Biological Activity of Aromatic Compounds from Clove (Syzygium aromaticum)

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) is most vital spice which has been utilized for food preservative and also as a remedial plant over centuries. It is local plant of Indonesia however these days it is used in numerous parts of the world including Brazil in the province of Bahia. This plant is one of the plentiful sources of phenolic compounds and bears enormous capacity for pharmaceutical, makeup and foodstuff. This analysis includes studies coverage biological activity of eugenol and clove. The antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of clove are higher than numerous of the fruits and vegetables and it ought to have extraordinary consideration. The diverse studies mentioned in this review prove the long-established use of clove in food preservation and also as a remedial plant.

Extraction of Chitosan From Fish Scale for Food Preservation and Shelf-Life Enhancer

With the growing demand for chitosan in a variety of applications and the drawbacks associated with crustacean shell-based chitosan, there is a need to look for alternative sources of chitosan extraction and production. Chitosan was extracted from the scales of red snapper ( Lutjanus johnii ) in this study. It was discovered that the concentration of solvent (HCl and NaOH) and temperature at various stages of the extraction process influenced the yield of extracted fish scale chitosan. The characterization result revealed that the commercial crustacean-based chitosan and the extracted fish scale chitosan had similar Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra, indicating that the two had similar functional groups. The degree of deacetylation (DDA) of the extracted fish scale chitosan was determined to be 76.9%, with the ash value, loss on drying, and solubility being 1.28%, 3.62%, and 88.8%, respectively. The extracted and commercialised chitosan were found to be similar in all characterization results. The potential of fish scale chitosan as a food preservative and shelf-life enhancer was then investigated in this study. Strawberries coated with chitosan were stored at various temperatures, and their physical appearance and moisture loss were recorded. When used in conjunction with traditional preservation techniques such as storage in a cool environment, fish scale chitosan was found to be capable of preventing up to 50% moisture loss in strawberries.

Synergistic antibacterial effects of carvacrol and ε-polylysine

This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of the combination of ɛ-polylysine (ɛ-PL) and carvacrol (Car) against foodborne pathogens, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ɛ-PL (Car) against E. coli and S. aureus were 25 μg/mL (320 μg/mL) and 12.5 μg/mL (320 μg/ mL), respectively. Checkerboard assays showed that the combination of ɛ-PL and Car exerted synergistic effects against E. coli and S. aureus with fraction inhibitory concentration index (FICI) of 0.375 and 0.5, respectively. It demonstrated that the combination of ɛ-PL and Car significantly inhibited the growth of the two strains com-pared to single treatment. Furthermore, the mode of action of ɛ-PL (6.25 μg/mL) or Car (80 μg/mL) in inhibiting E. coli and S. aureus was researched by assessing their changes with regard to cellular membrane integrity, membrane permeability, respiratory activity, and membrane structure. A combination of ɛ-PL and Car increased the damage to cell membranes and their permeability and led to the release of 260 nm absorbing materials, decreased respiratory-chain dehydrogenase activity compared with ɛ-PL or Car treatment alone. These results demonstrated that the combination of ɛ-PL and Car could be used as a new promising naturally sourced food preservative.

Functional Ingredients and Food Preservative in Immature Persimmon “Tekka-Kaki”

Immature persimmons are unripe fruits that are cut off during the persimmon cultivation process and immediately discarded, amounting to an annual fruit loss of approximately 100 to 400 kg per 1000 m2. The purpose of this study was to make effective use of unused resources, namely, immature persimmons, and attempt to use them as food additives. In this study, we studied the Tone Wase (fully astringent persimmon) and Fuyu (fully sweet persimmon) cultivars. As a result, we performed a component analysis of the immature persimmons, isolating 12 compounds, of which two were newly identified. Differences in the components and their contents were found between cultivars and between the peel and flesh. To effectively use immature persimmons as food for the elderly, we searched for active substances that inhibit AGE formation and found that extracts of immature persimmons and isolated compounds showed high activity. In particular, high activity was observed for catechin and its polymeric form, procyanidin. Regarding the inhibition of aroma deterioration, 5 mg/L of gallic acid in octadecane was found to be the optimal condition for the inhibition of citral deterioration. As for antimicrobial activity, we found that extracts at a concentration of 500 mg/L had no antimicrobial effect. Based on these findings, we made a microencapsulation process, and plan to advance to the clinical trial study in future. These findings confirmed the effectiveness of immature persimmons, which are an unused resource, and reveal their potential as a food for the elderly and as a food additive in other food products, which we hope will lead to new industrial innovations.

Preliminary Quantification of Phytochemicals in Methanolic Extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L Using HPTLC

Rosmarinus officinalis L. commonly known as Rosemary belong to the family Lamiaceae. It is an aromatic herb which is hardy, dense and evergreen in natural habitat. It is one of the medicinal plants which is cultivated around the world for its medicinal, therapeutic purpose and is used as condiment and food preservative. It is one of the oldest Mediterranean shrub having strong, pungent aroma having dark green and elongated leaves with white or purple flowers. It is a perennial herb reaching 100 to 210 cm in height having pointed and hairy, resinous dark green leaves with lower white surface. The present study review about macroscopical/botanical description of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and its methanolic extraction analysis for preliminary quantification of chemical constituents by visualizing TLC plate under different wavelength of UV light i.e., 255nm, 366nm and 566nm to get chromatograph by HPTLC.

