Overtourism Perception in the Islands: the Case of Bozcaada and Gökçeada

In this study, it is aimed to evaluate the effects of over tourism on the two touristic islands in Çanakkale, Bozcaada and Gökçeada, from the eyes of the local people. Overtourism emphasizes that an excessive number of tourists in a particular destination can have negative effects on society. In this study, the phenomenon of overtourism has been discussed on the basis of social carrying capacity and Doxey's irridex-tolarate model. In line with this purpose, the perception of the local people about the effects of tourism, problems caused by tourists and their attitudes towards tourists were evaluated with 260 data using the survey method. The data were analyzed by performing T-Test and regression analysis in the statistical package program. According to the research findings, although there is a positive perception towards tourism in the islands, there are also problems caused by tourism. It can be said that Bozcaada is experiencing an overtourism problem due to reasons such as being a small island compared to Gökçeada. It can be said that Gökçeada is at the first stage, at the satisfaction level, although it is thought Bozcaada is the satisfaction level of Doxey’s model. With this study, the social carrying capacity of the two islands in Çanakkale has been put forward theoretically, and the local people's perception of overtourism has been discussed on the basis of the Doxey theory. So, in practice, sustainable tourism planning on the islands can be done by taking these findings into consideration.

Authenticity Paradox: an Examination on Local Gastronomy

Local gastronomy offers authenticity, an important element of tourist experience. However, some tourists cannot experience gastronomic products in their exact authentic forms. This issue causes from tourists' typology, importance level of gastronomy, and quest for authenticity. For serving widely variated tourists, producers of the local gastronomic products make changes in the essence of products. Current study aims to investigate changing process of gastronomic products’ authenticity which are served in the context of tourism, and to develop an understanding on causes and costs of deterioration. Methodologically, existing literature had evaluated with conceptual inferences. As the findings propose, the changes start with touristic exploration which is followed by tourism-related deterioration. After deterioration, if process of recovery conducted, turning back to the exact form of authenticity does not seem possible. The alternative forms of authenticity are most likely to occur. Additionally, mistaken perspectives like considering recovery preventions as short-term actions can lead the deterioration again, like a loop. Raising awareness for prevent this loop is this study's critical proposition to destinations. Opening new horizons for the phenomenon of authenticity and overthrowing the idea that see tourists as the sole reason for deterioration are the contributions to the literature. The changes that lead deterioration are responsibility of locals, too.

Local People’s Perception of Ecotourism: the Case of Salda Lake

The present research was carried out in the sample of Salda Lake in Turkey in order to determine the perception of local residents about cultural, economic and environmental effects of ecotourism and to identify the effect of these variables on their support for tourism development in the region. In the research, it was concluded that cultural, economic and environmental effects of ecotourism act as an antecedent of the support by local people residing around Salda Lake on tourism development in the region. In addition, the local people’s length of residence in the region creates a moderating effect in the relationship between cultural, economic and environmental effects of tourism and the residents’ support for tourism development. The research findings provide suggestions to tourism planners, destination management organizations (DMO) and academicians studying in the context of tourism literature.

Impacts of Covid-19 Pandemic on Ecotourism Segment in Amazonas State, Brazil

The COVID-19 pandemic has affected tourism worldwide. This paper examines the impacts of pandemic on companies and professionals related to ecotourism in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. For this purpose, we sent online structured questionnaire to workers in the sector, whose participation was voluntary and anonymous. We had 44 responses from seven macro-regions in the state, most of which were guides and workers in the market for over 15 years. For 91% of respondents, the pandemic totally affected personal or company turnover. Strategies to minimize impacts were adopted in 97% of cases, such as cancellation or rescheduling. The turnover forecast for the remainder of 2020 was very high for 38.6% of respondents. The budget recovery forecast is of at least two years for 43.2% of the cases. The professionals related to ecotourism in Amazonas had their activities affected and the perspective is for a slow recovery, resulting in vulnerability for the activity. Brazil's current image abroad, referring to the weak implementation of actions to mitigate the effects of the pandemic, represents a risk to the activity in Amazonas. Public policies are of utmost importance to recover the ecotourism and the valorization of the different actors and companies related to this tourist segment. Keywords: Amazon; Coronavirus; Social isolation; Protected area; Tourism.

