Study in Agroindustry of Salted Egg: Length of Salting Process and Marketing Reach Aspects

Homemade salted egg production leading to one of agro-industry products has been identified as profitable, yet processing technology of salting needs to be improved. The objective of the study was to analyze the length of salting application of salted eggs, marketing reach, and association between the lengths of salting application with marketing reach. Forty respondents determined by purposive random sampling was carried out on agro-industry center of salted eggs in Brebes, Central Java. The primary data (length of salting and marketing reach) were collected by interview using questionnaire and observation. The levels of NaCl of salted eggs were measured by Argentometri Mohr method. The secondary data were collected by recording relevant documents. Data of length of salting and marketing reach were analyzed descriptively. Relationship between the length of salting and the marketing reach of salted eggs were analyzed using contingency tables with the X2 test. The result showed that all respondents applied length of salting with time duration of salting varied from 12 to 30 days, during which period 52.5% respondents did the salting in >14-18 days. The salinity was still relatively higher than that of recommended by the Indonesian Industry Standard (SNI), which is 2.0%. The respondents also functioned as marketing components; such as consumers, retailers-consumers, and collectors - retailers - consumers with the percentage of 52.5, 35, and 12.5%, respectively. As conclusion, the length of salting technology application might influenced marketing reach and the length of salting technology application mostly could only reach the short marketing.

The Effect of Different Type Drying Methods on Chemical Characteristics and Microbiology of Goat Milk Powder Kefir

The research aims to test and compare the chemical characteristics and total Lactic Acid Bacteria or LAB of goat milk powder kefir that was produced from cabinet drying, freeze drying and spray drying. Kefir was made from goat milk since it was found as a good digestibility, no β-lactoglobulin, and high protein. Data analysis was performed with the test analysis of variance with a significance level of 5% followed by Duncan testing if significant result was detected. Analysis of total acid was conducted using titration. Analysis of proteins was conducted using Kjeldahl method. Water content analysis was performed using oven and ash content was analyzed using furnace. Analysis of fat content was conducted using Soxhlet method. Analysis of total LAB and total yeast were done using Total Plate Count (TPC). As results, drying method significantly affected (p<0.05) water content, ash content, and total LAB but there was no significant effect (p<0.05) on the total acid, protein content, fat content, and total yeast. As conclusion, the best treatment of drying method in making goat milk kefir powder was spray drying

Effect of Different Kefir Grain Starter Concentration on Yield, pH, CO2 Content, and Organoleptic Properties of Buffalo Milk Kefir

This research was investigated the effect of different kefir grain starter concentration on yield, pH, carbon dioxide (CO2) content, and organoleptic properties of buffalo milk kefir, and to investigated the ideal kefir grain concentration for good quality of kefir. Complete randomized design used in this research with 4 treatments and 5 replications in concentration 2.5, 5, 7.5, and 10% g/v kefir grain. Buffalo milk, kefir grain, Na2CO3 solution, 1% PP solution, pH meter, burette, and analytical balance were used in this research. The yield and pH of kefir was measured. Carbon dioxide (CO2) content was measured by Na2CO3 titration, while the organoleptic properties that included level of sourness, sour aroma, texture, and overall acceptance were done by 25 panelists. The results indicated that different kefir grain starter concentration significantly affected to the yield, pH, CO2 content, and organoleptic properties (p<0.05). The most optimal kefir grain concentration was 5% proved by yield 81.81%, pH value 4.20, CO2 content 0.43%, and proper organoleptic properties which were low level of sourness, acceptable aroma of kefir and texture. As conclusion, the concentration of grain relied on the kefir properties that may achieve in the optimum quality of kefir.

Yeast Detection in Mango Flavored Kefir from Small Scale Manufacture in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia

This research was done to detect total yeast on small scale kefir industry in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. The total plate count method was used to analyze total yeast in mango flavored kefir. This research used mango flavored kefir since this products was the top demand by consumer among kefir flavored products that was produced in this manufacture. Kefir from manufacture was transferred to laboratory using container box to provide buffer in the temperature decrease. As result, total yeast in mango flavored kefir was 1,21±0,06x105 CFU/ml. This total yeast was in the range of the Standard Codex 243-2003 which required a minimum total of 104 CFU/ml. The 1 log unit differences should provide the awareness to manufacture to maintain kefir in low temperature to minimise the multiplication of total yeast resulting the appearance of unwanted flavor. As conclusion, the mango flavored kefir was analyzed in total yeast successfully and in the range of Standard Codex of kefir

The Effect of Garam Masala Levels Addition on Chocolate Based Functional Beverage

The increasing popularity of cocoa-based beverage has encouraged the development of various chocolate beverage formulations. Chocolate beverage formulations with addition of garam masala were carried out to produce functional beverage products which are beneficial to consumers and the product itself. Five different concentration of garam masala (0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, and 0.05%) were added into chocolate beverage. Preference test was carried out to evaluate panelists’ preference to each formula. Sensory evaluation was performed by giving an assessment using 7-scaled Likert scale for color, aroma, taste, warm sensation (after taste), and overall product. The results showed that the concentration of garam masala addition has an effect (p≤0.10) on the attributes of aroma, warm sensation, and overall product. The most preferred chocolate beverage was with the addition of 0.03% garam masala. Higher concentration of garam masala in chocolate based beverage resulted a higher antioxidant activity as well as phenolic content, as antioxidant component.

