Genomic and Gene Diversity among the People of the Indian Subcontinent

2004 ◽  
pp. 57-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarabjit S. Mastana ◽  
Surinder S. Papiha
Keyword(s):  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
The People

Multidisciplinary perspectives on the origins of past foodways and farming practice in South Asia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayushi Nayak ◽  
Nicole Boivin ◽  
Patrick Roberts
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Radiometric Dating ◽  
Agricultural Practice ◽  
Current Application ◽  
Environmental Consequences ◽  
The People ◽  
Production And Consumption

Today, over half of the people living in South Asia are employed in an agricultural sector that supports one of the most densely populated regions on Earth. Yet the origins of agriculture in this environmentally and culturally diverse region have received relatively little attention compared to other parts of the Old World. Narratives of agricultural origins have frequently been monocausal, treating this massive landmass as a single entity. Recently, multidisciplinary applications of diverse methods (including archaeobotany, systematic radiometric dating, stable isotope analysis, and ancient DNA) have facilitated more nuanced insights into the origins, as well as the social and environmental consequences, of different farming foodways in prehistory. Here, we review the current application of these techniques across the Indian Subcontinent, focusing on the insights they have provided into cultivation and herding practices, dietary reliance on particular foods and culinary techniques, demographic turnover, changing settlement patterns, and the environmental impacts of agricultural practice in the Holocene. We argue that such approaches are essential if we are to properly understand the diverse drivers of different farming practices, as well as their demographic, ecological and dietary outcomes on the production and consumption of food in different parts of South Asia. Only then can we begin to discuss the prehistoric origins of the culinary and agronomic diversity that characterises this region today.

The Dynamics of (Ethno)Nationalism and Federalism in Postcolonial Balochistan, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 979-1006
Author(s):  
Manzoor Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Identity Politics ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
The State ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Political Empowerment ◽  
Nationalist Movement ◽  
The People ◽  
Federal Structure

The paper examines how an (ethno)nationalist movement developed and took shape in Balochistan in relation to a broader national question that ranges from seeking provincial autonomy within the federation of Pakistan to gaining independence and formation of a separate state of Balochistan. The paper also analyses the estranged relationship of Balochistan with the state of Pakistan against the background of the failure of the state in accommodating the Baloch national aspirations for economic, social and political rights, while adhering to the basic tenets of federalism. The Baloch, who sporadically engaged in armed conflicts with the state after the British left the Indian Subcontinent in 1947, were not merely the pawns of geopolitics. The conflict in Balochistan must also be seen in a greater context of nationalism as an effort of the Baloch elite to achieve more autonomy within the federal structure of Pakistan. The movement for more national autonomy under the slogan of nationalism may be understood as a tool to further consolidate the social, economic and political strengths of the traditional tribal structure of Balochistan, instead of a struggle for economic and political empowerment of the people of Balochistan. The genuine economic and political aspirations of the people were doubly constrained. On the one hand, the centuries old tribal-centric social structure impeded any social and political evolution in the province and, on the other hand, the limitations of the federal structure in Pakistan restrained Balochistan’s integration into the mainstream national polity and economy. The paper argues that the emergence of nationalism is shaped, firstly by the historical legacy of the colonial era, the identity politics of Baloch nationalists, resource-grabbing and hegemonic approach of the Baloch Sardars or tribal chieftains, and secondly by Pakistan’s failure in adhering to the principles of federalism. Extreme centralization or quasi federalism with its authoritarian nature has promoted regionalism and centrifugal tendencies. Balochistan being a periphery happened to be a fertile ground for the emergence and development of a nationalist movement against the attitudes of the state of Pakistan, which led towards a conflict situation between Balochistan and the state of Pakistan.

Secularization in Bangladesh

Worldview ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 11-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Eugene Smith
Keyword(s):  
Abrupt Change ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Political Process ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
Islamic Republic ◽  
The People ◽  
Official Policy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Attitudinal Changes ◽  
The Masses

The emergence of an official policy of secularism in Bangladesh must be viewed as a major ideological landmark in the recent history of the Indian subcontinent. Analyzed in terms of legitimizing symbols, the abrupt change from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan to the secular People's Republic of Bangladesh is a significant event. It is axiomatic that revolutionary changes in the symbols of statehood need not be, and generally are not, accompanied by corresponding attitudinal changes among the masses of the people. The symbols, after all, are formulated by a small political elite or even by one leader. But it is important to understand both what the leaders are trying to express by the symbols they choose and how these symbols are related to the political process and the general culture.