Environmentally Responsible Behavior of Tourists in Cognitive, Affect and Attitude Aspects: an Integrated Approach to Sustainable Tourism Destination

In this research environmental responsible behaviors of tourists visiting sustainable tourism destinations are examined. The process of "cognition-affection-attitude-behavior" is examined in the study. Cognition refers to environmental knowledge, affection refers to environmental sensitivity, attitude refers to place attachment and behavior refers to Environmentally Responsible Behavior (ERB). 233 tourists visiting Trabzon's Uzungöl destination were included in the research. Structural equality model is used in the Smart PLS program to explore the relationship between variables. The results point that sustainable development knowledge has no effect on environmental sensitivity, but environmental protection knowledge positively affects environmental sensitivity. In addition, it has been determined that environmental sensitivity positively affects place identity and place dependence. Finally, place dependence positively affects general ERB and specific ERB. However, while place identity positively affects the general ERB, it does not have a significant effect on the specific ERB. The results of the research reveal the importance of activities that increase the level of environmental knowledge for sustainable tourism destinations. In addition, in-service training for tour guides and tourism managers is expected to be beneficial. Key words: Environmentally Responsible Behavior; Environmental Knowledge; Environmental Sensitivity; Place Attachment; Sustainable Tourism.

Utilização da Cultura e do Patrimônio para o Desenvolvimento da Oferta Turística:

O objeto de estudo são as trilhas e caminhadas de longa distância, tomando, para fins de discussão, crítica e exemplo, iniciativas já implantadas no Reino Unido e Brasil. Objetivam-se listar e comentar os principais elementos que formam essas trilhas, e discutir quais são os cuidados que seu proponente precisa ter para sua criação, promoção e manutenção. Esses elementos são abordados nos seguintes grupos: i) acesso, meios de hospedagem, alimentos e bebidas e firmas especializadas; ii) conservação e sinalização, interpretação patrimonial e infraestrutura; e iii) sazonalidade turística e festas e eventos. O trabalho foi escrito e estruturado a partir, principalmente, da experiência pessoal do autor, como um ensaio. Sua natureza é normativa; considera-se que a implantação de trilhas de longa distância é uma boa alternativa para vários municípios e regiões brasileiros. Destacam-se quatro considerações finais: (1) essas trilhas permitem aproveitar turisticamente localidades que, de outra forma, permaneceriam o destino de um punhado de aficionados; (2) não basta apenas montar a trilha; cumpre sempre fazer sua conservação e manutenção, o que não tem ocorrido no Brasil; (3) a trilha pode e deve ser promovida com elementos que aumentem sua atratividade, a exemplo de festivais e centros de interpretação patrimonial; (4) o patrimônio cultural e natural da trilha são elementos importantes, mas muitos turistas e visitantes interessam-se por elementos considerados banais para os habitantes locais, por exemplo, um campo com criação de ovelhas. Palavras-chave: Turismo Cultural; Trilhas De Longa Distância; Caminhada; Reino Unido; Brasil.

No “Over”, Yes “Minimal”! Camp and Caravan Tourism

Last developments show that over-population, modern life and physical or mental health problems have steered the people to nature and isolated areas. It will be understood that camp and caravan tourism offers exciting experiences which demonstrate the value of the nature gives the chance to learn living with limited minimal conditions and especially provide secure tourism activities alternatively to current Covid-19 pandemic period negative tourism developments. The study aims to show how camp and caravan tourism can be an alternative for modern people insisting on sustainable and healthy tourism activities with social distance and isolated living instead of huge hedonic, unnecessary, luxury consumption and crowd living spaces. The study has constructed on a theoretical approach based on literature review and to support the theories web-based observational and hermeneutic analysis have been hold. Some potential geographies like Latin America and Europe have been selected to explain the contribution of camp and caravan tourism. Key words: Camp and Caravan Tourism; Sustainability; Environmental Sensitivity; Covid-19 Pandemic.

