Microgrid-Based Sustainable E-Bike Charging Station

This chapter focuses on developing a sustainable architecture for public electric motorbike charging stations. Electric motorbikes or electric bicycles (both referred to as e-bikes) are compact electric vehicles which are primarily battery-powered and driven solely by electric motors. This work conceptualizes a microgrid architecture which utilizes the integration of distributed generation energy resources providing the charging station nodes with sustainable power and increased fault tolerance. The charging stations proposed in the study increase the long-time energy savings of the infrastructure maintenance authorities while also reducing reliance on the public grid during peak hours. The photovoltaic-based DC microgrid is integrated with e-bike charging infrastructure, moving towards a future of eco-friendly and power-efficient technology.

Power Converters for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Hybrid electric vehicles have great potential to reduce fuel consumption and palliate harmful emissions for better population health and climate change. These power trains are essential to meet current emissions legislation, contribute to more environmentally friendly mobility and improve air quality in big cities. In the past two decades, due to the advent growth of modern electric drives, battery technology, and intelligent charging methodology, the overall performance of the electric vehicles have improved. Many research works have been conducted to improve the efficiency and reliability. It increases the applications of electric vehicles. Apart from grid power, the use of renewable sources makes zero-emission rate and zero fuel cost. This chapter deals with the role of power converters in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). It deals with power converters used in hybrid electric vehicles, types of battery chargers, emerging power electronic devices, and thermal management of HEV power electronics, which are presented with the simulation using MATLAB software.

Solar Powered Electric Vehicle Through Wireless Power Transfer

Solar powered wireless electric vehicle charging technology functions independently without interface with the utility grid. Wireless power transfer (WPT) technology is incorporated for wireless charging, which brings the benefits of safe operation, less pollution, and little maintenance cost. WPT technology necessitates no physical connection between the charging device and vehicle, thus hazards and inconvenience produced by conventional charging methods have been minimized. WPT in electric vehicle can be used to reduce the charging time, range, and cost. In this chapter, the various configurations of WPT like inductive, capacitive, resonant, and roadway power transfer techniques have been presented. The small-scale prototype of wireless charging has been developed in the laboratory by incorporating inductive power transfer technique. The experimental results have been presented to validate the feasibility of the system in real time.

Integration Strategies, Challenges, and Merits of Renewable Resources in Electric Vehicles

A non-sustainable wellspring of energy is for the most part non-plentiful in nature and can be utilized until they exist in plenitude. As and when the acknowledgment of the decrease of the bountiful assets and natural risks hit, an auxiliary idea of use of non-pollutable-sustainable power sources shows up into place. Different vulnerabilities as for the plan and supplies of a vehicle emerge with less or weakened association of the sustainable assets. A few vulnerabilities will emerge from the capital venture part and extents from the general population and private segments. Another challenge is the contribution of the innovation to travel the flow ordinary vehicles to electrical vehicles (EV) and to coordinate the renewable energy sources (RES), for example, wind-vitality, sunlight-based photovoltaics, and differing assortments of bio-energies to constantly work according to the prerequisite to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG). This chapter deals with the integration and charging challenges and strategies, coordination of vehicles, demand integration, and solutions to them.

Mathematical Modeling of DC-DC Converters and Li Ion Battery Using MATLAB/Simulink

In the present work, three different methods for obtaining the DC response for modeling practical DC-DC buck and boost converters operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) are demonstrated using MATLAB/Simulink. The method of selection for inductor, diode, and MOSFET for a DC-DC converter is discussed in detail. The governing equations for the non-ideal converters were derived using volt-sec and amp-sec balance equations. Mathematical modeling of basic converters was carried out using ‘commonly used blocks' reducing the dependence on SimPower System tool box in Simulink. The non-ideal parameters in the converter caused a drastic variation in the duty cycle and output voltage which in turn had an adverse effect on the efficiency. The transients in output voltages and inductor currents were observed. In addition, a Li ion polymer battery was mathematically modeled. Accurate battery modeling for pulse charging was proposed. A comparative analysis of 1, 2, …, 5 RC pair/s modeling of the battery was presented.

