Four-Tier Heat and Temperature Diagnostic Test (4T-HTDT) to Identify Student Misconceptions

There are limited studies on the diagnosis of heat and temperature misconceptions using a four-tier instrument diagnostic test. Therefore, this study aims to identify misconceptions in heat and temperature material. The survey research was conducted on 164 students at SMAN 2 Bantul. Students were selected using a convenience sampling technique. Identification of student misconceptions using the Four Tier Heat and Temperature Diagnostic Test (4T-HTDT). Students' conceptual understanding is calculated using the percentage technique. The results of this study indicate that there are still many students who have misconceptions on the concept of "heat-temperature as an extensive quantity" and "heat-temperature depends on material objects". The findings are expected to be a strategic step for designing appropriate remedial teaching.

Stability of Schwarzschild (Anti)de Sitter black holes in conformal gravity

We study the thermodynamics of spherically symmetric, neutral and non-rotating black holes in conformal (Weyl) gravity. To this end, we apply different methods: (i) the evaluation of the specific heat; (ii) the study of the entropy concavity; (iii) the geometrical approach to thermodynamics known as thermodynamic geometry; (iv) the Poincaré method that relates equilibrium and out-of-equilibrium thermodynamics. We show that the thermodynamic geometry approach can be applied to conformal gravity too, because all the key thermodynamic variables are insensitive to Weyl scaling. The first two methods, (i) and (ii), indicate that the entropy of a de Sitter black hole is always in the interval $$2/3\le S\le 1$$ 2 / 3 ≤ S ≤ 1 , whereas thermodynamic geometry suggests that, at $$S=1$$ S = 1 , there is a second order phase transition to an Anti de Sitter black hole. On the other hand, we obtain from the Poincaré method (iv) that black holes whose entropy is $$S < 4/3$$ S < 4 / 3 are stable or in a saddle-point, whereas when $$S>4/3$$ S > 4 / 3 they are always unstable, hence there is no definite answer on whether such transition occurs. Since thermodynamics geometry takes the view that the entropy is an extensive quantity, while the Poincaré method does not require extensiveness, it is valuable to present here the analysis based on both approaches, and so we do.

The numeral system(s) in Western Serengeti: Formal, functional, and historical inferences

In this study we offer a detailed synchronic and diachronic account of the hitherto un(der) documented numeral systems of the four closely related (Eastern) Bantu language varieties: Ikoma, Nata, Ishenyi, and Ngoreme – together forming the Western Serengeti subgroup. We describe the essentially identical formation and organization of numerals in these language varieties while also noting the morphosyntactic behaviour of numeral expressions and their extended uses. Based on an extensive quantity of comparative data, we furthermore disentangle the historical background to the numerals and their systematization in Western Serengeti, connecting this specific linguistic domain with the wider genealogical profile of this subgroup.

From nucleated to ex vivo manipulated stem cells: An updated biological and clinical synopsis

Hematopoietic stem cells (SCs) are responsible for the production and replacement (proliferation) of an extensive quantity of functionally competent blood cells (differentiation) during the entire life, while simultaneously maintaining the ability to reproduce themselves (self-renewal). A complex network of interactive substances and factors organize and protect the survival, maturation and multiplication of SCs. Hemobiological events in the bone marrow (BM) are synchronized and balanced by the extracellular matrix and microenvironment provided by stromal cells. These cells-including macrophages, fibroblasts, dendritic, endothelial and other cells-stimulate SCs by producing specific hematopoietic growth factors. Other cytokines secreted by stromal cells regulate the adhesion molecules positioned on SCs, allowing them to remain in the BM or migrate to an area where the respective cell type is needed. Thus, hematopoietic SCs could be defined as cells with high proliferative capacity and extensive potential to differentiate into all blood cells or some somatic cell types (SC plasticity)-such as cardiomyocytes, myocytes, osteocytes, chondrocytes, hepatocytes, and even endothelial cells. Recent increasing clinical use of cell-mediated therapeutic approaches has resulted in increased needs for SCs, but in superior operating procedures during their ex vivo manipulations. The aim of cell harvestings is to obtain a higher SC yield and improved viability or clonogenicity. The goal of optimized cryoinvestigation protocols is to get a minimized cell damages (cryoinjury). Despite the fact that different SC collection protocols and cell freezing practice are already in routine use, a lot of questions related to the optimal SC ex vivo manipulations are still unresolved. This review summarizes fundamental knowledge and methodological approaches, and recapitulates data enabling progress on constantly evolving research frontiers in the SC area. The studies (including also our investigations) that evaluated the efficiency and safety of SC-treatment (transplants and regenerative medicine) will be also concisely presented.