Spill Over of Novel Covid-19 Pandemic on Punjab Tourism

The paper purposes to describe the spread of Covid-19 in Punjab, pre Covid-19 period, its effects on Punjab Tourism, and also put forwards a set of recovery measures for tourism sector. The data used is secondary in nature, collected from news broadcasted by several media outlets, various journals, newspapers, articles and official website of Punjab Tourism, Ministry of Tourism, WHO. The study investigated that the outbreak of the global pandemic Covid-19 (Corona Virus Disease -2019) pandemic is an unprecedented shock to the state’s tourism industry. The Punjab Tourism was in a prospering state before Covid-19 struck. With the prolonged country-wide lockdown, global economic downturn and associated disruption of movement of tourists, the Punjab tourism industry is facing an extended period of decline. The study indicates the effects of Covid-19 in Punjab Tourism and also extends the preventive measures to tackle the pandemic. Although, the length of the impact will depend upon the duration and gravity of the health crisis, the duration of the lockdown and the manner in which the situation unfolds once the lockdown is lifted yet the situation can be tackled by adopting the suggestive recovery measures. Key words: COVID-19 Pandemic; Punjab Tourism; Tourists Arrival; Spill Over; Recovery Measures.

Country of Origin, Covid-19 Vaccine and the Future of Travel: a Preliminary Study in Iran

Country-of-origin is one of the most crucial aspects of a brand's success. Country-of-origin has a significant impact on how brands are perceived, especially in terms of the promise of quality they deliver. While different countries have announced vaccines, there has been a global hesitation to buy into those claims. Successful adoption of a successful vaccine is critical to re-launching global travel and the leisure economy. In this article, we discuss the importance of country of origin in products getting the trust needed for them to succeed – particularly a vaccine for Covid-19. A preliminary survey was conducted among 662 Iranian social media users, directly on LinkedIn and also via a Google survey instrument. Germany merged to be the iconic symbol of quality and transparency and respondents felt confident that they would not hesitate to be subjected to a German made vaccine. Germany is globally perceived as a quality leader in high technologies and medicine and Iranians concurred with this belief. Keywords: Country of origin; Branding; Vaccine; Covid-19; Tourism; Iran.

Tourism Industry in Russia and Global Covid-19 Pandemic: Threats, Counteractions, Trends

The present paper is dedicated to COVID-19 pandemic impact that manifested itself around the world since the end of 2019 and significantly affected the tourism and hospitality industry. In Russia and in the world, tourism is among industries the most affected by the consequences of restrictions and anti-epidemiological measures against COVID-19. The article divides the examples of mechanisms for overcoming the epidemic consequences in tourism, developed by different states and in Russia, in 9 groups (categories), and considers them in a comparative aspect. COVID-19 exacerbated relationship problems between two main subjects of the tourism market - tour operators and travel agents. Numerous mechanisms of government supporting Russian tourism industry do not work to the full and are not effective enough. The article discusses these problems, highlights the main trends and prospects of the tourism industry in Russia and in the world, and tries to outline the contours of the "post-Сovid" future of the tourism sector. The industry is in deep crisis, but at the same time, it expects new breakthrough ideas and technologies, creative solutions and non-standard proposals. Probably, the tourism projects, formed on these foundations and mechanisms, will become new drivers of industry growth after the end of the pandemic. Key words: Tourism industry; COVID-19 pandemic impact on tourism; Tourism industry in Russia; Global tourism crisis; Trends and measures to supporting subjects of the tourism market.