scholarly journals Formation of Syntactic Connection in Modern German Applied Constructions

Author(s):  
Mamasoliev Ikrom Ubaydullaevich

Annotation: The article analyzes the problems of formation of syntactic connections in applied constructions in modern fiction. The author tried to justify the need to separate the applied phenomenon as a separate type of syntactic connection with specific structural and semantic features. Applied phenomenon is expressed by a stylistic style that allows one or another piece of information in a sentence to be activated and is a type of syntactic connection in the modern syntactic system of the German language that requires more consistent and systematic study and description. Keywords: syntactic connection, applied phenomenon, applied construction, complex sentence, compound sentence.

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (193) ◽  
pp. 294-299
Author(s):  
Kateryna Nadtochii ◽  

The study of the styles and genres of the literary language, as well as their features, is an integral part of modern philology. A vast deal of researches is devoted to such styles as literary, scientific and publicistic. The literary style and its genres has particular place in linguistic. However, in connection with the latest events that are taking place in the world, international documents are gaining more and more importance. It is the genres of this style which surround us in everyday life: laws, codes, orders, announcements, manuals and others. Also, all international documents and agreements are written in an official style. These documents are regulator of relations between countries. This article describes the classification of the styles of the literary language and their genres. And also, this article is devoted to the study of one international document, namely the "charter". There are many classifications of styles in the Ukrainian literary language. Each researcher categorizes and names them differently, but still, there are five main functional styles, such as scientific, official, publicistic, informal, literary. Official style is a functional style of literary language. "Charters" are international documents of official style. They have different stylistic, lexical and grammatical characteristics. In "charters " neutral vocabulary is used and words are used in the literal sense. For these documents extended sentence, compound sentence and complex sentence are characterized. A perspective for further research is a comparative analysis of the lexical, grammatical and semantic features of the "charter" in different languages.


ReCALL ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 319-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Farhan AbuSeileek

AbstractThis study aims at exploring the effectiveness of using an online-based course on the learning of sentence types inductively and deductively. To achieve this purpose, a computer-mediated course was designed. The sample of the study consists of four groups taught under four treatments of grammar: (1) with computer-based learning inductively, (2) with computer-based learning deductively, (3) with non-computer-based learning inductively, and (4) with non-computer-based learning deductively. A pre-test/post-test design (between-subject) is used to investigate the effect of two factors: method (computer-based learning vs. non-computer-based learning) and technique (induction vs. deduction) on the students’ learning of sentence types. The results reveal a new manner of enhancing grammar learning based on the level of language structure complexity. The computer-based learning method is found to be functional for more complex and elaborate structures, like the complex sentence and compound complex sentence, and more complicated grammar structures need to be taught by means of the deductive technique. None of the inductive and deductive techniques is reported to be more practical with simple grammar structures such as the simple sentence and compound sentence.


1996 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-380
Author(s):  
Renata Kozlowska-Heuchin

The subject of this article is the analysis of clauses of aim, cause, consequence and condition in French in view to the automatic processing. Our theoretical framework is that of lexicon-grammar. This study differs from the usual grammatical analyses. Here, the complex sentence is studied on the model of the simple sentence, defined as an operator accompanied by its arguments. The conjunctive phrase is our starting point for this study, and it is then shown that the noun around which it is formed, is of predicative type and has the main clause and the subordinate as arguments. This is a predicate «of second order». Automatic processing requires extremely accurate notation of syntactic and semantic properties if ambiguity and polysemy are to be correctly handled. Those descriptions based on syntactico-semantic features are insufficient, which is why the concept of « class of objects » is brought in. There are as many types of relations as there are semantic types of predicate. This is the reason why a semantic typology of predicates is sketched out, integrating lexical, syntactic and semantic components. It is shown that each semantic type can have its own appropriate lexical means of expression and specific syntactic behaviour.


Author(s):  
Soliuk M.M.