Application of bacteriophage as food preservative to control enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC)

Objectives This study was conducted to characterize lytic bacteriophages infecting enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) on several types of food and analyze their ability as phage biocontrol to be used as a food preservative. Characterization was done for bacteriophage morphology and stability, along with the determination of minimum multiplicity of infection (miMOI), and application of bacteriophage in the food matrix. Results Out of the five samples, BL EPEC bacteriophage exhibited the highest titer of 2.05 × 109 PFU/mL, with a wide range of pH tolerance, and high thermal tolerance. BL EPEC also showed the least reduction after 168 h of incubation, with a rate of 0.90 × 10–3 log10 per hour. Bacteriophages from BL EPEC and CS EPEC showed an ideal value of miMOI of 0.01. As a food preservative, BL EPEC bacteriophage was able to reduce bacteria in food samples with a reduction above 0.24 log10 in lettuce and approximately 1.84 log10 in milk. From this study we found that BL EPEC bacteriophage showed the greatest potential to be used as phage biocontrol to improve food safety

ANALISIS FAKTOR PENGGUNAAN FORMALIN PADA PEDAGANG TAHU DI PASAR TRADISONAL KOTA SERANG

Formalin is known as a disinfectant, germicide and non-food preservative. For this reason, useing formalin in tofu food products is strictly prohibited. The importance of preventing the use of formalin in tofu traders has an impact on human health so it is safe for consumption. The purpose of this study was to determine of formaldehyde used among tofu traders in the traditional market of Serang City. Cross-sectional study with total sampling technique. The research sample was 43 tofu traders and 43 tofu samples were taken. Questionnaire instrument to obtain data on the variables of knowledge, attitudes and supervision variables that had previously been tested for validity (r count > r table) and reliability with Cronbach's alpha (α) value of 0.947 > 0.60. Tofu formalin content examination was carried out by the Regional Health Laboratory (Labkesda) Serang City using the Schiff reagent test. The results showed that there were (67.4%) tofu trader were positive formalin. There is no relationship between attitudes and use of formaldehyde in tofu traders (p=1,000). There is a relationship between knowledge (p=0.016) and supervision (p=0.004) with the use of formalin in tofu traders. Application of regulations, supervision traders and producers to prevent the use of formaldehyde in food.

In Vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Moringa oleifera Leaf as a Natural Food Preservative in Chicken Burgers.

Moringa oleifera Lam (Moringaceae) is a highly valued plant its content phytochemicals, rich in vitamin and minerals and high nutritional value. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of bioactive compounds in Moringa oleifera (MO) leaves and their potential as antimicrobial agents for use as natural food additives to increase the shelf-life of chicken burgers. Seven types of chicken burger were prepared including a control (without antioxidant), with 0.5 % MO polyphenol extract (MOPE) added, 1 % MOPE, 2 % MOPE, 0.5 % whole MO powder (WMOP), 1 % WMOP, and 2 % WMOP. The results showed that chicken burgers treated with MOPE and WMOP at concentrations of 0.5 %, 1 %, and 2 % had significantly (p < 0.05) lower total plate counts (TPCs) at the end of the storage period (6 days) compared to the control. Burgers with added MOPE and WMOP had significantly (p < 0.05) higher total phenolic content, flavonoids content, and antioxidant activity compared to the control. Acceptability of chicken burger was not affected by the addition of MOPE or WMOP. Our findings suggest that adding MOPE and WMOP at concentrations of 1 % and 2 % could be an effective natural food preservative in chicken burgers.

Valproic acid and Propionic acid modulated mechanical pathways associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder at prenatal and neonatal exposure

: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a composite disorder of brain development with uncertain etiology and pathophysiology. Genetic factors are important in ASD causation, although environmental factors are also involved in ASD pathophysiology. Environmental factors might affect the genetic processes of brain development through the modulation of molecular pathways that might be involved with ASD. Valproic acid and Propionic acid are the major environmental factors that serve as medicine and food preservative. VPA is used as an anti-epileptic medicine, but it has adverse effects on pregnant women and alters the developmental patterns of the embryo. It is a multi-targeting agent and affects through the 5-HT, GABA, etc. PPA is a secondary metabolite of gut microbiota that is commonly used as a food preservative. PPA plays a significant role in ASD causation by altering the several developmental molecular pathways like PTEN/Akt, mTOR/Gskβ, Cytokines activated pathways, etc., at the prenatal and neonatal stage. Moreover, ASD complexity might be increased by some other important factors like vitamin A deficiency and Vitamin A is important for cortical brain development and neuronal cell differentiation. Additionally, several important genes such as RELN, Lhx2, CREB, IL-6, NMDA, BDNF, etc. also altered in ASD that involved in brain development, Central Nervous System, Enteric Nervous System. These genes affect the neuronal differentiation, hyperactivity, oxidative stress, oxytocin, and GABA imbalance that lead the improper behavior in autistic individuals. These genes are also studied in VPA and PPA ASD-like animal models. In this review, we explored the mechanical pathways that might be altered with VPA and PPA exposures at the embryonic developmental stage or neonatal developmental stage.