The Alternatively Spliced Isoforms of Key Molecules in the cGAS-STING Signaling Pathway

Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA increases transcriptome and proteome diversity by generating distinct isoforms that encode functionally diverse proteins, thus affecting many biological processes, including innate immunity. cGAS-STING signaling pathway, whose key molecules also undergo alternative splicing, plays a crucial role in regulating innate immunity. Protein isoforms of key components in the cGAS-STING-TBK1-IRF3 axis have been detected in a variety of species. A chain of evidence showed that these protein isoforms exhibit distinct functions compared to their normal counterparts. The mentioned isoforms act as positive or negative modulators in interferon response via distinct mechanisms. Particularly, we highlight that alternative splicing serves a vital function for the host to avoid the overactivation of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and that viruses can utilize alternative splicing to resist antiviral response by the host. These findings could provide insights for potential alternative splicing-targeting therapeutic applications.

A Hierarchical Framework for Assessing Transmission Causality of Respiratory Viruses

We propose a hierarchical framework based on our experience of systematically reviewing and synthesizing 378 primary studies for an evidence-based update of the modes of transmission for SARS-CoV-2. These studies revealed significant methodological shortcomings with a lack of standardization in the design, conduct, testing and reporting of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. While this situation is in part excusable at the outset of a pandemic, evidence rules of proof for assessing the transmission of this virus are needed for this and future pandemics of viral respiratory pathogens. We review the history of causality assessment related to microbial etiologies with a focus on respiratory viruses and suggest a hierarchy of evidence to integrate clinical, epidemiologic, molecular and laboratory perspectives on transmission. The hierarchy, if applied to future studies, should narrow the uncertainty over the twin concepts of causality and transmission of human respiratory viruses. We attempt to address the translational gap between the current research evidence and the assessment of causality in the transmission of respiratory viruses with a focus on SARS-CoV-2. Experimentation, consistency and independent replication of research alongside our proposed framework provide a chain of evidence that can reduce the uncertainty over the transmission of respiratory viruses and increase the level of confidence in specific modes of transmission and the measures that should be undertaken to prevent transmission

PECULIARITIES OF MEDICAL TERMS RELATED TO “PATIENT AND PHYSICIAN” SPEECH IN MODERN COMMUNICATION

Of course, there are conditions for working with a patient. After the doctor has studied the approximate diagnosis of the patient's illness, personality, profession, social conditions, level, worldview, level of knowledge, external mental characteristics, it is necessary to prepare spiritually for communication with him. Communication between the patient and the doctor takes place in two frames. The first, in the outer circular chain, includes the steps in the physician’s preparation for communication with the patient, as described above. The second, the inner circle, is the chain of evidence that determines the identity of the patient, the causes of his illness.

Strange times indeed: the evolving significance of myocardial ischaemia and the dwindling importance of functional imaging

The ISCHEMIA trial is only the latest and most compelling link in a chain of evidence that suggests that myocardial ischaemia per se is not an appropriate treatment target for patients with stable coronary artery disease. This review is trying to make sense of the momentous and sometimes contradictory recent developments in the space of imaging for myocardial ischaemia.

AN APPRAISAL OF RUSSIA AND UNITED STATES (US) INVOLVEMENT IN SYRIA CIVIL WAR

Concerned by the worst humanitarian intractable civil war in Syria, this paper aims to appraise the involvements of Russia and the US inthewar. It questions the reasons behind these involvements as well as the implications of their respective involvements. To this end, the study adopted the theory of political realism (power model) as its framework of analysis. Utilizing documentary sources of data collection, the research employed the content analysis technique to analyze data collected. Through logical chain of evidence, deductions and inferences, the study discovered that although the driving force behind Russia and US involvements in Syria civil war is centered on their desire to secure and advance respective national interests, the resurgence of Russia as a formidable challenger in the Middle East is diminishing US hegemony in the region and US reluctance to accept this new reality will continue to cripple Syria and the region at large. Based on these findings, the paper concludes that, unless there emerges a ground for compromise, or a clear dominant power, or an internationally recognized efficient bureaucracy, the unrest in Syria will drag on.