This scientific research deals with a topical linguistic and translation problem – the category of definiteness / indefinitenessand ways of its reproduction in the German- Ukrainian translations of modern fiction. The purposeof this articleis to determine the ways one can employ to convey different meanings of German articles and other determinants into Ukrainian, as they are used to express the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in the German language. To achieve this goal, there has been employed comparative and descriptive methodsof linguistic research as they allow to consider different ways of expression of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in the Ukrainian translation. The objectof this research is the translation of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness which leads to a strictly defined subject. The subjectof the study are explicit means of expression of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in German (in the novel “Breathing Swing” by H. Muller) and implicit means of its expression in Ukrainian (in the Ukrainian translation of the respective novel).Results.The comparative analysis of the original and translated texts makes it possible to determine the main linguistic means of reprodution the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in the Ukrainian translation. The analyzed material contains examples where the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in the original text is expressed by a definite article which is translated by a pronominalized numeral “some of”, an indefinite-personal pronoun “someone”, or an indefinite pronoun; an indefinite article which is translated by pronouns; zero article is reproduced by a more detailed translation; pronouns are reproduced by their equivalents, as well as other pronouns; other cases of translation include a periphrasis, a descriptive, inaccurate or non-literal translation. Conclusions:Definite, indefinite, zero articles and pronouns serve as the main, most consistent, and regular means of realization of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in the German language. While there are no certain morphological means of expression of this category in the Ukrainian language, the translator uses lexical and syntactic means for reproduction of the category definiteness / indefiniteness. The context also plays an essential role.Key words: category of determination, the definitness / indefinitness, article, pronoun, translation. У дослідженні порушується актуальна перекладознавча проблема – особливості відтворення категорії означеності / неозначеності на матеріалі німецько-українських перекладів творів сучасної художньої літератури. Метоюданої статті є визначення способів передачі українською мовою значень німецьких артиклів та інших детермінативів, за допомогою яких вира-жається категорія означеності / неозначеності в німецькій мові. Для досягнення поставленої мети застосовуються зіставний та описовий методи лінгвістичного дослідження, що дозволяють розглянути різні способи передачі засобів вираження катего-рії означеності / неозначеності в українському перекладі. Об’єктом дослідження постає категорія означеності / неозначеності, що виступає засобом позначення певного предмета. Предметом вивчення є експліцитні засоби вираження вищевказаної кате-горії в німецькій мові (в романі Г. Мюллер «Гойдалка дихання») та імпліцитні в українському перекладі зазначеного твору. За допомогою результатів, досягнутих внаслідок зіставного аналізу текстів оригіналу та перекладу, вдалося встановити основні мовні засоби відтворення категорії означеності / неозначеності в українському перекладі.Зокрема, зафіксовано такі випадки вираження категорії означеності / неозначеності в мові-оригіналі, а також засоби та способи їх відтвореня в мові перекла-ду: неозначений артикль перекладений прономіналізованим числівником «один із/з», неозначено-особовоим займенником «якийсь», вказівним займенником; означений артикль – за допомогою займенників; нульовий артикль відтворено деталізованим перекладом; детермінативи – їх відповідниками, а також іншими детермінативами; в деяких випадках перекладач вдається до перифрази, описового, неточного чи недослівного перекладу. Висновки:в німецькій мові означеність / неозначеність виражається за допомогою артиклів (означеного, неозначеного або нульового), а також інших детермінативів, якими часто виступають займенники. В той час як в українській мові певних морфологічних засобів вираження цієї категорії нема, перекладач вдається до використання лексичних та синтаксичних засобів, важлива роль при цьому відводиться контексту. Ключові слова: категорія детермінації, означеність / неозначеність, артикль, займенник, переклад.


