Water and wastewater as potential sources of SARS-CoV-2 transmission: a systematic review

An important group of viruses are Coronaviruses that affect the health of people worldwide, in particular the acute respiratory syndrome. The present work has addressed the updated literature on the topic of coronaviruses transmission through water and wastewater as well as identified gaps in research to inform future studies. In total, 198 articles were selected, then after screening, 48 eligible studies were fully reviewed. Accordingly, the studies showed that the coronavirus has been isolated and identified from water as well as wastewater. The results of researches show that the presence of SARS-Co-2 virus in municipal wastewater is possible due to the excretion of the virus in human feces. In addition, the SARS-Co-2 virus was isolated from contaminated water and rivers, but there is insufficient evidence for virus transmission by water and wastewater. Water and wastewater treatment methods are able to reduce the pollution load caused by this virus in water sources. Water disinfection has an effective role in removing it from water and wastewater sources. Due to the short period of time in the global pandemic and the small number of studies in this field, further studies are needed to make a definite statement about the transferability of virus in water and wastewater.

A study on assessment of postoperative complications among major abdominal surgeries using Clavien-Dindo classification

Background: Surgical team always tries to provide consistently low incidence of major complications for patient undergoing any operation. Clavien-Dindo (CD) classification is the simplest way of reporting all complications. The main aim of this study was to test the usefulness of Clavien-Dindo classification in patients undergoing the abdominal surgery. In this study Clavien-Dindo classification has been used for assessment of postsurgical complications after major abdominal surgery.Methods: A total of 50 patients admitted to surgical wards for major abdominal surgery were evaluated through history, co-morbid condition and thorough clinical examination based on inclusion and exclusion criteria along with necessary investigations. Post-operative complications and management were recorded, and then postsurgical complication was classified based on Clavien-Dindo classification and assessed.Results: Most of the patients who developed complications were in the age group of 40-50 years. Most of the patients (32%) belonged to grade 2 complications. Serum creatinine, blood urea and post-operative stay were found to have direct relation with Clavien-Dindo grade of complications.Conclusions: The Clavien-Dindo classification represents an objective and simple way of reporting all complications in patients undergoing major abdominal surgeries and comparing the various complications between different surgeries. However, a definite statement on the clinical value of this classification system is not yet possible due to the small case number in this study, but the promising results should encourage further evaluation in larger cohort with the goal to possibly establish its validity as a standard clinical practice.

Sprawa honoru. Przemówienie Józefa Becka, wygłoszone 5 maja 1939 roku w Sejmie Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, na tle zasad retoryki

A matter of honour. Józef Beck’s address delivered on 5 May 1939 in the Polish parliament and the principles of rhetoricThe paper presents the analysis of Józef Beck’s parliamentary speech on 5 May 1939, showing its characteristics as well as its unique value in different facets of the speaker’s creative act. Accordingly, the paper has been divided into seven sections. The first one provides a historical outline and an attempt to reconstruct the background of the keynote address by the minister of foreign affairs. The second one characterises Beck as a diplomat, allowing to understand the person who adopted a role of public speaker in Poland under an imminent threat of war with the German Reich. The third one introduces some details on how the chief of diplomacy prepared himself for delivering a definite statement of his policy. The fourth, fifth and sixth sections contain the actual analysis of the text presented to listeners, and also examine how the speaker complied with the principles of the rhetorical art on the consecutive stages inventio, dispositio, elocutio of creating a text as intended to be delivered. Finally, the seventh section of this study briefly summarizes how the stages of memoria and actio, i. e. memorising and giving the speech, were conducted, according to the audiovisual record of Beck’s address delivered in the Polish Sejm.

Comparative Juridical Analysis Of Witness's Position In Notarial Agreement Making Based On Islamic Law And Public Notary Law (UUJN)

The problem of witnesses has been seen as a significant problem. It requires the reinterpretation of text messages that considered a male witness is equal to two women. The issues raised are: How is the position of witness when making notarial agreement in Islamic law, How is the position of witness when making notarial agreement according to UUJN (Public Notary Law), and What is the similarity and difference of witness position in making notarial agreement according to Islamic law and UUJN. The research method used was Juridical Normative with Regulations approach, Conceptual Approach, and case Approach. Research result found that Firstly, the witness is someone who can give a statement or information that he knows about what the actual events. Another meaning is that a witness is a person who is asked to be present to witness a legal event; Secondly, a witness is a person who can give a definite statement because the person knows the actual event, and even the other meaning of the witness is the person who is asked to attend to witness an event. The person who is asked to be a witness is a qualified person and considered to be well-informed of what he or she is witnessing. And Third, the equation has a purpose for justice and truth can be enforced by the presence of witnesses and the difference Act No.40 of 2014 on the position of a notary. It is originated from the rules of legislation and as evidence, as well as the differences in the conditions specified. On the other hand, Islamic law comes all source of regulations are from Al Quran and As-Sunnah.Keywords: Comparison; Position of Witnesses; Notarial Agreement; Islamic Law; Public Notary Law