Dissipative Endoreversible Engine with Given Efficiency

Endoreversible thermodynamics is a finite time thermodynamics ansatz based on the assumption that reversible or equilibrated subsystems of a system interact via reversible or irreversible energy transfers. This gives a framework where irreversibilities and thus entropy production only occur in interactions, while subsystems (engines, for instance) act as reversible. In order to give an opportunity to incorporate dissipative engines with given efficiencies into an endoreversible model, we build a new dissipative engine setup. To do this, in the first step, we introduce a more general interaction type where energy loss not only results from different intensive quantities between the connected subsystems, which has been the standard in endoreversible thermodynamics up to now, but is also caused by an actual loss of the extensive quantity that is transferred via this interaction. On the one hand, this allows the modeling of leakages and friction losses, for instance, which can be represented as leaky particle or torque transfers. On the other hand, we can use it to build an endoreversible engine setup that is suitable to model engines with given efficiencies or efficiency maps and, among other things, gives an expression for their entropy production rates. By way of example, the modeling of an AC motor and its loss fluxes and entropy production rates are shown.

Theoretical Insight into Preferential Interaction Issues and Solution Structure, and Contentious Apparent Hydrated Molar Volume of Cosolute

Background: There seems to be a mathematical or a conceptual error in an equation whose substitution into other equations for the determination of an apparent hydrated molar volume (V1) of a cosolute leads to an incorrect answer. Objectives: The objectives are 1) To show theoretically that the preferential interaction parameter (PIP) is an extensive thermodynamic quantity, 2) rederive new equations and reexamine various equations related to solution structure, 3) apply derived equation for the determination of V1, and 4) determine m-values and cognate preferential interaction parameter (PIP). Methods: The research is mainly theoretical and partly experimental. Bernfeld method of enzyme assay was adopted for the generation of data. Results and Discussion: The investigation showed that equation linking chemical potential of osmolyte to solution structure is dimensionally invalid; PIP was seen as a thermodynamically extensive quantity. Equations for the graphical determination of V1 of the osmolyte were derived. With ethanol alone, there were - m-value and + PIP; with aspirin alone, there were + m-value and - PIP. There was a change in sign in m-value with sucrose and ethanol/aspirin mixture, and a change in sign in PIP when the latter is taken as function of [ethanol]/[aspirin] and [sucrose](c3). Conclusion: A solution structure is as usual determined by either a relative excess or a deficit of the solution component either in the bulk or around the macromolecular surface domain; the PIP remains thermodynamically an extensive quantity. To be valid there is a need to introduce a reference standard molar concentration or activity to some equations in literature. The slope from one of the equations seems to give a valid value for V1 (V1 is «1; is activity coefficient). A known destabiliser may behave as a stabiliser being excluded. Like ethanol, aspirin as cosolute is destabilising and opposed by sucrose.

Variational principles of continuum — to the memory of István Gyarmati

The variational principle, which allows the deduction of the basic equation system of continuum mechanics from the local form of Gyarmati’s integral principle is presented in this paper. Following the approach of irreversible thermodynamics, the principle the kinetic energy is described like the fundamental equation of thermodynamics as the internal energy change, namely intensive quantity multiplied by the changing of extensive quantity. As the internal energy is objective so that is an independent quantity from the coordinate system, this description to the internal energy can be done. However, the kinetic energy is coordinate-dependent quantity. To resolve this contradiction the stress tensor can be divided into elastic and dissipative stress components by using the laws of thermodynamics.

Analyses on W&R and BIAS Expert System of Stock-Market Software

According to extensive quantity of public and factual data, this essay does tests on BIAS and W&R expert system of stock-market trading software in simulation experiment method, and compares their strength and weakness in the respect of mathematical statistics theory and Management objects, winning rate, annual return rate and net profit rate. The tests show that BIAS expert system is 2.58 times as good as W&R expert system in the items of annual return rate and net profit rate, 0.26 times in the item of the total number of trading. As a whole, BIAS expert system is superior to W&R expert system.

SCALING BEHAVIOR OF THE GROUND-STATE FIDELITY IN THE LIPKIN–MESHKOV–GLICK MODEL

In this paper, we study the scaling behavior of the ground-state logarithmic fidelity in the Lipkin–Meshkov–Glick (LMG) model. We find that the logarithmic fidelity shows a different scaling behavior in different phases of the model. It is an extensive quantity in the model's symmetry-broken phase while it behaves intensively in the polarized phase. Moreover, we also find that the logarithmic fidelity shows a singular behavior around the vicinity of the critical point and the critical exponent of the correlation length is also obtained numerically.