Author(s):  
Yu. O. Chura

The article deals with the most famous of German-speaking Mazepa-works of the nineteenth century – the historical tragedy of R. Gottschal’s "Mazepa" and its Ukrainian translation by Yu. Fedkovich. An overview of the critical reception of the German-speaking Mazepa-works proves that the work has received the greatest resonance in Ukrainian literary criticism. In addition, the historical tragedy is the only German-language work on Hetman translated into Ukrainian by Yurij Fedkovich. Among the most important factors of Y. Fedkovych's appeal to work on the historical tragedy is the Ukrainian theme from the past of our people. The analysis of the Ukrainian language version is based on the following criteria for the adequacy of the translation: the translation of realities, in particular, military terminology and ranks of the Cossack army; idioms; reproduction of author syntax and style; observance of the equilibrium of the original work. The article is based on the identification of priorities in the use of expressive means. As a result of comparison of realities, it was discovered that most of the time Y. Fedkovych made a contextual translation or found a situational collocation that was understandable to the people. Military ranks and attributes of the Cossack army were translated with the help of hyperonymic renaming, which testifies to the priority of the principle of historical authenticity in Y. Fedkovych's approach as a bearer of language. It was made possible to describe the features of the creative manner and the individual author’s style of Y. Fedkovych’s translation, embodied in his interpretation of German tragedy. The role of the historical tragedy of R. von Gottschal in promoting the German-speaking Mazepa-works is decisive. Y. Fedkovich's translation remains the only Ukrainian-language version among a number of numerous German-language works devoted to Ivan Mazepa.


Author(s):  
Qonitatun Qonitatun

<em>There is an assumption that the writing ability of the forth semester students have been improved because the students have learned about how to develop paragraph in writing I, writing II, and writing III subject, so they are expected able to develop an essay. The purposes of the study are to describe the organization of the essay developed by the students of Widyagama University and to know the grammar problems found in the sentences of the essay developed by the students of Widyagama University. Based on finding and discussion of the research, the researcher concludes that the organization of the essays that developed by the research subjects is poor. Only one essay has a complete organization. The developing paragraph of each essay is also poor. Most of the paragraphs don’t have concluding sentence. Generally, the essays had covered four types of the sentences; simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence, and compound-complex sentence. However, the essays are dominated by only one type of sentences, simple sentence. The grammar problems that found are fragment sentence, the errors of subject-verb agreement, and the errors in using coordinating conjunction</em>


Author(s):  
У.П. Природина

В статье проводится исследование одного из сегментов топонимической системы шведского языка, а именно годонимов города Стокгольма, включающих в свой состав наименования животных. Цель исследования - установить структурно-семантические особенности избранной для изучения группы годонимов на основе анализа соотношения их с производящими словами, номинирующими различные виды птиц и млекопитающих, и показать важность избранной лексической группы в фиксации элементов шведской культуры. Актуальность статьи определяется главным образом важностью систематизированного изучения топонимов шведского языка и их лингвокультурной специфики. Избранный объект исследования рассматривается в двух ракурсах: лексикологическом и культурологическом. В первой части статьи изучаются структурно-семантические и, в частности, деривационные особенности отобранных единиц. Во второй части исследования данные наименования подвергаются культурологическому описанию, а именно, с точки зрения национально-культурного содержания, соотносимого с зоологическим компонентом годонимов города Стокгольма. Проанализированы 64 годонима города Стокгольма, производящей основой которых являются лексемы, называющие различные виды птиц и млекопитающих, имеющих важное значение в производственно-материальной деятельности шведов или представляющих определенные символы их духовной деятельности. В работе использованы следующие методы исследования: метод наблюдения, описательный метод и метод дефиниционного анализа, метод сопоставительного анализа и метод этимологического анализа. Результаты проведенного исследования дают представление о национальных особенностях зоологического кода шведской культуры, а также вносят некоторый вклад в развитие ономастики. Статья может быть интересна специалистам в области языкознания и культурологии, преподавателям шведского языка, аспирантам и студентам лингвистического и культурологического направлений подготовки. The article investigates one of the segments of the toponymic system of the Swedish language, namely the godonyms in Stockholm, which include the names of animals. The purpose of the study is to establish the structural-semantic features of the group of godonyms chosen for studying on the basis of analyzing their relationship with the producing words that nominate various species of birds and mammals, and to show the importance of the chosen lexical group in fixing the elements of the Swedish culture. The relevance of the article is determined mainly by the importance of a systematic study of the toponyms of the Swedish language and their linguistic and cultural specifics. The selected object of study is considered in two ways: lexicological and culturological. In the first part of the article, structural-semantic and, in particular, derivational features of the selected units are studied. In the second part of the study, these names are subjected to a culturological description, namely, from the point of view of the national-cultural content, which is correlated with the zoological component of the godonyms in Stockholm. 64 godonyms in Stockholm are analyzed, the production basis of which are lexemes that name various species of birds and mammals, which are important in the production and material activities of the Swedes or represent certain symbols of their spiritual activity. The following research methods were used in the work: observation method, descriptive method and method of definition analysis, comparative analysis method and etymological analysis method. The results of the study give an idea of the national features of the zoological code of the Swedish culture, and also make some contribution to the development of onomastics. The article may be of interest to specialists in the field of linguistics and cultural studies, teachers of the Swedish language, postgraduate students and students of linguistic and cultural studies.