Real-Time Optimization of Regenerative Braking System in Electric Vehicles

In the present era, electric vehicles (EV) have revolutionized the world with their dominant features like cleanliness and high efficiency compared to that of the internal combustion (IC) engine-based vehicles. To crave for the higher efficiency of the EV during the braking, the kinetic energy of the EV is converted into electrical energy, which is harvested into storage system, called regenerative braking. Various techniques such as artificial neural network (ANN) and fuzzy-based controllers consider factors like state of charge of the battery and supercapacitor and brake demand for calculating the regenerative braking energy. A force distribution curve is designed to ensure that the braking force is distributed and applied on the four wheels simultaneously. In real-time optimization, an operating area is formed for maximizing the regenerative force which is evaluated by linear programming. It is proved that the drive range of the vehicle is increased by 25.7% compared to the one with non-RBS. In this work, RTO-based control loop for regenerative braking system is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink.

Design and Development of Bidirectional DC-DC Converters Using Battery/Supercapacitor for Electric Vehicle Applications

In the last two decades the pollution problems and the increase of the cost of fossil energy (oil, gas) have become planetary problems. The automobile manufacturers started to react to the urban pollution problems in the nineties by commercializing the electric vehicle. But the battery weight and cost problems were not solved. The batteries must provide energy and peak power during the transient states. These conditions are severe for the batteries. To decrease these severe conditions, the supercapacitors and batteries associated with a good power management present a promising solution. Supercapacitors are storage devices that enable to supply the peaks of power to hybrid vehicles during the transient states. During the steady states, batteries will provide the energy requested. This methodology enables the decrease of the weight and increase of the lifespan of the batteries. Hybridization using batteries and supercapacitors for transport applications is needed when energy and power management are requested during the transient states and steady states.

Error-State Extended Kalman Filter-Based Sensor Fusion for Optimized Drive Train Regulation of an Autonomous PHEV

An efficient state estimator is critical for the development of an autonomous plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). To achieve effective autonomous regulation of the powertrain, the latency period and estimation error should be minimum. In this work, a novel error state extended kalman filter (ES-EKF)-based state estimator is developed to perform sensor fusion of data from light detection and ranging sensor (LIDAR), the inertial measurement unit sensor (IMU), and the global positioning system (GPS) sensors, and the estimation error is minimized to reduce latency. The estimator will provide information to an intelligent energy management system (IEMS) to regulate the powertrain for effective load sharing in the PHEV. The integration of the sensor fusion data with the vehicle model is simulated in MATLAB environment. The PHEV model is fed with the proposed state estimator output, and the response parameters of the PHEV are monitored.

Transformation of the Turkish Automotive Sector

As an experienced automotive manufacturer, Turkey is following the global trend of the EV transition and on an enthusiastic start. A government-led action group for EV production called TOGG was initiated in 2018. Automotive sector in Turkey yields (but is not limited to) the following titles at the same time: a strength, a public revenue source, a trade dilemma, an (national) ambition. To tackle power grid problems due to increasing demand, renewable energy usage seems both challenging and necessary. There is a potentially favorable demand for EVs. Promoting the EVs for the customers requires strong infrastructure which seems lacking in Turkey. The EVCSs have been scarce against large land area of the country. On the contrary, consumers in Turkey buy too much BEVs against PHEVs compared to the EU which needs to be directed by the government accordingly to make a healthy transition in the future.

Battery Management Systems (BMS) for EV

The mode of transit in the current trend is gradually shifting from internal combustion engine operated vehicle to battery operated electric vehicle. The need of electric vehicle began the revolution from traditional gasoline-powered vehicles to electric vehicles (EVs). An electric vehicle uses electric traction motors for propulsion. It could also be powered through a collector system by electricity from off-vehicle sources or could also be self-contained with a battery, solar panels, or an electrical generator to convert fuel to electricity.