Effect of Lesser Yam Flour Addition on Water Content, Texture, Crude Fiber Content, and Reducing Sugar Content of Donut Made from Wheat Flour

This research aimed to determine the addition of lesser yam flour on water content, texture, crude fiber content, and reducing sugar content of donut made from wheat flour. This research was arranged using completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replications consisted of 5 different lesser yam flour concentrations (0–30%) from total flour that had been used. Water content, texture, and crude fiber content were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) at 5% significance level and reducing sugar content was analyzed using regression equation. The result showed the addition of lesser yam flour can reduce water content. However, it can increase texture, crude fiber content, and reducing sugar content. As conclusion, the concentration of lesser yam flour affected the water content, texture, crude fiber, and reducing sugar in donut.

A Study on The Utilization of Purple Sweet Potato (Ipomea batatas L) for Ice Cream as Antioxidants

The purposes of this study were to determine overrun, water content, anthocyanin and antioxidant content, and to find out the best formulations. The design used was completely randomized design (CRD) with a unidirectional pattern consisting of 5 treatments with 4 replications, while the treatment factor was the disticntion between ratio of sweet potato mash and water, as follows: P1: 50%: 50%; P2`: 60%: 40%; P3: (70%: 30%); P4: (80%:20%); P5: 90%: 10%. The observed variables were the content of water, overrun, anthocyanin and antioxidant activity. The results showed that the treatment had a significant effect (P <0.05) on the average water content, overrun and anthocyanin activity. The treatment did not have a significant effect (P> 0.05) on the average antioxidant activity. In conclusion : the ratio of purple sweet potato mash had a significant effect (P <0.05) on water content, overrun and anthocyanin, but it did not influence significantly (P> 0.05) on the antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the best ratio of water and purple sweet potato mash is 2:8 to produce a standard water content and overrun, anthocyanin levels and high antioxidant activity.

Review on Pathogenic Bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, The Detection and The Sequencing Gene Methods Isolated from Meat Products

A study was conducted to review on pathogenic bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, the detection and the sequencing gene methods isolated from meat products, compare selected methods that detect the presence of Listeria monocytogenes in selected raw and processed meat products. Results indicate that Listeria monocytogenenes (originally named Bacterium monocytogenes) is a gram-positive, non-sporeforming, highly mobile, rod-type, and facultative anaerobic bacterium species. It can grow under temperatures between -1.5°C to 45°C and at pH range between 4.4 and 9.4, with the optimum pH of 7. Rapid methods (PCR based and VIDAS-LDUO®) detected Listeria monocytogenes faster than the conventional method. It was also gathered that Phenotypic identification and Genotypic identification are two types of confirmation test for Listeria monocytogenes. Listeria monocytogenenes can be found in raw meat and meat product because of environmental contamination, cross contamination or error process.

The Functional Properties of Buffalo skin Gelatin Extracted Using Crude Acid Protease from Cow’s Abomasum

The study was investigated the functional properties of buffalo skin gelatine. Gelatine was extracted from swamp buffalo skin using crude acid protease from cow’s abomasum (CAPC) in concentration variation 0; 2.5; 5; and 7.5 U/mg. The temperature to hydrolysis included at 28 °C, 37°C and 40°C. The emulsion activity index (EAI), Emulsion stability index (ESI), foaming expansion (FE) and foaming stability (FS) were investigated. The interaction between CAPC concentration and hydrolysis temperature has a significant effect (P <0.05) on the emulsion activity index (EAI), emulsion stability index (ESI), foaming expansion (FE) and foaming stability (FS). The highest EAI was obtained in CAPC concentration of 5 U /mg, hydrolysis temperature of 40°C, which was 12.04 m2/g. The higher concentration of CAPC decreased the ESI. The hydrolysis temperature of 40°C produces higher FE than 28°C and 40°C. The highest FE is obtained at CAPC 5U/mg, 37°C hydrolysis temperature, which is 102.93%. The FS values range from 44.91-55.00%. This value is higher than commercial gelatin (bovine skin gelatin) which is 34.90%. The conclusion of this study is that buffalo skin gelatin with the best functional properties was obtained using CAPC 5 U/mg, the hydrolysis temperature of 40°C.

Assessment of Probiotic Properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Traditional Sourdoughs for Bread-Making in Turkey against Some Gut Conditions

This study aims to assess the probiotic properties of Lactic Acid Bacteria isolated from the traditional sourdoughs used for bread making in Turkey against some gut conditions. A total number of 29 samples from twelve provinces of Turkey were collected, and screened for the presence of lactic acid bacteria using microbiological methods. The microbiological screening yielded 148 presumptive isolates. Of them, 62.8% were characterized as lactic acid strains by VITEK® MS. Following that, the characterized isolates were subjected to probiotic property testing, including gastric acid resistance, bile resistance and hydrophobic ability. The results showed that 44.1% exceeded gastric pH resistance, 33.3% survived under gastrointestinal system bile salt conditions, and 10.8% exhibited high hydrophobicity ability. In conclusion, our study revealed that only 4.3% (1 Enterococcus faecium, 1 Lactobacillus brevis, 1 Lactobacillus pentosus, and 1 Lactobacillus plantarum) out of 93 lactic acid bacteria isolated from the traditional sourdoughs could meet all probiotic requirements against some gut conditions.