Author(s):  
Римма Хатиповна Каримова

Введение. На материале немецкого языка рассматриваются фразеологические единицы с компонентом «лошадь». Предметом изучения стали структура фразеологических единиц, их семантические особенности, обусловленные традициями, обычаями, общекультурной и национальной символикой образов животных. Цель – описать структурно-семантические особенности фразеологических единиц, содержащих структурный компонент Pferd; изучить внутреннюю форму фразеологических единиц, выявленную на основе толкований значений фзеологизмов по данным одноязычных словарей немецкого языка. Материал и методы. Материалом для исследования послужили фразеологические словари немецкого языка, электронные лексикографические источники. В работе использованы методы компонентного анализа, статистический и описательный методы. Результаты и обсуждение. Для определения происхождения изучаемых компонентов привлекались данные этимологических словарей Пфейлера, Дудена. На основе полученных данных сформированы тематические группы, отражающие коннотативный компонент значения фразеологизмов. В результате описания состава изученных тематических групп выявлены продуктивные структуры и характерные семантические особенности названных фразеологизмов. Семантика фразеологизмов определялась на основе данных одноязычных фразеологических словарей. Рассмотрен структурный состав фразеологических единиц: фразеологические единства, фразеологические выражения. Для получения достоверных выводов привлекались данные смежных наук: истории, лингвокультурологии, семиотики и др. Заключение. Полученные результаты могут использоваться на практических занятиях по лексикологии немецкого языка, в качестве иллюстративного материала при изучении немецкого языка на языковых факультетах. Introduction. The article is devoted to the study of phraseological units with the component «horse» in German lanIntroduction. The article is devoted to the study of phraseological units with the component «horse» in the German language. The subject of the study is the structure of phraseological units, their semantic features acquired due to traditions, customs, and general cultural and national symbols of animal images. The aim of the research is the description of the structural-semantic features of phraseological units with component “horse”. Material and methods. The material for the study is phraseological dictionaries of the German language and electronic lexicographic sources. The aim of the research is to study the internal form of phraseological units, identified on the basis of interpretations of the meanings of the units in accordance with German monolingual dictionaries. The paper uses the method of component analysis, statistical method and descriptive method. Results and discussion. To determine the origin of the components under study, etymological dictionaries data were used. On the basis of the obtained data, thematic groups that reflect the connotative component of the meaning of phraseological units were formed. As a result of the description of the studied thematic groups’ composition, the productive structures and characteristic semantic features of the units were identified. The semantics of phraseological units was determined on the basis of data from monolingual phraseological dictionaries. The structural composition of phraseological units is considered: phraseological unities, phraseological expressions. Data from history, linguoculturology, semiotics, folklore, etc. were used in order to obtain reliable conclusions. The graphical results of the study are shown in the figures. Conclusion. The results of the research can be used in practical classes of the lexicology of the German language.