FAIRSCAPE: A Framework for FAIR and Reproducible Biomedical Analytics

Results of computational analyses require transparent disclosure of their supporting resources, while the analyses themselves often can be very large scale and involve multiple processing steps separated in time. Evidence for the correctness of any analysis consists of accessible data and software with runtime parameters, environment, and personnel involved.Evidence graphs - a derivation of argumentation frameworks adapted to biological science - can provide this disclosure as machine-readable metadata resolvable from persistent identifiers for computationally generated graphs, images, or tables, that can be archived and cited in a publication including a persistent ID.We have built a cloud-based, computational research commons for predictive analytics on biomedical time series datasets with hundreds of algorithms and thousands of computations using a reusable computational framework we call FAIRSCAPE.FAIRSCAPE computes a complete chain of evidence on every result, including software, computations, and datasets. An ontology for Evidence Graphs, EVI (https://w3id.org/EVI), supports inferential reasoning over the evidence. FAIRSCAPE can run nested or disjoint workflows and preserves the provenance graph across them. It can run Apache Spark jobs, scripts, workflows, or user-supplied containers. All objects are assigned persistent IDs, including software. All results are annotated with FAIR metadata using the evidence graph model for access, validation, reproducibility, and re-use of archived data and software.FAIRSCAPE is a reusable computational framework, enabling simplified access to modern scalable cloud-based components. It fully implements the FAIR data principles and extends them to provide FAIR Evidence, including provenance of datasets, software and computations, as metadata for all computed results.

Training Analysis in Improving Performance of Parking Workers in Pamulang Tangerang South Shop Houses

The parking attendant, the person who helps arrange the vehicles in and out of the parking lot. The purpose of this study was to analyze training in improving the performance of parking workers in Ruko Pamulang, South Tangerang. This study uses qualitative research with the Focus Group Discussion method. Sources of data in this study, namely documents, archival records, interviews, direct observation, participant observation, and physical devices. The population in this study consisted of 12 people. In analyzing the various data coming in, researchers used the Chain of Evidence. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the performance of the parking attendant is quite good. Aspects of work quality have not been fulfilled to the full.

Fraudulent records – Grave forensic consequences

Natural disasters, fatal accidents, and violent criminal offences are part of everyday life. All of these may result in fatalities that shatter the lives of the victim’s families and friends. Their trauma is compounded by the fact that all unnatural deaths have to be investigated, and the bodies of the deceased positively identified before they can be released to the families for burial. Bodies of victims of violent crimes, fires, drowning, motor vehicle or aviation accidents, work place fatalities or situations where some time has elapsed since death may be so disfigured that “identification by a family member is neither possible or desirable”. Often the nature or degree of the injury may be so extensive that fingerprinting is also not a viable option. DNA analysis may be considered, however it takes time and is a costly procedure. There are also concerns with maintaining strict control over the chain of evidence during all additional procedures and tests. Thus, in these situations the forensic odontologist may be called in as part of the investigative team.

THE MODEL OF STUDENTS ENGLISH CLUB CONTRIBUTION TO WRITING MOTIVATION AND PUNCTUATION AWARENESS IMPROVEMENT

This work aims to analyze the existence of the English Club Project (ECP) for Vocational Midwifery Students (VMS) by developing an essay in terms of the output program relating to their professionalism. The program facilitates 30 students to build up motivation and awareness of punctuation in additional learning of writing skills. As it is developed from qualitative research, this article is based on the data collected through gathering diversified sources of evidence, organizing a chain of evidence, and having key-informants reviewing draft case study reports. The results present an additional learning model constructed by the representation of the ECP program. ECP is an informally productive community by providing activities and opportunities in increasing the motivation for writing and punctuation awareness. Students begin to understand that doing the writing is uncomplicated anymore after joining the extracurricular programs managed with structured and directed activities. Also, the facilitator provides valuable supports and integrates teaching methods with information and technology devices that made the learning activities quickly done—as for recommendations, strengthening the support to this model is necessary for the sustainability of this additional learning program.