the level of psychological adaptation among those with LDs in English from the point of view of their teachers. There were differences according to the gender variable in favor of females. In light of the results, the study recommends conducting scientific studies on psychological adaptation with variables other than the variables used in the research.

Judicial Judgments and Non-Privative Measures of Freedom: Legal Criteria and Social Impacts

This paper focuses on the main lines of action that guide the debate between social and legal issues in the attribution of non-custodial penalties. The emphasis is specifically placed on the vulnerability to social exclusion and how to categorize offenders. This begins from the premise that certain stigmatizing attributes and relationships put the person in a position of fragility that conditions them to live their citizenship to the full. It is well known that the social rules and laws instituted at national level exist to condition and establish limits among citizens in order to promote healthy coexistence and non-compliance, which is punishable by law. Infractions are based on the social inadequacy or pathological disability of some citizens. The existence of social control mechanisms is felt by a large part of the community as a means of security and an advantage in guaranteeing the stability and sustainability of the social structure and organization. In this context, the judicial sentences with penalties and non-custodial measures are in force in the legal system with the principle of deterring offenders and reducing the contagion of experiences in the prison context. The judicial penalties, which initially were seen as merely having a compensatory function to the evil of crime, are answered with the evil of the penalties. This evolved to the current conception, and the purposes that should guide the application of the penalties are exclusive, preventive, general, and special. This change in perspective happens because the socialization of the agent assumes a preponderant role today in determining the judicial sentence (private or non-custodial sentences) to be applied in order to contribute to its regeneration, re-education, re-socialization or social reintegration. From the data collected, in the latest reports prepared in Portugal by the Directorate-General for Rehabilitation and Prison Services and by the Statistics Services of Justice, it is clearly seen that there has been a concern by judges/magistrates to articulate with these and other community structures to collect social information and social reports. This is done so that the penalties are attributed fairly, in order to take into account the regenerative character and to promote the social and professional reintegration of the offenders.

Loneliness of the Blind and the Visually Impaired

Loneliness has been termed a social epidemic, especially when experienced by people with disabilities. In order to better understand how loneliness is experienced in vulnerable populations, the present study compared the qualitative dimensions of loneliness of the blind and visually impaired with the general population not on the frequency or intensity of their loneliness, but on its qualitative aspects. One hundred and eighty-seven participants responded to a questionnaire which measured the qualitative aspects of loneliness on five subscales: Emotional distress, social inadequacy, Growth and discovery, social isolation, and emotional alienation. Results indicated that as expected, the two populations differed significantly in their scores on four of the five subscales (except emotional alienation), but in the opposite direction of what was expected. That may indicate that the visually impaired person’s ability to transcend their blindness, and connect with those around them, and the larger society, in different—and not necessarily less meaningful-manner than the seeing general population. As expected, the visually impaired scored significantly higher than the general population on the Growth and development subscale.

Confessions and Aftermath

In Chapter 9, Indians speak out. First, we hear from the mamlatdars who overcame pre-trial intimidation and bravely promised to testify against Crawford. They did this less from loyalty to the British rule and more from a sense of duty. Then come the protests of the mamlatdar victims against the drive to fire Indian staff who confessed to paying bribe, irrespective of the pressures that forced them to stop resisting and to pay. Their writings demonstrate the strong sense of wrong they felt and the social inadequacy of the payments that the government offered them for breaking its promise of immunity. The final Indian voices come from voluntary associations in the Bombay Presidency, including ad hoc public meetings in rural towns where the populace requested the government to honour its promise of immunity.

DEPENDÊNCIA DA INTERNET: SINAL DE SOLIDÃO E INADEQUAÇÃO SOCIAL?

Resumo: Este artigo objetiva caracterizar prováveis motivos e apontar algumas consequências da utilização exagerada da internet como veículo de agenciamento das subjetividades na atual cultura. Procura mostrar como as relações interpessoais e as formas de interagir se modificaram com o advento das tecnologias digitais, transformando de forma significativa a expressão das individualidades; como um sentimento de inadequação social pode facilmente levar à procura de uma forma de socialização mais fácil, através do espaço virtual, arcando, porém, com o risco de tornar o sujeito dependente das redes sociais. Reflete acerca da motivação que leva à superexposição dos sujeitos no cenário contemporâneo e as mudanças que tais comportamentos ocasionam nos relacionamentos sociais e afetivos.Palavras-chave: Internet. Solidão. Relacionamento. Psicanálise.Abstract: This article aims to characterize likely reasons and point out some consequences of excessive use of the internet as a vehicle for brokering of subjectivities in the current culture. It seeks to show how the interpersonal relations and ways to interact have changed with the advent of digital technologies, alteringconsiderably the expression of individuality; as a feeling of social inadequacy can easily lead to the search for a form of socializing easier, through the virtual space, bearing, however, with the risk of becoming dependent on the social networks. It reflects about the motivation that leads to the overexposure of the subjects in the contemporary setting and the modifications that these behaviors cause in social and affective relationships.Keywords: Internet. Loneliness. Relationship. Psychoanalysis.