The relevance of the research is due to the increased attention of linguists to grammatical homonymy. Within the framework of grammatical homonymy, morphological, interpart-of-speech and syntactic homonyms are distinguished. The focus is on the problems of part-of-speech homonymy, in particular on the phenomenon of morphological syncretism due to the ambiguity of structural and semantic features of parts of speech and changes of the morphological status of certain words in different syntagmatic environments. Changes in the categorical-semantic meaning of the lexical unit as, synonymous series of components of the specified sound complex, the nature of the syntagmatic environment, syntactic functions, positional fixation in a certain syntax unit, functional phraseology in compound conjunctions and particles are described. The conceptual scope of the term „homocomplex” is considered, it is defined as a sound complex, which is used to denote the title of a group of functional homonyms and words of the zone of syncretism. It is established that the homocomplex as is represented by three grammatical homonyms such as adverb, conjunction and particle. The source word for the formation of derivatives of the conjunction and particle is the adverb as. In the syntactic position of the adverb, this lexical unit appears in the adverbial position, expressing the following meanings: the question of manner (how?); the degree of detection of an action, state (very, extremely); mode of action (how); time of action (when); indefinite way (somehow). In the syntactic sphere of the conjunction, losing the ability to express a sign, the lexical unit „how” often serves as a means of expressing comparative semantic-syntactic relations; forming phraseologized compounds, it can act as an expression of clauses of condition, time and concession. Not denoting defining and adverbial meanings and not combining parts of a compound sentence, the lexical unit as belongs to the class of particles. A typical function of this particle is an amplifying one. It is complemented by additional semantic shades of meaning, such as „very”, „extremely”, „suddenly”, etc., which serve to express the speaker’s surprise, indignation, dissatisfaction, surprise, and others.


Author(s):  
V. V. Drebet

The article focuses on the interaction of syntagmatic, semantic and paradigmatic factors in the generation of noun content with the compound noun-neologisms, realized in the German-language press-texts, and their transformed semantic decoding as the main, derived and monosemic nomination according to the linguosynergetic scientific approach. This approach treats the language as a complex and dynamic system capable of self-organizing and self-regulating by selecting the most optimal and most comfortable elements of speech tools to the language treasury. Methodologically important in the article is the position that the synergetic law of the least effort is the driving factor in language development. In synergetic terms the author of this article draw parallels between the vocabulary as a representative of the linguistic generalization of the structured amount of knowledge of the learned extra-linguistic reality and mental lexicon, which is not an arbitrary accumulation of inputs, but forms a structured hierarchical system of such inputs. If, in synergetic terms, lexical units and their meanings at the language level contain encoded structured information, then in the same way in the thesis the implementation of the word in one of its meanings at the speech level is considered as information decoding. In relation to the noun, the synergetic mechanism of least effort in the process of generating noun-information speech content implies that the human mental lexicon is directed at decoding the optimal volume of the realized semantic potential of the compound noun-neologisms. Decoding of the noun semantics on the basis of the synergetic-quantitative approach of the research is interpreted as the process for establishing semantic features of the implemented noun nominations. The study gives the possibility to analyze of the synchronic level the results of the self-regulating and formation of the compound noun-neologisms in the synergetic cycle order-chaos-order thus enriching the German linguistics with the topical knowledge about the paradigmatic-syntagmatic models of the German language noun vocabulary. The proposed methodology of the research will serve as a useful aid in the lexicographic practice as well, since the proposed method of the semantic decoding of vocabulary information in the speech context should minimize possible subjectivity in the process of delimiting word meanings, show changes and replenishment of the word-stock, which will help to optimize the compiling of both explanatory and translation dictionaries of the German language.


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