Dispossession, Un-freedom, Precarity

2021 ◽  
Vol 120 (1) ◽  
pp. 209-219
Author(s):  
Sabyasachi Basu Ray Chaudhury
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
The Other ◽  
The People ◽  
British Colonial ◽  
Citizenship Laws ◽  
Laws And Regulations

The partition of the Indian subcontinent forced millions of people to flee to the other side of the borders, freshly demarcated by the British colonial rulers just on the eve of their departure from South Asia. Almost a decade-long migration of people could not, however, settle the boundaries and lives of the people once and for all. The postcolonial rulers retained many of the draconian laws of the late colonial period, like the Foreigners’ Act in India, and laced them with new laws and regulations, thus leading to greater dispossession of people of homes, generating widespread situations of un-freedom, and creating countless refugees and stateless persons, mostly forced to survive in sites of precarious life, without any right to have rights. The concern of this contribution is this politics of dispossession in postcolonial South Asia and its relation with citizenship laws of the region.

scholarly journals The Mughal Administration of Justice: An Appraisal

2020 ◽  
Vol V (III) ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Bakht Munir
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
The State ◽  
The People ◽  
Administration Of Justice ◽  
Qualitative Research Methodology ◽  
History Of

In the history of the Indian subcontinent, the claims that the science of administration of justice reached its apex during the period of the Great Mughals are critically investigated in this paper. Though the Mughals initiatives were oriented to public and social welfare, their absolute authority over the state cast shadows on the system they introduced, one of which was administration of justice. With the help of qualitative research methodology, this article examines whether the Mughal system of administration was meant to dispense with justice and uphold welfare of the people or it was just a replica of the police state where sovereignty was exercised in a dictatorial manner.

scholarly journals Evolutionary processes involved in the emergence and expansion of an atypical O. sativa group in Madagascar.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nourollah Ahmadi ◽  
Alain Ramanantsoanirina ◽  
João D. Santos ◽  
Julien Frouin ◽  
Tendro Radanielina
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Feature Space ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Human Settlement ◽  
Evolutionary Processes ◽  
Assignment Method ◽  
Asian Rice

Abstract Understanding crops genetic diversity and the evolutionary processes that accompanied their world-wide spread is useful for designing effective breeding strategies. Madagascar Island was one of the last major Old World areas where human settlement was accompanied by the introduction of Oryza sativa. Early studies had reported the presence in the island of a rice group specific to Madagascar. Using 24K SNP, we compared diversity patterns at the whole genome and at haplotypes (30 SNP-long segments along the genome) levels, between 620 Malagasy and 1,929 Asian rice accessions. The haplotypes level analysis aimed at identifying local genotypic variations, relative to the whole genome level, using a group assignment method that relies on kernel density estimation in a Principal Component Analysis feature space. Migration bottleneck had resulted in 10–25% reduction of diversity among the Malagasy representatives of indica (G1) and japonica (G6) populations. Compared to their Asian counterpart, G1 and G6 showed slightly lower indica and japonica introgressions, suggesting the latter population had undergone less recombinations when migration to the island occurred. The origins of G1 and G6 was delineated to XI-2 indica subpopulation from the Indian subcontinent and to tropical japonica from the Malay Archipelago, respectively. The Malagasy-specific group (Gm) had a rather high gene diversity and an original haplotype pattern: much lower share of indica haplotypes, and much higher share of Aus and japonica haplotypes than G1 and indica. Its emergence and expansion are most probably due to inter-group recombination facilitated by sympatry between indica-cAus admixes and “Bulu” type landraces of G6 in the highlands of Madagascar, and to human selection for adaptation to the lowland ecosystems of the highlands. Pattern of rice genetic diversity was also tightly associated with the history of human settlement in the island. Emergence of the Gm group is associated with the latest arrivals of Austronesians, who founded the Merina kingdom in the central highlands and developed lowland rice cultivation. As an intermediary form between Aus, indica and japonica, the three pillars of O. sativa domestication, Gm represents a very valuable genetic resource in breeding for adaptation to cold tolerance in tropical highlands.

scholarly journals MIRZO BEDIL'S WORKS AND JADID LITERATURE

2020 ◽  
pp. 30-40
Keyword(s):  
Strong Influence ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Renaissance Literature ◽  
Classical Literature ◽  
Muslim Community ◽  
The People ◽  
The Status ◽  
Literary Environment ◽  
Deep Crisis