Illiteracy among Caregivers: Implications for Children's Educational and Social Development

The ability of primary caregivers to provide a healthy, nurturing and stimulating environment for their children is essential for children’s educational advancement and emotional development. However, caregivers who live in the rural areas in South Africa face many challenges, ranging from acute poverty and limited education and skills to feelings of social inadequacy and marginalisation. These factors directly and indirectly affect their ability to care for children and thus these children’s educational progress and future economic and social prospects. This article describes the experiences of illiterate caregivers in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, in attempting (or otherwise) to assist the children in their care with their schoolwork. An exploratory study was conducted in the village of Ku Jonga in the Eastern Cape’s rural Coffee Bay, which used focus groups comprising caregivers and teachers. Among the findings was that many children’s lack of educational advancement in the school system has complex origins, but that the illiteracy of their primary caregivers (which results in their inability to help with schoolwork or to provide the motivation or environment for learning) is a leading cause. A key conclusion was that caregivers, teachers and external stakeholders (for example the government and civil organisations) need to work together to arrive at a common understanding of the specific problems and priorities of rural communities, particularly with regard to education, and to introduce practical initiatives to help these communities become more motivated, productive and self-sustaining.

Struktura iskustva usamljenosti - mjerene upitnikom A. Rokach

An investigation was carried out on 484 subjects aged 16-90 years. The sample consisted of 261 women and 223 men. The aim of the investigation was to examine the structure of loneliness experience, as well as age and gender differences. A. Rokach’s questionnaire “Experience of Loneliness” was used. That part of the questionnaire (68 items) which assesses the negative aspects of loneliness was analysed with principal factor analysis. Five factors were extracted which were named as: Emotional Distress, Interpersonal Isolation, Exclusion, Social Inadequacy and Physical Manifestations. Higher order factor analysis extracted just one factor - Experience of Loneliness. The theoretical expectation that the Experience of loneliness includes emotional, social, behavioural, cognitive and physical dimensions was confirmed. There were no age differences in Emotional Distress. Younger subjects (19 to 24 years old) have higher results on Interpersonal Isolation, Exclusion and Social Inadequacy, while older subjects (65 to 90 years old) have higher results on the factor of Physical Manifestations. Gender differences are present in all five factors indicating that women are more lonely. The resu Ils are interpreted in relation to developmental theories (Erikson, Levinson). It is indicated that the results could be potentially used especially in clinical work with younger subjects.

Uzroci usamljenosti

Researchers have been primarily oriented on the experience of loneliness and very little attention has been given to the causes of loneliness. This investigation was conducted with the part of the A. Rokach’s questionnaire “Experiences of loneliness” which is related to the causes of loneliness. A questionnaire was administered to 484 subjects aged 16-90 years. The sample consisted of 261 woman and 223 man. The aim was to examine the structure of causes of loneliness, as well as age and gender differences. Principal factor analysis was used, and seven interpretable factors were extracted. These factors were named as: Replacement, Disrupted intimate relationships, Loss, Disrupted relationships in parent’s family, Emotional and social inadequacy, Traumatic experiences, and Disrupted relationships in own family. A series of one way analysis of variance showed that there are no age differences only in the factors named Emotional and social inadequacy and Traumatic experiences. Factors named Replacement, Disrupted intimate relationships, Emotional and social inadequacy, and Disrupted relationships in own family are more significant as causes of loneliness for women. It might be possible that the life situation of older people (widowhood, loss of well known environment) makes older people more vulnerable to loneliness, as well as that developmental changes have more significant impact on adolescents. Men attribute causes of their loneliness to uncontrollable experiences, while women attribute causes of their loneliness to their own behaviour, to their relationships and to their own characterological shortages.

The Architectural Object as a Sociospatial System

Concerns with the social inadequacy of architecture and the movement towards user-centred design call for new perspectives and architectural visions that can help alleviate usability problems and make buildings more user-friendly and accommodating in supporting user operations. Accordingly, this study proposes the concept of the sociospatial system. This conceptualization is based on premises of the systems approach and a social science interpretation of the problem. We provide a foundation for relating spatial-material objects and sociocultural phenomena, for homogenizing different discipline perspectives, and for developing relational descriptions of the systems components. This allows the built environment to be represented in terms of the sociocultural organism that it accommodates. The elastic concept of the sociospatial system described herein can be used as a holistic framework for the study of sociospatial interactions; including facilities programming and design, where this way of thinking can facilitate a holistic interpretation of a wide array of considerations.