LOCALIZED (POLARONIC) CHARGE-TRANSFER EXCITATIONS IN CuO2 LAYERS

We show that the recently found polarons and excitons of charge-transfer origin in the 1D p−d model of high temperature superconductors can also occur in 2D. We use a 2D spinless model which is expected to qualitatively describe the charge degrees of freedom of the p−d model in the limit of infinite on-site Coulomb repulsion on both Cu and O. The Cu-O repulsion Upd is treated by an unrestricted Hartree-Fock scheme. We found that in addition to polarons and excitons, other nonlinear excitations like bipolarons and clustering of carriers (phase separation) arise as well. Since the energies of all these excitations are very close to each other at the mean field level, no definite statement can be made about the true ground state.

National Survey on Gifted Education

The thirteen-member Advisory Committee to the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Gifted and Talented* in a recent meeting, felt a strong need to make a definite statement on gifted education based upon the widest possible sampling of interested parents and professionals. We need your help and support. We hope, through this survey, to answer several questions regarding priorities on procedures, philosophies, and program support strategies. We will seek through other means to gather accurate program cost figures and program effectiveness data. Our goal is to provide a strong document that can be used to discuss educational resources needed for gifted children with public and private leaders interested in these issues.

Pulsar Radio Emission and Bunching Mechanisms

Galactic pulsars have been discovered by their radio emission. The emission has the common feature of being periodic, polarized, weakly frequency dependent (in the frequency range 100 MHz 10 GHz). Their energy is large for radio emission but still negligible as compared with the observed emission in the γ-ray range. They are also characterized by a very high temperature of brightness (1027–1031 Kelvin) which implies a coherent emission mechanism (this temperature is much larger than the possible particle energy). The only radiation mechanism which may produce such emission seems to be some kind of relativistic plasma instability. Unfortunately, available plasma models for pulsar magnetospheres are up to now too preliminary to make any definite statement. Nevertheless we will adopt the most popular scenario which relates the radio emission to the field aligned currents (relativistic electrons, positrons, ions) produced in the vicinity of the neutron star. These currents may result from a spark gap mechanism with pair creation (as proposed by Ruderman and Sutherland (1975) and others) or implied by the star's neutrality (as a return current system).

CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES-HUMAN FOODS1

General regulations establishing good manufacturing practices (GMP' s) for food establishments are now effective. Under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, FDA brought many food insanitation actions. Until recently, there were no specific standards (GMP' s) dealing with the plant sanitation concept in Section 402(a) (4) of the Act. Two court opinions touching on the subject of standards (GMP' s) are mentioned. FDA's food sanitation programs now include bacteriological findings as well as the visible evidence of insanitation. The general, “umbrella” regulations will be followed by specific appendices for individual foods. If specific GMP's exist, FDA sanitary inspections will cover the key points in the GMP's. In other instances, the general regulations will apply. Such inspections will be the usual FDA sanitary inspection. FDA will continue its present procedures including: inspector's discussion with management, written reports of observations, and post-inspection letters. If necessary, FDA can still use legal sanctions available to it. Reasonableness and appropriate consideration to significant factors can be expected in FDA's administration of the GMP's. GMP's will be subject to updating and revision. Some benefits of GMP's are: (a) industry, as well as cooperating State and local agencies, have a definite statement of FDA's requirements for food plant sanitation and for compliance with Section 402(a)(4) of the FDC Act; (b) GMP's will help in the planning and implementation of cooperative food inspection programs between FDA and other agencies; and (c) GMP's will minimize actual distribution of potentially hazardous or contaminated products to consumers.

Cyclic Neutropenia with Giant Follicular Lymphoblastoma and Lymphosarcoma

1. A case of the rare disorder cyclic neutropenia with giant follicular lymphoblastoma and lymphosarcoma is reported. 2. Adrenocorticotropic hormone administration during a neutropenic phase resulted in a further depression of the total leukocyte count and no significant change in the already very low neutrophil count. Cortisone did not prevent or ameliorate a recurrence of neutropenia. 3. Splenectomy resulted in less depression of the total leukocyte and neutrophil values and a considerable amelioration of the symptoms during the continued cycles; however, because of the short follow-up, a definite statement on the long range value of splenectomy cannot be made. 4. The pathogenesis of cyclic neutropenia is discussed with particular reference to its relationship to lymphoma and hypersplenism.