Mirzo Abdulkadir Bedil is a poet who had a strong influence on the Uzbek literary environment of the XIX-XX centuries. His works have been diligently read by Uzbek enlighteners, especially Uzbek Jadid intellectuals. Those who could read Bedil's works well and make comment on their content were given a "bedilkhan" name. It is also known that Bedil's works were skillfully copied by calligraphers who lived in the territory of modern Uzbekistan, and these calligraphers were given the status of "bedilnavis". These facts justify the fact that Bedil's work was extremely popular among the Uzbek people. In addition, Bedil's work had an impact on the work of Uzbek national Renaissance literature. It is known that Bedil is a poet who renewed the content of the Eastern classical literature. He, in contrast to his predecessors, brought social issues to the forefront in his works and ghazals. Because of the time and environment in which he lived, the Muslim community was in deep crisis, and as a result, various calamities were expected to befall the people. Bedil, as a true human being, was deeply distressed by this situation, and his grief was transferred to his works. This case in Bedil's work was later noted in the works of Turkestan poets such as Amir, Mukimi, Furkat, Zavki, who also described the acute social problems of the people in their works. The reason for such a situation can be attributed to the fact that these poets were inspired by the ideas of Bedil. The ideas reflected in Bedil's work have a strong influence on the work of modern Uzbek intellectuals. It can be said that the genesis of the idea of Jadidism goes back to Bedil's work, since he sharply criticized in his works the bigotry and backwardness that had taken root in the spiritual and enlightenment spheres of the Indian subcontinent of his time, and advocated radical reforms in this matter. It can be seen that the views of the poet, which rose to the level of doctrine in this regard, were later strongly recognized by the Jadid reformers who were his followers. The following article discusses the effect of Bedil's work on the Uzbek literature, especially Jadid literature, based on the analysis of Uzbek Jadid intellectuals’ works such as Ahmad Donish, Sadriddin Aini, Abdurauf Fitrat, Miyon Buzruk.

scholarly journals Sufism in Jammu

IJOHMN ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-102
Author(s):  
Dr R. Subramony
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Indian Subcontinent ◽  
Social Response ◽  
Local Resistance ◽  
Jammu And Kashmir ◽  
Muslim Population ◽  
The People ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Different Parts

Sufism entered the Indian subcontinent in the twelfth century as a new socio-religious force.  Within a short period, it mushroomed to different parts of India. Fro Punjab to Rajputana, from Jammu and Kashmir to Kerala, sufism influenced the life and thought of the people. Though on the eve of its advent, Muslim population in most parts of India was virtually negligible, yet the sufis hardly faced any local resistance to their activities. Sufism reviewed enthusiastic social response. It adjusted itself with the indigenous cultural modes in a smooth manner. As a result, it became a catalyst in shaping and consolidating the Indian regional identities from the thirteenth century onwards. In this context, sufi shrines of the different regions-Ajodhan, Sirhins, Delhi, Ajmer and Gulbarga – played a significant role. For example, Richard Maxwell Eaton has shown that the sufis of Bijapur contributed tremendously to the promotion of vernacular idiom and Dakhani language.

scholarly journals Forensic features and genetic legacy of the Baloch population of Pakistan and the Hazara population across Durand-line revealed by Y chromosomal STRs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atif Adnan ◽  
Shao-Qing Wen ◽  
Allah Rakha ◽  
Rashed Alghafri ◽  
Shahid Nazir ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Null Alleles ◽  
Str Loci ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
The People ◽  
Central Asian ◽  
History Of ◽  
Discriminatory Analysis

ABSTRACTHazara population across Durand-line has experienced extensive interaction with Central Asian and East Asian populations. Hazara individuals have typical Mongolian facial appearances and they called themselves descendants of Genghis Khan’s army. The people who speak the Balochi language are called Baloch. Previously, a worldwide analysis of Y-chromosomal haplotype diversity for rapidly mutating (RM) Y-STRs and with PowerPlex Y23 System (Promega Corporation Madison, USA) kit was created with collaborative efforts, but Baloch and Hazara population from Pakistan and Hazara population from Afghanistan were missing. A limited data with limited number of markers and samples is available which poorly define these populations. So, in the current study, Yfiler Plus PCR Amplification Kit loci were examined in 260 unrelated Hazara individuals from Afghanistan, 153 Hazara individuals, and 111 Balochi individuals from Baluchistan Pakistan. For the Hazara population from Afghanistan and Pakistan overall, 380 different haplotypes were observed on these 27 Y-STR loci, gene diversities ranged from 0.51288 (DYS389I) to 0.9257 (DYF387S1) and haplotype diversity was 0.9992 +/- 0.0004. For the Baloch population, every individual was unique at 27 Y-STR loci, gene diversity ranged from 0.5718 (DYS460) to 0.9371(DYF387S1). Twelve haplotypes shared between 178 individuals while only two haplotypes among these twelve were shared between 87 individuals in Hazara populations. Rst and Fst pairwise genetic distance analyses, multidimensional scaling (MDS) plot, Neighbor-joining (NJ) tree, linear discriminatory analysis (LDA), and median-joining network (MJNs) were performed, which shed light on the history of Hazara and Baloch populations. Interestingly null alleles were observed at DYS448 with specific mutation patterns in Hazara populations. The results of our study showed that the Yfiler Plus PCR Amplification Kit marker set provided substantially stronger discriminatory power in the Baloch population of Pakistan and the Hazara population across the Durand-line.

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